逆向供应链合作模式研究
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摘要
随着社会对环境保护的日益关注,人们越来越重视废旧物品的回收和再利用,逆向供应链的实施为保护环境、有效利用有限资源、建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会提供了一条新的途径。但由于逆向供应链的结构复杂性,其管理难度比正向供应链大大增加,所以需要供应链上各相关企业通力合作,共同实现逆向供应链的有效运作。因此论文对逆向供应链合作模式展开研究具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。
论文运用理论研究与实证研究、定性研究与定量研究相结合的方法,从概念界定、机理分析、模型构建和实证验证等方面对以制造商为核心的逆向供应链合作模式进行了研究。主要的研究工作包括：
(1)以可持续发展理论、供应链管理与逆向供应链管理理论以及合作理论为基础,系统分析了以制造商为核心的逆向供应链实施环节中存在的难点问题以及影响因素,探讨了逆向供应链的合作内容、合作对象以及相应的合作模式。
(2)借鉴正向供应链中合作关系影响因素的研究成果,从组织因素、过程因素与外部环境3个维度形成逆向供应链合作关系的影响因素,构建逆向供应链“影响因素一合作关系”概念模型,提出相应的假设,界定了各个研究变量的内涵,并通过专家访谈对量表进行修改形成初始问卷；在对预调研回收的数据利用SPSS进行信度及效度的检验以及因子分析的基础上,形成大规模发放的问卷。利用结构方程模型(SEM)对回收的413份有效样本进行了检验并对实证研究结果进行了分析和讨论。
(3)在理论研究和实证分析的基础上,运用供应链合作理论以及交易费用理论等相关理论,结合天体轨道模型探讨了影响因素、合作关系与合作模式的关系机理,探索性地构建基于不同合作关系下的以制造商为核心的逆向供应链合作模型,并对三种合作模式进行了比较研究。
(4)运用博弈论和Nash谈判模型,引入分配因子,针对不同合作关系下的逆向供应链合作模式,构建相应的利益分配数理模型,并进行最优化求解。最后从政府和企业两个层面,针对逆向供应链的不同合作关系,提出了相应的对策和建议。
本研究的创新性主要体现在下列三个方面：
(1)基于实证研究验证了影响逆向供应链合作关系的因素及其影响水平
借鉴正向供应链中合作影响因素的研究成果用若干指标对逆向链中的影响因素进行解释,从组织因素、过程因素与外部环境3个维度,形成逆向供应链合作的影响因素,构建逆向供应链中的“影响因素一合作关系”概念模型。采用统计软件SPSS和结构方程模型工具软件LISREL8.70进行了数据的统计和分析。通过探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析相结合的方法进行了信度和效度检验后,采用结构方程模型对各假设进行了验证,得出了以下主要结论：组织因素、过程因素、外部环境因素对合作关系水平有显著正向影响；通过路径效应分析可知,组织维度的高层支持、组织对等度；过程维度的利益分配、沟通机制；环境维度的社会制度和顾客对合作关系水平具有显著的正向影响,支持了原有假设；而组织维度的企业文化兼容、过程维度的依赖与协作对合作关系水平的影响不显著,原有假设不成立。
(2)提出了基于不同合作关系的以制造商为核心的逆向供应链合作模型
在实证研究的基础上,系统分析了逆向供应链合作关系与合作模式内在机理,结合实证研究结论以及天体轨道模型,探索性地构建基于不同合作关系下的以制造商为核心的逆向供应链合作模式模型,并比较研究了不同合作关系下的逆向供应链合作模式的内部企业运作流程、合作伙伴选择评价及激励等内容,三种合作模式的提出有助于逆向供应链企业较为有效的识别和管理企业间合作关系。
(3)建立了基于不同合作关系下的逆向供应链合作模式的利益分配模型
运用博弈论和Nash谈判模型,引入分配因子,针对不同合作关系下的逆向供应链合作模式,构建相应的逆向供应链合作利益分配数理模型,并对三个合作阶段的逆向供应链整体利益最优值、产品回收率、产品零售价格、零售商、第三方逆向物流服务商、制造商最优利润额等变量进行了求解及对比分析,并结合算例验证了模型有效性,获取了相关研究结论。研究认为战略联盟关系下的逆向供应链整体利润最大,产品回收率最高,产品零售价格最低,零售商、第三方逆向物流服务商、制造商所得到利润最大,战略联盟关系产生了合作方、消费者、环境的多赢关系。
With the increasing consideration for environment protection, people pay more and more attention to the recycle and reuse of wasted products. The implementation of the reverse supply chain offers a new way to protect the environment, the effective use of limited resources, build a resource saving and environment-friendly society. However, duo to the complexity of the structure of the reverse supply chain, its management becomes more and more difficult than the forward supply chain's. So it need the related companies to work together to achieve the effective operation of reverse supply chain. Therefore in this paper, the writer has important theoretical and practical value to the study of the reverse supply chain cooperation model.
