基于产业链视角的蔬菜质量安全管理研究
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摘要
食品质量安全关系到人类的健康和生命安全,已成为世界各国人民普遍关注的热点之一。近年来,国内外一些危害人类健康和生命安全的食品质量安全事件如疯牛病、口蹄疫、二恶英、禽流感等的不断发生,打击了人民的消费信心,并且在一定程度上也降低了政府的公信力。为了提高食品质量安全水平,减少食品质量安全事件的发生,各国政府纷纷制定各种政策、采取各种措施来加强对食品质量安全的监督和控制。其中一种比较常见的模式是,在农产品领域,政府不断加强对农产品生产过程中各个环节的控制,广泛实施“从田头到餐桌”的全程质量安全管理。仅仅对生产过程中某一环节上单一的经济主体实施质量安全控制,已不再适应食品质量安全管理的需要。由于农产品生产的全过程中涉及到多个环节,每个环节上又由不同的经济主体完成相应的职能,提高农产品质量安全水平,必须加强各环节之间的沟通与协作,将整个农产品生产过程视为一个有机的、系统的整体,从而对其实施质量安全控制。产业链管理是一种先进的管理模式,它具备一种全新的视角,能够满足上述将农产品生产的整个过程视作一个有机的、系统的整体这种需要。实施产业链管理,能够增强各节点企业(或其它经济主体)对内外部环境变化快速响应的能力,密切产业链各节点之间的合作关系,增强相互之间的沟通与协作,强化产业链内部资源和要素的整合,从而提高产业链整体绩效,实现其总体目标。基于以上原因,国内外已有学者和企业广泛关注质量安全管理与产业链管理之间的关系,并试图将质量安全管理与产业链管理结合起来。
农业产业链管理(Agricultural Chain Management)是供应链管理理论在农业领域的具体应用,它是将农业生产资料供应、农产品生产、加工、储运、销售等环节链接成一个有机整体,并对其中人、财、物、信息、技术等要素流动进行组织、协调与控制,以期获得农产品价值增值的活动过程。农业产业链是一个能够将农户、加工企业、物流企业、批发商、销售商以及消费者等行为主体有机地联系起来的网链结构。通过实施农业产业链管理,能够提高农户组织化程度,增强农户抗御风险的能力、提高农民收益和保障农产品供给,它追求的是在满足消费者需要的前提下提高产业链整体绩效。农业产业链比较成熟的一些发达国家的实践经验表明,实施产业链管理能够加强对产业链各节点的协调和控制,有利于建立统一的质量安全管理体系,从而有助于保障产品质量安全。
蔬菜在我国居民日常生活中发挥着很大的作用,它是食物构成的主要来源之一,人们的日常生活离不开对蔬菜的消费。因此,人们对蔬菜质量安全表现出极大关注。提高蔬菜质量安全水平,增强人民群众对蔬菜的消费信心,使人民群众吃上“放心菜”,也是政府的一个重要职责。本文在前人研究成果的基础上,针对蔬菜产品特征以及我国蔬菜产业链的实际情况,以蔬菜产业链上的关键节点—农户、企业、消费者为研究的切入点,从理论分析和实证分析两个方面,深入探讨产业链管理对农户安全蔬菜生产的影响,产业链关系质量对蔬菜企业质量安全管理效率的影响,以及蔬菜质量安全因素对消费者购买行为的影响。在此基础上,探索农户从事安全蔬菜生产的影响因素和提高蔬菜企业质量安全管理效率的有效途径。并在分析我国蔬菜质量安全管理的现状及其存在问题的基础上,提出保障蔬菜质量安全的相关政策建议。
全文共分八章,具体章节安排如下：
第一章：导言。包括研究背景,问题的提出,研究目的和研究意义,研究的基本框架与内容,研究方法与数据来源,可能的创新与不足。
第二章：文献综述。本章对与本研究相关的文献进行了综述。主要包括国内外产业链研究动态,有关蔬菜质量安全的研究进展,有关影响食品质量安全因素的研究,有关食品质量安全的政府管理研究等方面的研究文献。
第三章：蔬菜质量安全管理体系的现状及存在的问题。分别探讨了质量安全法律法规体系的现状、质量安全标准体系的现状、质量安全认证体系的现状、质量安全检验检测体系的现状以及质量安全技术保障体系的现状等,并在此基础上,分析了我国现有蔬菜质量安全管理体系存在的问题。
第四章：产业链管理与质量安全。本章首先分别对产业链、产业链管理以及蔬菜质量安全的内涵和相关问题进行了阐述,并在此基础上,基于产业链探讨构建蔬菜质量安全管理体系。最后,又对本研究后续实证章节之间的逻辑关系进行了梳理。
第五章：蔬菜质量安全因素对消费者购买行为的影响分析。消费者是蔬菜产业链上最后一个节点,实施产业链管理最主要的目标之一就是为了满足消费者的需要。本章构建了因子分析模型,研究消费者在判定蔬菜质量安全时的影响因素以及影响消费者果蔬类生鲜农产品购买决策的产品特征因素,并分别提取了相应的公共因子。
第六章：产业链管理对农户安全蔬菜生产的影响分析。本章首先借鉴前人研究成果并结合研究目的,将农户蔬菜生产行为分成生产普通蔬菜或安全蔬菜两个方面,影响农户安全生产行为的因素大致可分为农户个体特征因素、家庭特征因素、安全控制行为特征因素、加入产业链组织情况以及其它因素四类。在此基础上构建二元Logistic回归分析模型,根据实证分析结果探讨产业链管理对农户安全生产行为的影响。
第七章：产业链关系质量对蔬菜企业质量安全管理效率的影响分析。本章在参阅大量外文文献的基础上,引入了产业链关系质量这个概念,并认为它是一个更高阶的构念,是由多个不同的维度来反映的。并据此构建结构方程模型,探讨存在环境不确定性的情况下产业链关系质量对蔬菜企业质量安全管理效率的影响。
第八章：加强蔬菜质量安全管理的政策建议。本章在前文研究的基础上,提出了基于产业链视角加强蔬菜质量安全管理的相关政策建议。
Food quality and safety has a close relation to the human's health and safety, and it has been one of the hotspots that concerned by people all around the world. In recent years, some incidents of food quality and safety to the detriment of human health and safety that happened at home or abroad, such as the continually ocurrence of mad cow disease(BSE), foot and mouth disease(FMD), dioxins(PCDD/Fs), avian flu, etc.,has hitted the consumer's confidence, and to some extent, also has reduced the government's credibility. In order to enhance the level of food quality and safety, and reduce the occurrence of the incidents of food quality and safety, governments have to develop policies and adopt measures to strengthen the supervision and control of food quality and safety. One of the most common pattern is that, in