小型点燃式二冲程活塞重油发动机混合气形成的模拟研究
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摘要
为提高燃料储备的安全性,适应燃料一体化的要求,重油已逐步应用于国外小型高速二冲程活塞式航空发动机中；国内对小型高速二冲程活塞式航空重油发动机的研究仍处于起步阶段。与汽油相比,重油粘度大,蒸发性能差,不易形成适于燃烧的油气混合气,从而影响发动机的动力性能,因此重油混合气形成是点燃式重油发动机的关键技术。论文对二冲程活塞式重油发动机混合气形成过程进行了研究,探寻了不同燃油喷射方式下重油混合气形成的特点和规律。
论文首先应用FIRE软件建立了定容燃烧弹混合气形成仿真模型,对喷雾模型及喷油压力进行了验证；在此基础上,对定容燃烧弹内重油和汽油的射流雾化进行了的仿真分析,获得了喷油压力、喷油背压、空气温度和燃油温度对重油射流雾化的影响规律；另外,通过对比分析不同参数对重油与汽油射流雾化的影响,明确了重油与汽油射流雾化的差异。
其次,完成了HS-700发动机几何模型的建立及网格的划分,确定了边界条件和初始条件,构建了表征混合气形成过程及质量的特征参数；在此基础上,对缸内直喷时重油混合气的形成过程进行了研究,分析了喷油参数、发动机结构参数和进气参数对缸内气流以及混合气形成质量的影响规律；研究结果表明,通过优化喷油方案和组织缸内适当的气流运动,有助于缸内均匀混合气的形成。
最后,对缸内半直接喷射时可能的喷射方案进行了分析,明确了喷油定时和喷油方向对燃油损失及燃油分布的影响规律；在此基础上,对缸内半直接喷射时缸内重油混合气的形成质量进行了研究；通过分析,得到了缸内半直接喷射条件下发动机结构参数和进气参数对混合气形成质量的影响规律；通过与缸内直喷时各参数对混合气形成质量影响的对比,明确了在不同参数下最佳的燃油喷射方式。
论文的研究结果可以为我国小型航空点燃式二冲程重油活塞发动机的研发提供分析与决策的依据。
In order to improve the safety of fuel reserves and adapt to the requirements of fuel integration, heavy oil has gradually been applied to light-weight high speed two-stroke piston aero engine. In China, similar work is just at the beginning stage. Compared with gasoline, heavy oil has high viscosity, bad evaporation and unfavorable to the formation of mixture, which affected the power performance engine, so the heavy oil mixture formation is one of the key technical in spark ignition heavy oil engine. This thesis analyses the heavy oil mixture formation in high speed two-stroke engine, explores the characterics and regulars of heavy oil mixture formation in different fuel injected approaches.
First, This paper established a simulation model of constant volume combustion bomb by using the simulation software Fire, and verified spray models and spray pressure; On that basis, simulate and analyze fluidic atomization of heavy oil and gasoline, obtaine the influence regulars of spray pressure, ambient pressure, air temperature and fuel temperature on fluidic atomization of heavy oil; Besides, through the comparison and analysis fluidic atomization of heavy oil and gasoline, make clear the different fluidic atomization of heavy oil and gasoline.
Next, complete the model of HS-700engine and mesh division, determine initial conditions and boundary conditions, construct the characteristic parameters of mixture formation quality. On that basis, research the process of heavy oil mixture formation in the condition of direct injection, analyze influence regulars of fuel injection parameters, engine structural parameters and intake air parameters on air flow and mixture formation quality; The results of the study show that through optimal injection strategy and organizing the moderate air flow help to homogeneous mixture formation.
Finally, analyze possible injection strategy in the condition of semi-direct injection, make clear the influence regulars of injection timing and injection direction to fuel losses and distribution. On that basis, research the process of heavy oil mixture formation in the condition of semi-direct injection; Through analysis of simulation results, obtaine the influence regulars of engine structural parameters and intake air parameters on mixture formation quality in semi-direct injection; Besides, through the comparison with direct injection, make clear that the best way of fuel-injected under the different parameter.
The research result of this thesis can provide analysis and disposition basis for the research and development of light-weight high speed two-stroke piston engine.