The methods of combination of theoretical research and empirical study, and combination of qualitative research and quantitative study are applied to research the cooperation model of reverse supply chain which is at the core of the manufacturer. The aspects of research are definition concept, mechanization analysis, construction model and demonstration verification and so on. The main researches are following:
Firstly, based on the sustainable development, supply chain management and reverse supply chain management theory and cooperation theory, the writer systematically analyses the difficult problems and the influence factors at the core of the manufacturer in the implementation of the reverse supply chain.
Secondly, three dimensions of cooperation reverse supply chain factors are formed, which are organizational factors、process factors and the external environment on the basic of studying the content of cooperation, cooperation partners and the corresponding model of cooperation and learning from the research of positive co-factors in supply chain, to build the reverse supply chain "factors-partnership" concept model. Then she puts forward matching research hypothesis, defines each of the variable and modifies the index with the help of expert advice to work out initial questionnaire. On the basic of processing the reverse initcommoncontrols data by reliability analysis, validity analysis and factor analysis with SPSS, the large-scale investigated questionnaire is right. And Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is used to verify the recovery of 413 valid sample data, discuss and analyze the research results.
Thirdly, on the basic of theoretical research and empirical study, the author uses related theories, such as the supply chain cooperation theory and transaction cost theory and so on, and combines with celestial body track theory to discuss the affection factors and the mechanism between cooperation relationship and cooperation model to build cooperation models of reverse supply chain which is on the core of manufactory based on different cooperation relationships. Then the three cooperation models are compared with each other.
Fourthly, using Game Theory and Nash bargaining model and establish partition factor, according to the different partnership models of reverse supply chain and introduces of the profit distribution factors to build the corresponding mathematical model and for the most optimal solution. Finally, according to the different cooperation relationship on the reverse supply chain, the writer proposes corresponding countermeasures and suggestions for effective cooperation from the side of government and enterprise levels.
Innovations of this research are mainly reflected in the following three aspects:
Firstly, On the basic of empirical research, the author tests and verifies the reliability and validity of the factors which influence the cooperationship of reverse supply chain and their influence level.
Through learning from the existing research achievement of the forward supply chain, a number of indexes are took to interpret the affection factors of the reverse supply chain. From organizational factors, process factors and the external environment, the three dimensions of cooperation factors are formatted to build the reverse supply chain "factors-partnership" concept model of the reverse supply chain. The statistical software SPSS and Structural Equation Modeling tool LISREL8.70 are used for statistics and analysis of data. After the structural validity tests with the combination of exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis method, she uses structural equation model to validate each assumptions, reached the following conclusions that organizational factors, process factors and external environmental factors are all have significant positive effects on the level of cooperation. The path effect analysis shows that the support of the high-level organizational dimension, organization equivalence degrees, the benefits of the process dimension, communication mechanisms and the environmental dimension of the social system and customers work positive influence on the level of cooperation and support the original hypothesis. The compatible of the organization's corporate culture, the dependence and collaboration of the process dimension have little significant to the cooperative relationship, the original assumption does not hold.
Secondly, to the core of manufacturers the writer proposes a reverse supply chain model on the basic of different cooperation ship.
Based on the empirical research, the author analyses the internal mechanism of cooperative relations and cooperation models of the reverse supply chain systematically. and combines with empirical results and celestial body track theory to build cooperative relations. Then the writer proposes a reverse supply chain model that at the core of manufacturers, and that under different cooperation relationship to discuss the internal business operations processes, partner selection and evaluation of incentives and other content of the reverse supply chain cooperation model, and the propose of three cooperation models will help effective identification and management of cooperative relations between enterprises for the reverse supply chain
Finally, the distribution of benefits model that based on the different reverse supply chain cooperation model is established.
Applied Game Theory and the Nash bargaining model and introduced the distribution factors, the writer builds the corresponding mathematical model of co-distribution of benefits based on different partnership models. Then she analyses the three stages of the reverse supply chain cooperation in the overall interest of the best value, retail price, product recovery, retailers, third-party reverse logistics providers, manufacturers in the optimal profit and other variables, combined with an example to text and verify the model and the validity of conclusions. The research finds that the strategic alliance of strategic cooperation that the overall reverse supply chain profit came to the maximum, the price came to the lowest, the product recovery came to the highest, retailers, third-party reverse logistics providers and manufacturers were most profitable, the strategic alliance produced win-win relationship among the cooperationists, costumers and the environment.
