黄河湿地豫东段水鸟群落多样性和生境选择研究
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摘要
黄河湿地豫东段位于黄河下游,地跨两个省级湿地自然保护区,郑州黄河湿地自然保护区和开封柳园口湿地自然保护区。该区是我国候鸟迁飞的重要中转站和越冬地,对于候鸟保护具有举足轻重的作用。
我们于2007年9月到2008年8月对该区进行了为期一年的水鸟专项调查。对黄河湿地豫东段水鸟的区系、居留型、水鸟的群落丰富度、密度、水鸟的不同季节和不同湿地类型的群落多样性及水鸟的主要类群在秋季迁徙季节的生境选择等进行了分析研究,并对该区存在的问题进行了分析,提出了建议。主要结果如下:
1.在该区共调查到水鸟83种,隶属于7目13科,其中古北种有60种,占总数的72.29%;东洋种有3种,占总数的24.10%;广布种20种,占总数的24.39%。在居留型方面,留鸟5种,占6.02%;夏候鸟12种,占14.46%;冬候鸟33种,占39.76%;旅鸟33种,占39.76%。
2.在该区所调查的83种水鸟中,国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类5种,包括黑鹳、白鹳、大鸨、丹顶鹤和白鹤;国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类13种,种类包括角(辟鸟)(虒鸟)、中白鹭、黄嘴白鹭、白琵鹭、白额雁等;中日候鸟保护协定保护鸟类有54种,占调查到水鸟总种数的65.06%,中澳候鸟保护协定保护鸟类有17种,占调查到水鸟总种数的15.66%;国家保护的有益的或者有重要经济、科学研究价值的鸟类有64种,如占调查到水鸟总种数的77.10%,如凤头鸊鷉、牛背鹭、鸿雁和凤头麦鸡等。
3.优势度分析发现,豆雁和斑嘴鸭的其数量等级分别为43.69%和11.98%,高于10%,为优势种;小鸊鷉、苍鹭、夜鹭、鸿雁、灰雁、绿头鸭、灰鹤其数量等级在1%～10%之间,为普通种;其余水鸟为稀有种。
4.从水鸟的生态分布特征来看,由于其自身的环境条件的差异,不同的水鸟栖息在不同的栖息地,在5种湿地类型中,水鸟种数由多到少依次为:沼泽水域区、人工水产养殖区、村庄农田区、蓄水湖区和荒滩草地区;分别为73、47、21、15、11种。
5.通过对4个季节多样性分析发现,种类和数量最高的为秋、冬两季,其中秋季香农-威纳指数、均匀度指数和G-F指数均最大,而优势度指数最低,冬季香农-威纳指数、均匀度指数和G-F指数也较大,但优势度指数最大。夏季水鸟的香农-威纳指数、G-F指数和优势度指数均较低,而均匀性指数最大。
6.通过对5种湿地类型多样性分析发现,沼泽水域区和水产养殖区的种类、个体数量、香农-威纳指数、均匀度指数和科属种多样性指数均较高,优势度指数低。荒滩草地区物种数少,个体数量多,因而香农-威纳指数、均匀度指数和科属种多样性指数均较低,而优势度指数较高。
7.通过对5种湿地类型的相似性分析,发现沼泽水域区和人工水产养殖区的相似性指数最高,达到0.6942,说明两者最为相似;沼泽水域区和蓄水湖区相似性系数最小。
8.通过对5个类群水鸟的秋季迁徙阶段的生境选择特征分析表明,在黄河湿地豫东段栖息的水鸟中,涉禽类(鹳形目、鹤形目、鸻形目)的栖息地选择特征为:①栖息地因子:三个类群的水鸟都把嫩滩作为其主要的栖息地;②食物因子:鹳形目选择食物丰富的鱼塘,鹤形目和鸻形目鸟类选择河流的嫩滩;③干扰因子:鸻形目和鹤形目均对干扰较为敏感,倾向于避开干扰。游禽类(鸊鷉目、雁形目)的栖息地选择特征为:①栖息地因子:鸊鷉目和雁形目选择湖泊和河流作为主要的栖息地;②干扰因子:鸊鷉目对干扰较不敏感,选择栖息在离村庄和游客较近的湖泊和渔塘中,雁形目鸟类对干扰较为敏感,倾向于避开干扰。
9.该区存在着过度围垦、开荒、河道作业和砖厂取土、盗猎、投毒、旅游及房地产开发以及多头管理等方面问题。可以通过加强宣传和教育力度、减少人为干扰、开展对开荒的治理、完善法律法规、加大执法力度等措施来解决以上问题。
The Yellow River Wetland of Eastern Henan Province lies in downstream of Yellow River, involved in two provincial nature reserves, Zhengzhou Yellow River wetland nature reserve and Kaifeng LiuYuankou wetland nature reserve; Comprising two provincial nature reserves, the East Henan Yellow River Wetland is an important stopover site as well as wintering ground of migratory birds. As such this wetland is critical to the conservation of migratory birds.