the areas of agri-product, government continues to strengthen the control of all nodes of the production process of agri-products, and widely implement the wholly quality and safety management of "plow-to-fork".Controlling only on the single economic agent of the production process no longer meet needs of the food quality and safety management. Because the entire production process of agricultural products involved many nodes,and there are different economic entities on a node to complete the corresponding functions, so in order to enhance the level of quality and safety of agri-products, it needs to strengthen the communication and cooperation between the different nodes,and consider the whole production process of agri-products as an organic overall system to implement the control of quality and safety. Agri-chain management is an advanced management mode, and it has a new perspective, and can satisfy the need of considering the whole production process of agri-products as a wholly and systematic entity.The implementation of the agri-chain management, can enhance the ability of each node enterprise (or other economic entities) to respond quickly to the changes of the internal and external environments, strengthen the cooperation relationship between different nodes of the agri-chain, enhance mutual communication and cooperation between different nodes, and strengthen the integration of internal resources and elements in the agri-chain, so as to enhance the agri-chain's overall performance and achieve its overall objectives. For these reasons, domestic and foreign scholars have been concerned about the relationships between the management of quality and safety and the agri-chain management, and try to integrate the the management of quality and safety with the agri-chain management.
Agricultural Chain Management is the application of the theory of supply chain management in the specific agricultural fields, it links the supply of agricultural production materials, agricultural production, processing, storage, marketing and other aspects into an organic whole, and implement the organization, coordination and controlling of the element flow such as financial,,material, information, technology and other elements, in order to obtain profit of the value-added agricultural activity process. Agri-chain is a network structure that can organically link the farmers, processing companies, logistics companies, wholesalers, retailers, consumers other actors. Through the implementation of the agri-chain management, it can increase the Farmers'degree of organization, enhance the capacity of resisting the risks, enhance the farmers' income, and protect the supply of agri-products, it seeks to improve the overall performance of the agri-chain with meeting of the consumers'needs as the premise. The practical experience of some developed countries that have mature agri-chains indicates that, the implementation of agri-chain management can strengthen coordination and controlling between agri-chain's different nodes, is conducive to the establishment of uniform quality and safety management systems, thus helping to safeguard the quality and safety of products.