论文首先应用FIRE软件建立了定容燃烧弹混合气形成仿真模型,对喷雾模型及喷油压力进行了验证；在此基础上,对定容燃烧弹内重油和汽油的射流雾化进行了的仿真分析,获得了喷油压力、喷油背压、空气温度和燃油温度对重油射流雾化的影响规律；另外,通过对比分析不同参数对重油与汽油射流雾化的影响,明确了重油与汽油射流雾化的差异。
其次,完成了HS-700发动机几何模型的建立及网格的划分,确定了边界条件和初始条件,构建了表征混合气形成过程及质量的特征参数；在此基础上,对缸内直喷时重油混合气的形成过程进行了研究,分析了喷油参数、发动机结构参数和进气参数对缸内气流以及混合气形成质量的影响规律；研究结果表明,通过优化喷油方案和组织缸内适当的气流运动,有助于缸内均匀混合气的形成。
最后,对缸内半直接喷射时可能的喷射方案进行了分析,明确了喷油定时和喷油方向对燃油损失及燃油分布的影响规律；在此基础上,对缸内半直接喷射时缸内重油混合气的形成质量进行了研究；通过分析,得到了缸内半直接喷射条件下发动机结构参数和进气参数对混合气形成质量的影响规律；通过与缸内直喷时各参数对混合气形成质量影响的对比,明确了在不同参数下最佳的燃油喷射方式。
论文的研究结果可以为我国小型航空点燃式二冲程重油活塞发动机的研发提供分析与决策的依据。
In order to improve the safety of fuel reserves and adapt to the requirements of fuel integration, heavy oil has gradually been applied to light-weight high speed two-stroke piston aero engine. In China, similar work is just at the beginning stage. Compared with gasoline, heavy oil has high viscosity, bad evaporation and unfavorable to the formation of mixture, which affected the power performance engine, so the heavy oil mixture formation is one of the key technical in spark ignition heavy oil engine. This thesis analyses the heavy oil mixture formation in high speed two-stroke engine, explores the characterics and regulars of heavy oil mixture formation in different fuel injected approaches.
First, This paper established a simulation model of constant volume combustion bomb by using the simulation software Fire, and verified spray models and spray pressure; On that basis, simulate and analyze fluidic atomization of heavy oil and gasoline, obtaine the influence regulars of spray pressure, ambient pressure, air temperature and fuel temperature on fluidic atomization of heavy oil; Besides, through the comparison and analysis fluidic atomization of heavy oil and gasoline, make clear the different fluidic atomization of heavy oil and gasoline.
Next, complete the model of HS-700engine and mesh division, determine initial conditions and boundary conditions, construct the characteristic parameters of mixture formation quality. On that basis, research the process of heavy oil mixture formation in the condition of direct injection, analyze influence regulars of fuel injection parameters, engine structural parameters and intake air parameters on air flow and mixture formation quality; The results of the study show that through optimal injection strategy and organizing the moderate air flow help to homogeneous mixture formation.
Finally, analyze possible injection strategy in the condition of semi-direct injection, make clear the influence regulars of injection timing and injection direction to fuel losses and distribution. On that basis, research the process of heavy oil mixture formation in the condition of semi-direct injection; Through analysis of simulation results, obtaine the influence regulars of engine structural parameters and intake air parameters on mixture formation quality in semi-direct injection; Besides, through the comparison with direct injection, make clear that the best way of fuel-injected under the different parameter.
The research result of this thesis can provide analysis and disposition basis for the research and development of light-weight high speed two-stroke piston engine.
引文
[1]宋如刚,杨延相.FAI缸内直接喷射小型二冲程汽油机的模拟与试验研究[D].天津：天津大学,2008.
[2]方昌德.航空发动机的发展研究[M].北京：航空工业出版社,2009.
[3]房建成,陶冶,于歌.无人机与战争[M].广州：花城出版社,2010.
[4]王兴海,马震,郑勇.无人机用小型航空活塞发动机的发展[A].尖兵之翼-2006中国无人机大会论文集[C].北京：航空工业出版社,2006：523.
[5]苏鑫鑫,洛静.美国军用无人机的发展新动态[J].飞航导弹,2007,(5)：27-30.