We conducted a one-year investigation of waterbirds in this wetland from September, 2007 to August, 2008. The waterbirds fauna, residence status, species abundance, density, community diversity of different seasons and habitats, and the habitat selection in Autumn were analysed as well as problems exist in this wetland and proposal were put forward, the results are following:
1. We recorded 83 species belonging to 13 families and 7 orders. Of these, 60 species (72.29%) are of the Palearctic realm, 3 (3.61%) are of the Indomalaya realm, and 20 (24.10%) are cosmopolitan. There are 5 resident species, 12 summer migrants, 33 winter migrants, and 33 passage migrants.
2. We identified 5 grade-I and 13 grade-II nationally protected avian species. 54 species are covered by the Sino-Japanese Agreement on the Protection of Migratory Birds and Their Habitats, 17 are protected under the Sino-Australian Agreement on the Protection of Migratory Birds and Their Habitats, and 64 are recognized by the Chinese state as economically and/or scientifically valuable.
3. The Bean Goose and the Spot-billed Duck dominates this community, the Little Grebe, the Grey Heron, the Black-crowned Night-Heron, the Swan Goose, the Greylag Goose, the Mallard and the Common Crane is also common, and the other species are rare.
4. Swamps have the highest species richness (73), followed by aquaculture ponds (47), farms (21), artificial lakes (15), and wastelands (11).
5. Analysis the community diversity to four seasons, the highest of species and quantities is autumn and winter, the Shannon-Wiener index, PieLou index and G-F index is the highest than the rest seasons in autumn, the waterfowls' the Shannon-Wiener index, predominance index and G-F index in winter is low than the rest seasons respectively, but the PieLou index are the highest than the rest seasons.
6. Analysis the community diversity to 5 wetland types, the species, quantities, the Shannon-Wiener index, PieLou index and the G-F index in the Region of water and marsh and the Region of artificial aquaculture is very high respectively, predominance index is low respectively. In the region of wasteland and grass, the species is low, but the quantity is high, so the Shannon-Wiener index, PieLou index and the G-F index is low, but the predominance index is high.
7. Analysis the similarity index to 5 wetland types indicates that the comparability index between Region of water and marsh and Region of artificial aquaculture is highest than other wetland types, the numerical value is 0.6942; it shows that these two habitats is very similar. In contrast, the comparability index between Region of water and marsh and Region of villages and farmland is lowest than other habitats, the numerical value 0.2118.
8. The waders (the Ciconiiformes, Gruiformes, and Charadriiformes) prefer habitats that have soft-bottom shores. The Ciconiiformes are attracted to aquaculture ponds teeming with fish. The Gruiformes and Charadriiformes tend to avoid high-disturbance areas. The Natatores (the Podicipediformes and Anseriformes) forage in lakes and streams. The Podicipediformes are disturbance-tolerant, while the Anseriformes are disturbance-sensitive.
