潜水层地下水及其营养物质入湖实验与数学模拟研究
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摘要
由于农业施肥等人类活动的影响,潜水层地下水受到严重污染,通过地下水进入湖泊的营养负荷量显得越来越重要,特别是对湖泊岸边水体的富营养化起到了促进的作用。综合国内外相关内容的调查研究,本文利用室内土槽试验和数学模拟方法,并结合我国浅水湖泊的特点,模拟研究了两种典型潜水含水层中地下水及其营养物质入湖的规律,揭示了渗流速度和营养物质浓度在湖泊岸坡和湖底两个交界面上的分布形式,并将模型初步应用到我国的滇池。
具体结论如下:
(1)在总结国内外已有研究的基础上,概化了两种典型含水层—湖泊系统,即小厚度含水层(含水层厚度等于湖泊深度)和大厚度含水层(含水层厚度大于湖泊深度)与湖泊的关系,并对其间的水量和溶质交换机理进行了详细的分析。
(2)利用土槽试验和MODFLOW模型模拟研究了不同岸坡倾角下地下水入湖时在入湖交界面处的渗流速度分布规律。小厚度含水层地下水主要从靠近湖泊岸边的沿岸带进入湖泊水体,渗流的速度随着离岸距离增大呈指数函数形式递减。大厚度含水层地下水从湖泊岸坡和湖底两个界面进入湖泊,两个界面上渗流速度仍然满足递减的指数函数分布。随着岸坡倾角的增大,从岸坡上渗入的水量逐渐减小,而通过湖底的渗流量逐渐增大。当岸坡倾角很小时,从湖底界面上渗入的水量可以忽略不计。
(3)试验研究了保守性溶质氯化物在含水层-湖泊系统中的运移规律。结果发现当含水层上游来水中溶质为均匀分布时,在湖泊岸坡界面上的溶质浓度随着岸坡倾角的变化而发生变化,由于渗流路径长短的不同和边壁效应的影响,各点达到稳定的时间不同,溶质入湖的通量主要受渗流量分布的影响。
(4)试验模拟了氨氮随着降雨等过程下渗到地下水并渗入湖泊的迁移转化规律,并利用MODFLOW模型模拟了经过概化后的非饱和带中硝态氮下渗进入湖泊的迁移过程。结果发现,流域内地表污染源进入地下水体的过程可以简化为连续恒定排放的污染源,非饱和带可以概化为富含营养物质的污染区和传递营养物质的过渡区。地表营养物质入渗后大多滞留在浅层地下水的上部,主要在湖泊的岸边排入水体,在入湖界面上的浓度分布符合递减的一阶指数函数形式。
(5)将MODFLOW模型应用于滇池流域,得出每年通过东侧和北侧地下水进入湖泊的总水量为6.0×10~6m~3,硝态氮为87.1t,总磷为1.7t。其中东侧和北侧含水层地
Human actives like agricultural fertilization polluted local shallow groundwater quality. The eutrophication process of lake water (especially lakeshore water) would be accelerated because of the great deal of nutrients from shallow aquifers. Based on the investigations about groundwater flow to lake, soil tank experiments and mathematical simulation were done for studying groundwater and its nutrients from two kind typical aquifers into shallow lake. The distribution of seepage and nutrient concentration along transversal profile of lakeshore and lake bottom were discussed. The fluxes of groundwater and nutrients from eastern and northern aquifers entering into Dianchi Lake were obtained.Following results were obtained by experimental and mathematical simulation.(1) Based on the investigations about groundwater flowing into lake, two kinds typical system of aquifer and lake were conceptually summarized, namely the thin aquifer (on the assumption that the thickness of aquifer approximates to the depth of lake) and thick aquifer with lake (on the assumption that the thickness of aquifer is bigger than the depth of lake). The exchange mechanisms of water flow and solute between aquifer and lake were detailed.(2) The seepage velocity through lakeshore and lake bottom interfaces under different lakeshore inclinations were discussed by experiments in soil tank and model simulations using MODFLOW. The seepage flow from thin aquifer caused on a narrow littoral zone on lakeshore interface, and the seepage velocity decreased as a descending exponential function along the transversal profile with offshore distance. However, the seepage flow from thick aquifer caused synchronously on two interfaces of lakeshore and lake bottom, and concentrated at two zones: littoral zone and the joint of lakeshore and lake bottom. The seepage velocity on the two interfaces still satisfied with descending exponential function along the transversal profile. With the increasing of lakeshore inclination, the seepage from lakeshore interface decreased gradually, but increased from lake bottom interface. The seepage from lake bottom interface maybe ignored when the inclination was little.(3) The distribution of chloride concentration on exchange interfaces was studied. When the distribution of chloride in upstream groundwater was uniform, the concentrations on interface were also even if the transport time enough. However, the concentrations were