[6]Steven Weinzierl. The Design and Development of a Light-Weight, High-Speed, Diesel Engine for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles[C]. SAE 2002-01-0160.
[7]杨致明,李隆强.汽油机改烧煤油或柴油的研究[A].见：中国内燃机学会特种发动机分会四届一次学术交流会.
[8]罗滇生,钱耀义,于秀梅等.电控半直接喷射二冲程汽油机的研究与试验[J].内燃机学报,2001,19(1)：51-54.
[9]邹华,侯献军等.二冲程发动机夹气喷射系统方案分析[J].摩托车技术,2004,8：9-12.
[10]樊艳荣.全新二冲程发动机-澳必托(Orbital)(J)汽车技术,1998,(11)：39-41.
[11]Amblr, Zocchi. Development of the Aprilla DITECH 50 Engine, SAE Paper No.011781.
[12]Pierre Duret, Andre Ecomard. A New Two-Stroke Engine with Compressed-Air Assisted Fuel Injection for High Efficiency Low Emissions Applications. SAE Paper No.880176.
[13]Pierre Duret, Jean-Charles Dabadie. Thierry Colliou. Application of Iapac Fuel Injection for Low Emissions Small Two-Stroke Engines, SAE Paper No.951785.
[14]Pierre Duret, Staephane Venturi. Automotive Calibration of the Iapac Fluid Dynamically Controlled Two-Stroke Combustion Process, SAE Paper No.960363.
[15]Pierre Duret, Jacques Lavy, Stephane Venturi. SCIP Simplified Direct Injection for Low Emissions Small Two-Stroke Engines, SAE Paper No.1999-01-3289.
[16]Micsael. Air forced fuel injection system for two stoke D. I gasoline engine[J]. SAE paper 910664.
[17]C M Bartolini, F Caresana, G Vincenzi. Analysis of a New Water Hammer Gasoline Direct Injection System (Wh-Gdis), SAE Paper No.011816, 2001.
[18]Wolfgang Heimberg. Ficht Pressure Surge Injection System. SAE Paper No.931502.
[19]Yoji Fukami, Satoru Watabe, Yoichi Jinja. Superiority of Newly Developed Direct-Injection Engine Over Conventional Engine for Personal Watercraft. SAE Paper No.011787,2001.
[20]Sebastian Strauss, Yang bing Zeng, David T. Optimization of the E-TECTM Combustion System for Direct-Injected Two-Stroke Engines Toward 3-Star Emissions, SAE Paper No. 320007,2003.
[21]Eric E. Jaulmes. Two-stroke engine construction, US 3881454, May.6, 1975.
[22]Laimbock FJ. Two-stroke internal combustion engine with crankcase scavenging, US 6539900, Apr.1,2003.
[23]Laimbock FJ, Simon G, Gerhard M. AVL SDIS_MkII-Low Cost Automotive FI Applied to Two-Stroke Engines for Future CARB-Regulations, SAE Paper No. 013285,1999.
[24]杨延相,尤兵,刘昌文.FAI缸内直喷二冲程摩托车发动机的研究[J].小型内燃机与摩托车,2003,32(1)：3741.
[25]蔡晓林,杨延相,张平.FAI二冲程缸内直喷汽油机的研究[J].内燃机学报,2004,22(2)：129-135.
[26]陈登,杨延相,郗大光等.FAI缸内直喷二冲程汽油机低负荷燃烧特性的研究[J].内燃机,工程,2005,26(6)：38-40.
[27]蔡晓林.FAI二冲程缸内直喷汽油机的研究.天津：天津大学,2005.
[28]杨笑风,曾科,李国伟等.实现小型二冲程汽油机分层扫气的膜片式喷射化油器[J].内燃机学报.1999,17(2)：161-165.
[29]陈昌巨,严志勇,周芳.采用电控夹气喷射方法降低内燃机排放研究[J].华中科技大学学报,2003,31(4)：
[30]刘永长.内燃机工作过程模拟[M].武汉：华中理工大学出版社,1996.
[31]刘兵.二冲程汽油机扫气过程多维数值模拟[D].西安：西安交通大学,2000.