Vegetable plays a big role in the daily life of our residents, and it is one of the main sources of food composition, because people's daily life is inseparable from the consumption of vegetables, so people pay much attention to the quality and safety of vegetable. How to enhance the level of vegetable quality and safety, to strengthen people's confidence on the consumption of vegetables, to let people get "satisfying vegetable", is one of the important governmental functions.This paper based on the results of previous studies, and accorded to the product features of vegetables and the actual situation of the vegetable-chain in China, has considered the key nodes of vegetable-chain—farmers, enterprises and consumers as the starting points of this research, From the two aspects of theoretical analysis and empirical analysis to deeply research the impact agri-chain management have on the farmers'production of safe vegetable, the agri-chain relationship have on the efficiency of vegetable quality and safety management, as well as the factors of vegetable quality and safety have on the consumers'purchase behavior. On this basis, the author try to explore the effecting factors of farmers' engaging in the production of safe vegetable and the effective way that can improve the efficiency of vegetable quality and safety management. And based on the analysis of the management of vegetable quality and safety and the problems lie in it, propose some relevant policy recommendations that can safeguard the vegetable quality and safety.
This paper is composed of8chapters. The major content of each part is as follows:
Chapter I:Introduction. Including the research background,the raising of the issue, the purpose and significance of the research, the basic framework and contents of the research, the methods and data sources of the research, and the possible innovations and disadvantages of the research.
Chapter II:Literature Review. This chapter gives the literature that relevant to this study. Including the development of the domestic and international agri-chain research, the research development of vegetable quality and safety, the relative research of the affecting factors of food quality and safety, the food quality and safety research in the field of government management of the research literature.
Chapter III:The current situation and existing problems of the management system of vegetable quality and safety. This chapter investigates the following questions respectively, there are, the current system of laws and regulations of vegetable's quality and safety, the present situation of standard system of quality and safety, the present situation of certification system of quality and safety, the present situation of inspection and quarantine system of quality and safety, and the present situation of technical guarantee system of quality and safety. And based on this, this chapter analyses the existing problems of the management system of vegetable quality and safety.
Chapter Ⅳ:Agri-chain management and vegetable's quality and safety. This chapter firstly discussed the connotation of agri-chain, agri-chain management, and vegetable's quality and safety, and also some corresponding questions respectively. And based on this, this chapter has investigated the management system of vegetable quality and safety based on the perspective of agri-chain. Finally, this chapter also has hackled the following empirical parts' logical relationships of this research.
Chapter Ⅴ:Research on the impact of vegetable quality and safety factors on the consumers'purchase behaviors. Consumer is the last node of the vegetable-chain, and one the most important objectives of implementing the agri-chain management is to meet the consumers' needs. This chapter has constructed a factor analysis model to investigate the factors that affecting the consumers' determining of vegetable quality and safety, and the factors of product characteristics that affecting consumers' purchase decision of the fresh fruit and vegetable agri-products, and also extracted the common factors correspondingly.
Chapter VI:The analysis of the impact of agri-chain mangement on the farmers' production of the safe vegetable. This chapter firstly learn the results of previous studies combined with the purposes of this research, and then divide the farmers' vegetable production behavior into two aspects namely the production of ordinary vegetables and the production of safe vegetables, through summing up the factors affecting farmers' safe production behaviors, it can be divided into five categories such as the factors of farmers' individual features, the factors of farmers' household characteristics, the factors of safety controlling behavior characteristics, the organizational conditions of joined in the agri-chain, and other kind of factors. On this basis, the author has construct a Binary Logistic regression analysis model, based on the empirical analysis results of the model to investigate the effects of agri-chain management on the farmers' safe production behavior.