论文运用理论研究与实证研究、定性研究与定量研究相结合的方法,从概念界定、机理分析、模型构建和实证验证等方面对以制造商为核心的逆向供应链合作模式进行了研究。主要的研究工作包括：
(1)以可持续发展理论、供应链管理与逆向供应链管理理论以及合作理论为基础,系统分析了以制造商为核心的逆向供应链实施环节中存在的难点问题以及影响因素,探讨了逆向供应链的合作内容、合作对象以及相应的合作模式。
(2)借鉴正向供应链中合作关系影响因素的研究成果,从组织因素、过程因素与外部环境3个维度形成逆向供应链合作关系的影响因素,构建逆向供应链“影响因素一合作关系”概念模型,提出相应的假设,界定了各个研究变量的内涵,并通过专家访谈对量表进行修改形成初始问卷；在对预调研回收的数据利用SPSS进行信度及效度的检验以及因子分析的基础上,形成大规模发放的问卷。利用结构方程模型(SEM)对回收的413份有效样本进行了检验并对实证研究结果进行了分析和讨论。
(3)在理论研究和实证分析的基础上,运用供应链合作理论以及交易费用理论等相关理论,结合天体轨道模型探讨了影响因素、合作关系与合作模式的关系机理,探索性地构建基于不同合作关系下的以制造商为核心的逆向供应链合作模型,并对三种合作模式进行了比较研究。
(4)运用博弈论和Nash谈判模型,引入分配因子,针对不同合作关系下的逆向供应链合作模式,构建相应的利益分配数理模型,并进行最优化求解。最后从政府和企业两个层面,针对逆向供应链的不同合作关系,提出了相应的对策和建议。
本研究的创新性主要体现在下列三个方面：
(1)基于实证研究验证了影响逆向供应链合作关系的因素及其影响水平
借鉴正向供应链中合作影响因素的研究成果用若干指标对逆向链中的影响因素进行解释,从组织因素、过程因素与外部环境3个维度,形成逆向供应链合作的影响因素,构建逆向供应链中的“影响因素一合作关系”概念模型。采用统计软件SPSS和结构方程模型工具软件LISREL8.70进行了数据的统计和分析。通过探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析相结合的方法进行了信度和效度检验后,采用结构方程模型对各假设进行了验证,得出了以下主要结论：组织因素、过程因素、外部环境因素对合作关系水平有显著正向影响；通过路径效应分析可知,组织维度的高层支持、组织对等度；过程维度的利益分配、沟通机制；环境维度的社会制度和顾客对合作关系水平具有显著的正向影响,支持了原有假设；而组织维度的企业文化兼容、过程维度的依赖与协作对合作关系水平的影响不显著,原有假设不成立。
(2)提出了基于不同合作关系的以制造商为核心的逆向供应链合作模型
在实证研究的基础上,系统分析了逆向供应链合作关系与合作模式内在机理,结合实证研究结论以及天体轨道模型,探索性地构建基于不同合作关系下的以制造商为核心的逆向供应链合作模式模型,并比较研究了不同合作关系下的逆向供应链合作模式的内部企业运作流程、合作伙伴选择评价及激励等内容,三种合作模式的提出有助于逆向供应链企业较为有效的识别和管理企业间合作关系。
(3)建立了基于不同合作关系下的逆向供应链合作模式的利益分配模型
运用博弈论和Nash谈判模型,引入分配因子,针对不同合作关系下的逆向供应链合作模式,构建相应的逆向供应链合作利益分配数理模型,并对三个合作阶段的逆向供应链整体利益最优值、产品回收率、产品零售价格、零售商、第三方逆向物流服务商、制造商最优利润额等变量进行了求解及对比分析,并结合算例验证了模型有效性,获取了相关研究结论。研究认为战略联盟关系下的逆向供应链整体利润最大,产品回收率最高,产品零售价格最低,零售商、第三方逆向物流服务商、制造商所得到利润最大,战略联盟关系产生了合作方、消费者、环境的多赢关系。
With the increasing consideration for environment protection, people pay more and more attention to the recycle and reuse of wasted products. The implementation of the reverse supply chain offers a new way to protect the environment, the effective use of limited resources, build a resource saving and environment-friendly society. However, duo to the complexity of the structure of the reverse supply chain, its management becomes more and more difficult than the forward supply chain's. So it need the related companies to work together to achieve the effective operation of reverse supply chain. Therefore in this paper, the writer has important theoretical and practical value to the study of the reverse supply chain cooperation model.