decreased with offshore distance before being even. This reduction was due primarily to dispersion effect acting in the final portion of the flow path. Solute concentrations were also more likely to be attenuated with distanced from a shoreline due to the longer flow path.(4) The transport of nitrogen seeped from surface soil to groundwater and lake was experimented in soil column and tank equipments. And the transport of nitrate nitrogen in groundwater entering into lake was simulated by using MODFLOW. Results show that the surface soil pollution maybe regarded as a continued constant pollution source and that the unsaturated soil zone delineated as pollution enriched zone (or layer) and pollution transfer zone (or layer) was reasonable. The nutrient from surface soil with precipitation was resorted in upper aquifer and transport longitudinally with groundwater to lake. As a result, the high concentration nutrient concentrated at littoral zone, and the distribution of nitrate concentration satisfied with a decline exponential function.(5) As an example, the groundwater and its nutrients discharged into Dianchi Lake were calculated by using MODFLOW model. The available evidence indicates that groundwater discharge to the lake occurs primarily along the northern and eastern shorelines, with limited additional discharge to the western shoreline. Groundwater discharge to the lake from the adjacent aquifer system is probably concentrated in the near-shore areas of the lake bottom. The groundwater discharge into Dianchi Lake from northern and eastern aquifers is about 6.0 × 10~6m~3/a, and the nitrate nitrogen and total phosphorus are 87. It/a and 1.7t/a respectively. The half of groundwater and nutrient (50%) discharge into Dianchi Lake concentrated in 8.0m and 4.5m width narrow zone along transversal profile of lakeshore. These nutrients load may accelerate the eutrophication of the lakeshore water in Dianchi Lake.
具体结论如下:
(1)在总结国内外已有研究的基础上,概化了两种典型含水层—湖泊系统,即小厚度含水层(含水层厚度等于湖泊深度)和大厚度含水层(含水层厚度大于湖泊深度)与湖泊的关系,并对其间的水量和溶质交换机理进行了详细的分析。
(2)利用土槽试验和MODFLOW模型模拟研究了不同岸坡倾角下地下水入湖时在入湖交界面处的渗流速度分布规律。小厚度含水层地下水主要从靠近湖泊岸边的沿岸带进入湖泊水体,渗流的速度随着离岸距离增大呈指数函数形式递减。大厚度含水层地下水从湖泊岸坡和湖底两个界面进入湖泊,两个界面上渗流速度仍然满足递减的指数函数分布。随着岸坡倾角的增大,从岸坡上渗入的水量逐渐减小,而通过湖底的渗流量逐渐增大。当岸坡倾角很小时,从湖底界面上渗入的水量可以忽略不计。
(3)试验研究了保守性溶质氯化物在含水层-湖泊系统中的运移规律。结果发现当含水层上游来水中溶质为均匀分布时,在湖泊岸坡界面上的溶质浓度随着岸坡倾角的变化而发生变化,由于渗流路径长短的不同和边壁效应的影响,各点达到稳定的时间不同,溶质入湖的通量主要受渗流量分布的影响。
(4)试验模拟了氨氮随着降雨等过程下渗到地下水并渗入湖泊的迁移转化规律,并利用MODFLOW模型模拟了经过概化后的非饱和带中硝态氮下渗进入湖泊的迁移过程。结果发现,流域内地表污染源进入地下水体的过程可以简化为连续恒定排放的污染源,非饱和带可以概化为富含营养物质的污染区和传递营养物质的过渡区。地表营养物质入渗后大多滞留在浅层地下水的上部,主要在湖泊的岸边排入水体,在入湖界面上的浓度分布符合递减的一阶指数函数形式。
(5)将MODFLOW模型应用于滇池流域,得出每年通过东侧和北侧地下水进入湖泊的总水量为6.0×10~6m~3,硝态氮为87.1t,总磷为1.7t。其中东侧和北侧含水层地
Human actives like agricultural fertilization polluted local shallow groundwater quality. The eutrophication process of lake water (especially lakeshore water) would be accelerated because of the great deal of nutrients from shallow aquifers. Based on the investigations about groundwater flow to lake, soil tank experiments and mathematical simulation were done for studying groundwater and its nutrients from two kind typical aquifers into shallow lake. The distribution of seepage and nutrient concentration along transversal profile of lakeshore and lake bottom were discussed. The fluxes of groundwater and nutrients from eastern and northern aquifers entering into Dianchi Lake were obtained.Following results were obtained by experimental and mathematical simulation.