Chapter VII:The analysis of the affects that agri-chain relationship qulity has on the efficiency of vegetable quality and safety management. this chapter has referred to a large number of foreign literature that been considered as the basis, and introduced the concept of chain relationship quality, and considered it as a higher-order construct of different dimensions to reflect.Based on this, the author has constructed a structural equation model to investigate the affects of agri-chain relationship quality on the efficiency of firms' vegetable quality and safety management with the existence of environmental uncertainty.
Chapter VIII:The policy recommendations of strengthening vegetable quality and safety management. This chapter based on the above parts of this research, put forward the policy recommendations of strengthening vegetable quality and safety management based on the perspective of agri-chain.
农业产业链管理(Agricultural Chain Management)是供应链管理理论在农业领域的具体应用,它是将农业生产资料供应、农产品生产、加工、储运、销售等环节链接成一个有机整体,并对其中人、财、物、信息、技术等要素流动进行组织、协调与控制,以期获得农产品价值增值的活动过程。农业产业链是一个能够将农户、加工企业、物流企业、批发商、销售商以及消费者等行为主体有机地联系起来的网链结构。通过实施农业产业链管理,能够提高农户组织化程度,增强农户抗御风险的能力、提高农民收益和保障农产品供给,它追求的是在满足消费者需要的前提下提高产业链整体绩效。农业产业链比较成熟的一些发达国家的实践经验表明,实施产业链管理能够加强对产业链各节点的协调和控制,有利于建立统一的质量安全管理体系,从而有助于保障产品质量安全。
蔬菜在我国居民日常生活中发挥着很大的作用,它是食物构成的主要来源之一,人们的日常生活离不开对蔬菜的消费。因此,人们对蔬菜质量安全表现出极大关注。提高蔬菜质量安全水平,增强人民群众对蔬菜的消费信心,使人民群众吃上“放心菜”,也是政府的一个重要职责。本文在前人研究成果的基础上,针对蔬菜产品特征以及我国蔬菜产业链的实际情况,以蔬菜产业链上的关键节点—农户、企业、消费者为研究的切入点,从理论分析和实证分析两个方面,深入探讨产业链管理对农户安全蔬菜生产的影响,产业链关系质量对蔬菜企业质量安全管理效率的影响,以及蔬菜质量安全因素对消费者购买行为的影响。在此基础上,探索农户从事安全蔬菜生产的影响因素和提高蔬菜企业质量安全管理效率的有效途径。并在分析我国蔬菜质量安全管理的现状及其存在问题的基础上,提出保障蔬菜质量安全的相关政策建议。
全文共分八章,具体章节安排如下：
第一章：导言。包括研究背景,问题的提出,研究目的和研究意义,研究的基本框架与内容,研究方法与数据来源,可能的创新与不足。
第二章：文献综述。本章对与本研究相关的文献进行了综述。主要包括国内外产业链研究动态,有关蔬菜质量安全的研究进展,有关影响食品质量安全因素的研究,有关食品质量安全的政府管理研究等方面的研究文献。
第三章：蔬菜质量安全管理体系的现状及存在的问题。分别探讨了质量安全法律法规体系的现状、质量安全标准体系的现状、质量安全认证体系的现状、质量安全检验检测体系的现状以及质量安全技术保障体系的现状等,并在此基础上,分析了我国现有蔬菜质量安全管理体系存在的问题。
第四章：产业链管理与质量安全。本章首先分别对产业链、产业链管理以及蔬菜质量安全的内涵和相关问题进行了阐述,并在此基础上,基于产业链探讨构建蔬菜质量安全管理体系。最后,又对本研究后续实证章节之间的逻辑关系进行了梳理。
第五章：蔬菜质量安全因素对消费者购买行为的影响分析。消费者是蔬菜产业链上最后一个节点,实施产业链管理最主要的目标之一就是为了满足消费者的需要。本章构建了因子分析模型,研究消费者在判定蔬菜质量安全时的影响因素以及影响消费者果蔬类生鲜农产品购买决策的产品特征因素,并分别提取了相应的公共因子。
第六章：产业链管理对农户安全蔬菜生产的影响分析。本章首先借鉴前人研究成果并结合研究目的,将农户蔬菜生产行为分成生产普通蔬菜或安全蔬菜两个方面,影响农户安全生产行为的因素大致可分为农户个体特征因素、家庭特征因素、安全控制行为特征因素、加入产业链组织情况以及其它因素四类。在此基础上构建二元Logistic回归分析模型,根据实证分析结果探讨产业链管理对农户安全生产行为的影响。
第七章：产业链关系质量对蔬菜企业质量安全管理效率的影响分析。本章在参阅大量外文文献的基础上,引入了产业链关系质量这个概念,并认为它是一个更高阶的构念,是由多个不同的维度来反映的。并据此构建结构方程模型,探讨存在环境不确定性的情况下产业链关系质量对蔬菜企业质量安全管理效率的影响。
第八章：加强蔬菜质量安全管理的政策建议。本章在前文研究的基础上,提出了基于产业链视角加强蔬菜质量安全管理的相关政策建议。
Food quality and safety has a close relation to the human's health and safety, and it has been one of the hotspots that concerned by people all around the world. In recent years, some incidents of food quality and safety to the detriment of human health and safety that happened at home or abroad, such as the continually ocurrence of mad cow disease(BSE), foot and mouth disease(FMD), dioxins(PCDD/Fs), avian flu, etc.,has hitted the consumer's confidence, and to some extent, also has reduced the government's credibility. In order to enhance the level of food quality and safety, and reduce the occurrence of the incidents of food quality and safety, governments have to develop policies and adopt measures to strengthen the supervision and control of food quality and safety. One of the most common pattern is that, in the areas of agri-product, government continues to strengthen the control of all nodes of the production process of agri-products, and widely implement the wholly quality and safety management of "plow-to-fork".Controlling only on the single economic agent of the production process no longer meet needs of the food quality and safety management. Because the entire production process of agricultural products involved many nodes,and there are different economic entities on a node to complete the corresponding functions, so in order to enhance the level of quality and safety of agri-products, it needs to strengthen the communication and cooperation between the