9. There are some questions about the management of this district, the excess exploiture of the barron beach, the waterbirds huntings and the watercourse exploiture etc. So it is necessary to solve such problems by spreading the importance of waterbirds protection and the wetland to the public, decreasing human activities and carrying out work of returning farmland to wetland and so on.
我们于2007年9月到2008年8月对该区进行了为期一年的水鸟专项调查。对黄河湿地豫东段水鸟的区系、居留型、水鸟的群落丰富度、密度、水鸟的不同季节和不同湿地类型的群落多样性及水鸟的主要类群在秋季迁徙季节的生境选择等进行了分析研究,并对该区存在的问题进行了分析,提出了建议。主要结果如下:
1.在该区共调查到水鸟83种,隶属于7目13科,其中古北种有60种,占总数的72.29%;东洋种有3种,占总数的24.10%;广布种20种,占总数的24.39%。在居留型方面,留鸟5种,占6.02%;夏候鸟12种,占14.46%;冬候鸟33种,占39.76%;旅鸟33种,占39.76%。
2.在该区所调查的83种水鸟中,国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类5种,包括黑鹳、白鹳、大鸨、丹顶鹤和白鹤;国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类13种,种类包括角(辟鸟)(虒鸟)、中白鹭、黄嘴白鹭、白琵鹭、白额雁等;中日候鸟保护协定保护鸟类有54种,占调查到水鸟总种数的65.06%,中澳候鸟保护协定保护鸟类有17种,占调查到水鸟总种数的15.66%;国家保护的有益的或者有重要经济、科学研究价值的鸟类有64种,如占调查到水鸟总种数的77.10%,如凤头鸊鷉、牛背鹭、鸿雁和凤头麦鸡等。
3.优势度分析发现,豆雁和斑嘴鸭的其数量等级分别为43.69%和11.98%,高于10%,为优势种;小鸊鷉、苍鹭、夜鹭、鸿雁、灰雁、绿头鸭、灰鹤其数量等级在1%～10%之间,为普通种;其余水鸟为稀有种。
4.从水鸟的生态分布特征来看,由于其自身的环境条件的差异,不同的水鸟栖息在不同的栖息地,在5种湿地类型中,水鸟种数由多到少依次为:沼泽水域区、人工水产养殖区、村庄农田区、蓄水湖区和荒滩草地区;分别为73、47、21、15、11种。
5.通过对4个季节多样性分析发现,种类和数量最高的为秋、冬两季,其中秋季香农-威纳指数、均匀度指数和G-F指数均最大,而优势度指数最低,冬季香农-威纳指数、均匀度指数和G-F指数也较大,但优势度指数最大。夏季水鸟的香农-威纳指数、G-F指数和优势度指数均较低,而均匀性指数最大。
6.通过对5种湿地类型多样性分析发现,沼泽水域区和水产养殖区的种类、个体数量、香农-威纳指数、均匀度指数和科属种多样性指数均较高,优势度指数低。荒滩草地区物种数少,个体数量多,因而香农-威纳指数、均匀度指数和科属种多样性指数均较低,而优势度指数较高。
7.通过对5种湿地类型的相似性分析,发现沼泽水域区和人工水产养殖区的相似性指数最高,达到0.6942,说明两者最为相似;沼泽水域区和蓄水湖区相似性系数最小。
8.通过对5个类群水鸟的秋季迁徙阶段的生境选择特征分析表明,在黄河湿地豫东段栖息的水鸟中,涉禽类(鹳形目、鹤形目、鸻形目)的栖息地选择特征为:①栖息地因子:三个类群的水鸟都把嫩滩作为其主要的栖息地;②食物因子:鹳形目选择食物丰富的鱼塘,鹤形目和鸻形目鸟类选择河流的嫩滩;③干扰因子:鸻形目和鹤形目均对干扰较为敏感,倾向于避开干扰。游禽类(鸊鷉目、雁形目)的栖息地选择特征为:①栖息地因子:鸊鷉目和雁形目选择湖泊和河流作为主要的栖息地;②干扰因子:鸊鷉目对干扰较不敏感,选择栖息在离村庄和游客较近的湖泊和渔塘中,雁形目鸟类对干扰较为敏感,倾向于避开干扰。
9.该区存在着过度围垦、开荒、河道作业和砖厂取土、盗猎、投毒、旅游及房地产开发以及多头管理等方面问题。可以通过加强宣传和教育力度、减少人为干扰、开展对开荒的治理、完善法律法规、加大执法力度等措施来解决以上问题。
The Yellow River Wetland of Eastern Henan Province lies in downstream of Yellow River, involved in two provincial nature reserves, Zhengzhou Yellow River wetland nature reserve and Kaifeng LiuYuankou wetland nature reserve; Comprising two provincial nature reserves, the East Henan Yellow River Wetland is an important stopover site as well as wintering ground of migratory birds. As such this wetland is critical to the conservation of migratory birds.