[32]Sher E. An Improved Gas Dynamic Model Simutating the Scavening Process in a Two-Stroke Cycle Engine[C]. SAE paper 800037.1980.
[33]Nak Won Sung, Patterson Donald J. Air Motion in a Two-Stroke Engine Cylinder-The Effects of Exhaust Geometry[C]. SAE paper 820751,1982.
[34]Smyth J G, Kemny R G, Blair G E. Motored and Steady-Flow Boundary Conditions App. Applicd to the Predication of Scavenging Flow in a Loop Scavenged Two-Stroke-Cy 900800, 1990.
[35]Haworth DC. Multi-Dimension Calculation for a Two Stroke Engine:A Detailed Scavenging Model Validation[C]. SAE Paper 932712, 1993.
[36]Hisato Hod, Tadao Ogawa. Toshihiko Kmiyama CFD In-Cylinder Flow Simulation of an Engine and Flow Visualization[C]. SAE Paper 950288,1995.
[37]程东明,徐斌,樊久铭等.小型二冲程汽油及换气过程的数值模拟[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,1995,12(6)：134-138.
[38]刘兵,杨迪.二冲程汽油机扫气过程多维数值模拟[J].西安交通大学学报,1999,33(1)：69-72.
[39]蒋炎坤,钟毅芳,罗马吉等.二冲程发动机扫排气道-缸内系统三维瞬态数值模拟研究[J].内燃机学报,2001,19(2)：159-164.
[40]白京元,刘兵,曾科.二冲程汽油机扫气过程多维数值模拟及扫气系统优化设计[J].内燃机工程,2005,26(1)：36-39.
[41]顾维东,杨延相,蔡晓琳,陈登.FAI二冲程直喷汽油机缸内流场的多维数值模拟[J].内燃机学报,2007,25(2)：150-156.
[42]陈登,万东,杨延相.二冲程汽油机缸内直喷分层充气的多维数值模拟[J].小型内燃机和摩托车,2005,34(5)：35-37.
[43]宋如刚,杨延相等.扫气道对二冲程直喷汽油机扫气和喷雾过程影响的多维数值模拟[J].内燃机工程,2008,29(5)：31-37.
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[2]方昌德.航空发动机的发展研究[M].北京：航空工业出版社,2009.
[3]房建成,陶冶,于歌.无人机与战争[M].广州：花城出版社,2010.
[4]王兴海,马震,郑勇.无人机用小型航空活塞发动机的发展[A].尖兵之翼-2006中国无人机大会论文集[C].北京：航空工业出版社,2006：523.
[5]苏鑫鑫,洛静.美国军用无人机的发展新动态[J].飞航导弹,2007,(5)：27-30.
[6]Steven Weinzierl. The Design and Development of a Light-Weight, High-Speed, Diesel Engine for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles[C]. SAE 2002-01-0160.
[7]杨致明,李隆强.汽油机改烧煤油或柴油的研究[A].见：中国内燃机学会特种发动机分会四届一次学术交流会.
[8]罗滇生,钱耀义,于秀梅等.电控半直接喷射二冲程汽油机的研究与试验[J].内燃机学报,2001,19(1)：51-54.
[9]邹华,侯献军等.二冲程发动机夹气喷射系统方案分析[J].摩托车技术,2004,8：9-12.
[10]樊艳荣.全新二冲程发动机-澳必托(Orbital)(J)汽车技术,1998,(11)：39-41.
[11]Amblr, Zocchi. Development of the Aprilla DITECH 50 Engine, SAE Paper No.011781.
[12]Pierre Duret, Andre Ecomard. A New Two-Stroke Engine with Compressed-Air Assisted Fuel Injection for High Efficiency Low Emissions Applications. SAE Paper No.880176.
[13]Pierre Duret, Jean-Charles Dabadie. Thierry Colliou. Application of Iapac Fuel Injection for Low Emissions Small Two-Stroke Engines, SAE Paper No.951785.
[14]Pierre Duret, Staephane Venturi. Automotive Calibration of the Iapac Fluid Dynamically Controlled Two-Stroke Combustion Process, SAE Paper No.960363.
[15]Pierre Duret, Jacques Lavy, Stephane Venturi. SCIP Simplified Direct Injection for Low Emissions Small Two-Stroke Engines, SAE Paper No.1999-01-3289.