different nodes,and consider the whole production process of agri-products as an organic overall system to implement the control of quality and safety. Agri-chain management is an advanced management mode, and it has a new perspective, and can satisfy the need of considering the whole production process of agri-products as a wholly and systematic entity.The implementation of the agri-chain management, can enhance the ability of each node enterprise (or other economic entities) to respond quickly to the changes of the internal and external environments, strengthen the cooperation relationship between different nodes of the agri-chain, enhance mutual communication and cooperation between different nodes, and strengthen the integration of internal resources and elements in the agri-chain, so as to enhance the agri-chain's overall performance and achieve its overall objectives. For these reasons, domestic and foreign scholars have been concerned about the relationships between the management of quality and safety and the agri-chain management, and try to integrate the the management of quality and safety with the agri-chain management.
Agricultural Chain Management is the application of the theory of supply chain management in the specific agricultural fields, it links the supply of agricultural production materials, agricultural production, processing, storage, marketing and other aspects into an organic whole, and implement the organization, coordination and controlling of the element flow such as financial,,material, information, technology and other elements, in order to obtain profit of the value-added agricultural activity process. Agri-chain is a network structure that can organically link the farmers, processing companies, logistics companies, wholesalers, retailers, consumers other actors. Through the implementation of the agri-chain management, it can increase the Farmers'degree of organization, enhance the capacity of resisting the risks, enhance the farmers' income, and protect the supply of agri-products, it seeks to improve the overall performance of the agri-chain with meeting of the consumers'needs as the premise. The practical experience of some developed countries that have mature agri-chains indicates that, the implementation of agri-chain management can strengthen coordination and controlling between agri-chain's different nodes, is conducive to the establishment of uniform quality and safety management systems, thus helping to safeguard the quality and safety of products.
Vegetable plays a big role in the daily life of our residents, and it is one of the main sources of food composition, because people's daily life is inseparable from the consumption of vegetables, so people pay much attention to the quality and safety of vegetable. How to enhance the level of vegetable quality and safety, to strengthen people's confidence on the consumption of vegetables, to let people get "satisfying vegetable", is one of the important governmental functions.This paper based on the results of previous studies, and accorded to the product features of vegetables and the actual situation of the vegetable-chain in China, has considered the key nodes of vegetable-chain—farmers, enterprises and consumers as the starting points of this research, From the two aspects of theoretical analysis and empirical analysis to deeply research the impact agri-chain management have on the farmers'production of safe vegetable, the agri-chain relationship have on the efficiency of vegetable quality and safety management, as well as the factors of vegetable quality and safety have on the consumers'purchase behavior. On this basis, the author try to explore the effecting factors of farmers' engaging in the production of safe vegetable and the effective way that can improve the efficiency of vegetable quality and safety management. And based on the analysis of the management of vegetable quality and safety and the problems lie in it, propose some relevant policy recommendations that can safeguard the vegetable quality and safety.