(1) Based on the investigations about groundwater flowing into lake, two kinds typical system of aquifer and lake were conceptually summarized, namely the thin aquifer (on the assumption that the thickness of aquifer approximates to the depth of lake) and thick aquifer with lake (on the assumption that the thickness of aquifer is bigger than the depth of lake). The exchange mechanisms of water flow and solute between aquifer and lake were detailed.(2) The seepage velocity through lakeshore and lake bottom interfaces under different lakeshore inclinations were discussed by experiments in soil tank and model simulations using MODFLOW. The seepage flow from thin aquifer caused on a narrow littoral zone on lakeshore interface, and the seepage velocity decreased as a descending exponential function along the transversal profile with offshore distance. However, the seepage flow from thick aquifer caused synchronously on two interfaces of lakeshore and lake bottom, and concentrated at two zones: littoral zone and the joint of lakeshore and lake bottom. The seepage velocity on the two interfaces still satisfied with descending exponential function along the transversal profile. With the increasing of lakeshore inclination, the seepage from lakeshore interface decreased gradually, but increased from lake bottom interface. The seepage from lake bottom interface maybe ignored when the inclination was little.(3) The distribution of chloride concentration on exchange interfaces was studied. When the distribution of chloride in upstream groundwater was uniform, the concentrations on interface were also even if the transport time enough. However, the concentrations were
decreased with offshore distance before being even. This reduction was due primarily to dispersion effect acting in the final portion of the flow path. Solute concentrations were also more likely to be attenuated with distanced from a shoreline due to the longer flow path.(4) The transport of nitrogen seeped from surface soil to groundwater and lake was experimented in soil column and tank equipments. And the transport of nitrate nitrogen in groundwater entering into lake was simulated by using MODFLOW. Results show that the surface soil pollution maybe regarded as a continued constant pollution source and that the unsaturated soil zone delineated as pollution enriched zone (or layer) and pollution transfer zone (or layer) was reasonable. The nutrient from surface soil with precipitation was resorted in upper aquifer and transport longitudinally with groundwater to lake. As a result, the high concentration nutrient concentrated at littoral zone, and the distribution of nitrate concentration satisfied with a decline exponential function.(5) As an example, the groundwater and its nutrients discharged into Dianchi Lake were calculated by using MODFLOW model. The available evidence indicates that groundwater discharge to the lake occurs primarily along the northern and eastern shorelines, with limited additional discharge to the western shoreline. Groundwater discharge to the lake from the adjacent aquifer system is probably concentrated in the near-shore areas of the lake bottom. The groundwater discharge into Dianchi Lake from northern and eastern aquifers is about 6.0 × 10~6m~3/a, and the nitrate nitrogen and total phosphorus are 87. It/a and 1.7t/a respectively. The half of groundwater and nutrient (50%) discharge into Dianchi Lake concentrated in 8.0m and 4.5m width narrow zone along transversal profile of lakeshore. These nutrients load may accelerate the eutrophication of the lakeshore water in Dianchi Lake.
引文
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