[16]Micsael. Air forced fuel injection system for two stoke D. I gasoline engine[J]. SAE paper 910664.
[17]C M Bartolini, F Caresana, G Vincenzi. Analysis of a New Water Hammer Gasoline Direct Injection System (Wh-Gdis), SAE Paper No.011816, 2001.
[18]Wolfgang Heimberg. Ficht Pressure Surge Injection System. SAE Paper No.931502.
[19]Yoji Fukami, Satoru Watabe, Yoichi Jinja. Superiority of Newly Developed Direct-Injection Engine Over Conventional Engine for Personal Watercraft. SAE Paper No.011787,2001.
[20]Sebastian Strauss, Yang bing Zeng, David T. Optimization of the E-TECTM Combustion System for Direct-Injected Two-Stroke Engines Toward 3-Star Emissions, SAE Paper No. 320007,2003.
[21]Eric E. Jaulmes. Two-stroke engine construction, US 3881454, May.6, 1975.
[22]Laimbock FJ. Two-stroke internal combustion engine with crankcase scavenging, US 6539900, Apr.1,2003.
[23]Laimbock FJ, Simon G, Gerhard M. AVL SDIS_MkII-Low Cost Automotive FI Applied to Two-Stroke Engines for Future CARB-Regulations, SAE Paper No. 013285,1999.
[24]杨延相,尤兵,刘昌文.FAI缸内直喷二冲程摩托车发动机的研究[J].小型内燃机与摩托车,2003,32(1)：3741.
[25]蔡晓林,杨延相,张平.FAI二冲程缸内直喷汽油机的研究[J].内燃机学报,2004,22(2)：129-135.
[26]陈登,杨延相,郗大光等.FAI缸内直喷二冲程汽油机低负荷燃烧特性的研究[J].内燃机,工程,2005,26(6)：38-40.
[27]蔡晓林.FAI二冲程缸内直喷汽油机的研究.天津：天津大学,2005.
[28]杨笑风,曾科,李国伟等.实现小型二冲程汽油机分层扫气的膜片式喷射化油器[J].内燃机学报.1999,17(2)：161-165.
[29]陈昌巨,严志勇,周芳.采用电控夹气喷射方法降低内燃机排放研究[J].华中科技大学学报,2003,31(4)：
[30]刘永长.内燃机工作过程模拟[M].武汉：华中理工大学出版社,1996.
[31]刘兵.二冲程汽油机扫气过程多维数值模拟[D].西安：西安交通大学,2000.
[32]Sher E. An Improved Gas Dynamic Model Simutating the Scavening Process in a Two-Stroke Cycle Engine[C]. SAE paper 800037.1980.
[33]Nak Won Sung, Patterson Donald J. Air Motion in a Two-Stroke Engine Cylinder-The Effects of Exhaust Geometry[C]. SAE paper 820751,1982.
[34]Smyth J G, Kemny R G, Blair G E. Motored and Steady-Flow Boundary Conditions App. Applicd to the Predication of Scavenging Flow in a Loop Scavenged Two-Stroke-Cy 900800, 1990.
[35]Haworth DC. Multi-Dimension Calculation for a Two Stroke Engine:A Detailed Scavenging Model Validation[C]. SAE Paper 932712, 1993.
[36]Hisato Hod, Tadao Ogawa. Toshihiko Kmiyama CFD In-Cylinder Flow Simulation of an Engine and Flow Visualization[C]. SAE Paper 950288,1995.
[37]程东明,徐斌,樊久铭等.小型二冲程汽油及换气过程的数值模拟[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,1995,12(6)：134-138.
[38]刘兵,杨迪.二冲程汽油机扫气过程多维数值模拟[J].西安交通大学学报,1999,33(1)：69-72.
[39]蒋炎坤,钟毅芳,罗马吉等.二冲程发动机扫排气道-缸内系统三维瞬态数值模拟研究[J].内燃机学报,2001,19(2)：159-164.
[40]白京元,刘兵,曾科.二冲程汽油机扫气过程多维数值模拟及扫气系统优化设计[J].内燃机工程,2005,26(1)：36-39.
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