This paper is composed of8chapters. The major content of each part is as follows:
Chapter I:Introduction. Including the research background,the raising of the issue, the purpose and significance of the research, the basic framework and contents of the research, the methods and data sources of the research, and the possible innovations and disadvantages of the research.
Chapter II:Literature Review. This chapter gives the literature that relevant to this study. Including the development of the domestic and international agri-chain research, the research development of vegetable quality and safety, the relative research of the affecting factors of food quality and safety, the food quality and safety research in the field of government management of the research literature.
Chapter III:The current situation and existing problems of the management system of vegetable quality and safety. This chapter investigates the following questions respectively, there are, the current system of laws and regulations of vegetable's quality and safety, the present situation of standard system of quality and safety, the present situation of certification system of quality and safety, the present situation of inspection and quarantine system of quality and safety, and the present situation of technical guarantee system of quality and safety. And based on this, this chapter analyses the existing problems of the management system of vegetable quality and safety.
Chapter Ⅳ:Agri-chain management and vegetable's quality and safety. This chapter firstly discussed the connotation of agri-chain, agri-chain management, and vegetable's quality and safety, and also some corresponding questions respectively. And based on this, this chapter has investigated the management system of vegetable quality and safety based on the perspective of agri-chain. Finally, this chapter also has hackled the following empirical parts' logical relationships of this research.
Chapter Ⅴ:Research on the impact of vegetable quality and safety factors on the consumers'purchase behaviors. Consumer is the last node of the vegetable-chain, and one the most important objectives of implementing the agri-chain management is to meet the consumers' needs. This chapter has constructed a factor analysis model to investigate the factors that affecting the consumers' determining of vegetable quality and safety, and the factors of product characteristics that affecting consumers' purchase decision of the fresh fruit and vegetable agri-products, and also extracted the common factors correspondingly.
Chapter VI:The analysis of the impact of agri-chain mangement on the farmers' production of the safe vegetable. This chapter firstly learn the results of previous studies combined with the purposes of this research, and then divide the farmers' vegetable production behavior into two aspects namely the production of ordinary vegetables and the production of safe vegetables, through summing up the factors affecting farmers' safe production behaviors, it can be divided into five categories such as the factors of farmers' individual features, the factors of farmers' household characteristics, the factors of safety controlling behavior characteristics, the organizational conditions of joined in the agri-chain, and other kind of factors. On this basis, the author has construct a Binary Logistic regression analysis model, based on the empirical analysis results of the model to investigate the effects of agri-chain management on the farmers' safe production behavior.
Chapter VII:The analysis of the affects that agri-chain relationship qulity has on the efficiency of vegetable quality and safety management. this chapter has referred to a large number of foreign literature that been considered as the basis, and introduced the concept of chain relationship quality, and considered it as a higher-order construct of different dimensions to reflect.Based on this, the author has constructed a structural equation model to investigate the affects of agri-chain relationship quality on the efficiency of firms' vegetable quality and safety management with the existence of environmental uncertainty.
Chapter VIII:The policy recommendations of strengthening vegetable quality and safety management. This chapter based on the above parts of this research, put forward the policy recommendations of strengthening vegetable quality and safety management based on the perspective of agri-chain.
引文
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①王凯、韩纪琴,农业产业链管理初探[J],中国农村经济,2002(1)：9-12。
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①《中国的食品质量安全状况》白皮书(全文),新华网,2007年08月17日。
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①杨公仆、夏大慰,现代产业经济学,上海财经大学出版社,2002,50-80。
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③张利国,安全认证食品管理问题研究,2006,南京农业大学博士学位论文。
①戴化勇,产业链管理对蔬菜质量安全的影响研究,2007,南京农业大学博士学位论文。
②刘万利等,养猪农户采用安全兽药行为的意愿分析,农业技术经济,2007(1),80-87。
①以下该章中出现的农户生产行为等同于农户的安全生产行为,它包括：普通蔬菜生产行为和安全蔬菜生产行为。
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