We conducted a one-year investigation of waterbirds in this wetland from September, 2007 to August, 2008. The waterbirds fauna, residence status, species abundance, density, community diversity of different seasons and habitats, and the habitat selection in Autumn were analysed as well as problems exist in this wetland and proposal were put forward, the results are following:
1. We recorded 83 species belonging to 13 families and 7 orders. Of these, 60 species (72.29%) are of the Palearctic realm, 3 (3.61%) are of the Indomalaya realm, and 20 (24.10%) are cosmopolitan. There are 5 resident species, 12 summer migrants, 33 winter migrants, and 33 passage migrants.
2. We identified 5 grade-I and 13 grade-II nationally protected avian species. 54 species are covered by the Sino-Japanese Agreement on the Protection of Migratory Birds and Their Habitats, 17 are protected under the Sino-Australian Agreement on the Protection of Migratory Birds and Their Habitats, and 64 are recognized by the Chinese state as economically and/or scientifically valuable.
3. The Bean Goose and the Spot-billed Duck dominates this community, the Little Grebe, the Grey Heron, the Black-crowned Night-Heron, the Swan Goose, the Greylag Goose, the Mallard and the Common Crane is also common, and the other species are rare.
4. Swamps have the highest species richness (73), followed by aquaculture ponds (47), farms (21), artificial lakes (15), and wastelands (11).
5. Analysis the community diversity to four seasons, the highest of species and quantities is autumn and winter, the Shannon-Wiener index, PieLou index and G-F index is the highest than the rest seasons in autumn, the waterfowls' the Shannon-Wiener index, predominance index and G-F index in winter is low than the rest seasons respectively, but the PieLou index are the highest than the rest seasons.
6. Analysis the community diversity to 5 wetland types, the species, quantities, the Shannon-Wiener index, PieLou index and the G-F index in the Region of water and marsh and the Region of artificial aquaculture is very high respectively, predominance index is low respectively. In the region of wasteland and grass, the species is low, but the quantity is high, so the Shannon-Wiener index, PieLou index and the G-F index is low, but the predominance index is high.
7. Analysis the similarity index to 5 wetland types indicates that the comparability index between Region of water and marsh and Region of artificial aquaculture is highest than other wetland types, the numerical value is 0.6942; it shows that these two habitats is very similar. In contrast, the comparability index between Region of water and marsh and Region of villages and farmland is lowest than other habitats, the numerical value 0.2118.
8. The waders (the Ciconiiformes, Gruiformes, and Charadriiformes) prefer habitats that have soft-bottom shores. The Ciconiiformes are attracted to aquaculture ponds teeming with fish. The Gruiformes and Charadriiformes tend to avoid high-disturbance areas. The Natatores (the Podicipediformes and Anseriformes) forage in lakes and streams. The Podicipediformes are disturbance-tolerant, while the Anseriformes are disturbance-sensitive.
9. There are some questions about the management of this district, the excess exploiture of the barron beach, the waterbirds huntings and the watercourse exploiture etc. So it is necessary to solve such problems by spreading the importance of waterbirds protection and the wetland to the public, decreasing human activities and carrying out work of returning farmland to wetland and so on.
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