The methods of combination of theoretical research and empirical study, and combination of qualitative research and quantitative study are applied to research the cooperation model of reverse supply chain which is at the core of the manufacturer. The aspects of research are definition concept, mechanization analysis, construction model and demonstration verification and so on. The main researches are following:
Firstly, based on the sustainable development, supply chain management and reverse supply chain management theory and cooperation theory, the writer systematically analyses the difficult problems and the influence factors at the core of the manufacturer in the implementation of the reverse supply chain.
Secondly, three dimensions of cooperation reverse supply chain factors are formed, which are organizational factors、process factors and the external environment on the basic of studying the content of cooperation, cooperation partners and the corresponding model of cooperation and learning from the research of positive co-factors in supply chain, to build the reverse supply chain "factors-partnership" concept model. Then she puts forward matching research hypothesis, defines each of the variable and modifies the index with the help of expert advice to work out initial questionnaire. On the basic of processing the reverse initcommoncontrols data by reliability analysis, validity analysis and factor analysis with SPSS, the large-scale investigated questionnaire is right. And Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is used to verify the recovery of 413 valid sample data, discuss and analyze the research results.
Thirdly, on the basic of theoretical research and empirical study, the author uses related theories, such as the supply chain cooperation theory and transaction cost theory and so on, and combines with celestial body track theory to discuss the affection factors and the mechanism between cooperation relationship and cooperation model to build cooperation models of reverse supply chain which is on the core of manufactory based on different cooperation relationships. Then the three cooperation models are compared with each other.
Fourthly, using Game Theory and Nash bargaining model and establish partition factor, according to the different partnership models of reverse supply chain and introduces of the profit distribution factors to build the corresponding mathematical model and for the most optimal solution. Finally, according to the different cooperation relationship on the reverse supply chain, the writer proposes corresponding countermeasures and suggestions for effective cooperation from the side of government and enterprise levels.
Innovations of this research are mainly reflected in the following three aspects:
Firstly, On the basic of empirical research, the author tests and verifies the reliability and validity of the factors which influence the cooperationship of reverse supply chain and their influence level.
Through learning from the existing research achievement of the forward supply chain, a number of indexes are took to interpret the affection factors of the reverse supply chain. From organizational factors, process factors and the external environment, the three dimensions of cooperation factors are formatted to build the reverse supply chain "factors-partnership" concept model of the reverse supply chain. The statistical software SPSS and Structural Equation Modeling tool LISREL8.70 are used for statistics and analysis of data. After the structural validity tests with the combination of exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis method, she uses structural equation model to validate each assumptions, reached the following conclusions that organizational factors, process factors and external environmental factors are all have significant positive effects on the level of cooperation. The path effect analysis shows that the support of the high-level organizational dimension, organization equivalence degrees, the benefits of the process dimension, communication mechanisms and the environmental dimension of the social system and customers work positive influence on the level of cooperation and support the original hypothesis. The compatible of the organization's corporate culture, the dependence and collaboration of the process dimension have little significant to the cooperative relationship, the original assumption does not hold.
Secondly, to the core of manufacturers the writer proposes a reverse supply chain model on the basic of different cooperation ship.
Based on the empirical research, the author analyses the internal mechanism of cooperative relations and cooperation models of the reverse supply chain systematically. and combines with empirical results and celestial body track theory to build cooperative relations. Then the writer proposes a reverse supply chain model that at the core of manufacturers, and that under different cooperation relationship to discuss the internal business operations processes, partner selection and evaluation of incentives and other content of the reverse supply chain cooperation model, and the propose of three cooperation models will help effective identification and management of cooperative relations between enterprises for the reverse supply chain
Finally, the distribution of benefits model that based on the different reverse supply chain cooperation model is established.
Applied Game Theory and the Nash bargaining model and introduced the distribution factors, the writer builds the corresponding mathematical model of co-distribution of benefits based on different partnership models. Then she analyses the three stages of the reverse supply chain cooperation in the overall interest of the best value, retail price, product recovery, retailers, third-party reverse logistics providers, manufacturers in the optimal profit and other variables, combined with an example to text and verify the model and the validity of conclusions. The research finds that the strategic alliance of strategic cooperation that the overall reverse supply chain profit came to the maximum, the price came to the lowest, the product recovery came to the highest, retailers, third-party reverse logistics providers and manufacturers were most profitable, the strategic alliance produced win-win relationship among the cooperationists, costumers and the environment.
引文
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