青岛市区辐射环境质量评价研究
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摘要
安全环境是人类赖以生存的基础,天然放射性辐射环境是人类生存环境的重要组成部分,放射性物质存在于各类物质中,包括空气、水源和土壤等。放射性物质的辐射对环境的影响往往被人们所忽视,但又是最危险的环境影响因素。为了生存和健康不仅需要了解重金属和有机物污染,而且需要了解辐射污染。天然放射性辐射环境与该区域内的地质环境密切相关。青岛地区燕山期岩浆活动频繁,形成了以钾长花岗岩和二长花岗岩为主的大规模侵入岩体,大多数母岩为富含铀、钍的花岗岩。本论文选择青岛地区做为放射性的研究区,该花岗岩地区与放射性核素的辐射强度的关系具有典型的代表性。
论文在大量密集测量地表岩石、土壤γ总量、土壤中~(238)U、~(232)Th、~(40)K放射性核素的含量基础上,分析了天然放射性辐射环境与该区域内的地质环境.分析了环境中氡的来源及迁移机制,给出了氡的运移理论模型,指出了环境中氡的危害及其土壤中的分布与地质环境的关系。分别从内照射和外照射的角度,将土壤中~(238)U (~(226)Ra)、~(232)Th、~(40)K放射性核素的比活度、γ能量谱、环境中的氡浓度和直接测量空气中的吸收剂量率相结合,首次对青岛地区的辐射环境进行了研究和评价,可为奥运和青岛市长远发展提供科学保障。
结果表明研究区内土壤中的~(238)U含量低于全国及世界平均值,土壤中~(232)Th含量分别是全国和世界均值含量的1.1和1.5倍,土壤中~(40)K含量分别是全国和世界均值含量的2.43和2.44倍,因此空气中的吸收剂量率高于全国(81.5nGy·h~(-1))和世界(80 nGy·h~(-1))约1.2倍。通过能谱估算的空气吸收剂量率与实际测量值近似相等。研究区的年有效剂量为0.83 mSv,低于世界平均年有效外部照射的剂量限值1.0mSv,外照射指数和内照射指数均小于1,该区的等效镭浓度Raeq均值为197 Bq·kg~(-1),低于建议最大容许值370 Bq·kg~(-1),基于以上的各类指标均在世界均值或容许值范围内,可以认为该区的外照射水平属于安全辐射范畴。
222Rn浓度对人体内部照射具有举足轻重的地位,也是评价辐射环境质量的关键所在。本文采用经典的氡在空气中的扩散和对流的理论模式,通过研究区内的土壤中铀的含量推算出离地面1米高的空气中的氡的浓度,并且分析了土壤中的氡浓度与土壤中的放射性核素U、Th、K的含量的关系。研究区的土壤氡浓度总体平均值为5887Bq/m~3,与全球土壤氡浓度的平均值7400 Bq/m~3相比属于土壤氡
Human being lives depend on safe environment. The natural radioactivity environment is one important part of human living surroundings. The natural radioactivity lies in all the matters surrounding human beings such as air, water and soil.The impact of radioactivity material on environment is the most dangerous although it is usually ignored. For living and health, man need to know the pollution not only from heavy metal and organic materials, but also from radioactivity.
There is close relationship between the radioactivity and the area’s geology in environment. In Qingdao area, because of the impact of the active magma during Yanshan period, invasive rock body was cosmically formed. Most of mother rocks are granites containing uranium and thorium. In this dissertation we chose Qingdao as radioactivity research area, where the relationship is typical between the granite and the radiation intensity in interest area.
On basis of extensive measurement of surface rocks,γtotal dose in soil, radioactivity concentration of nuclide ~(238)U、~(232)Th、40K, we analyze their radioactivity feature and distribution, as well as the geological environment in the area. We analyzed the resource of Rn in environment, as well as the transportation mechanics of Rn. The transportation model of Rn was introduced. Hazard of Rn in environment was stressed. The relationship between distribution of Rn and geological environment was analyzed. Based on outer and inner radiation, many factors were integrated to systematically assess the radiation environment in Qingdao for the first time. These factors involve the specility content of ~(238)U (~(226)Ra)、~(232)Th、40 K in soil, the terrene gamma radiation absorbed air dose, annual effective dose, external irradiation index, inner irradiation index and equal radium index. The result can provide references for Olympic games and long-term development of Qingdao.
The results show that the content of ~(238)U is under the average of the country and the world. The concentration of ~(232)Th is 1.1 times of the nation and 1.5 times of the world. And the concentration of 40K is 2.43 times of the nation and 2.44 times of the world. The absorbed air dose estimated from the gamma spectrometer is close to the
论文在大量密集测量地表岩石、土壤γ总量、土壤中~(238)U、~(232)Th、~(40)K放射性核素的含量基础上,分析了天然放射性辐射环境与该区域内的地质环境.分析了环境中氡的来源及迁移机制,给出了氡的运移理论模型,指出了环境中氡的危害及其土壤中的分布与地质环境的关系。分别从内照射和外照射的角度,将土壤中~(238)U (~(226)Ra)、~(232)Th、~(40)K放射性核素的比活度、γ能量谱、环境中的氡浓度和直接测量空气中的吸收剂量率相结合,首次对青岛地区的辐射环境进行了研究和评价,可为奥运和青岛市长远发展提供科学保障。
结果表明研究区内土壤中的~(238)U含量低于全国及世界平均值,土壤中~(232)Th含量分别是全国和世界均值含量的1.1和1.5倍,土壤中~(40)K含量分别是全国和世界均值含量的2.43和2.44倍,因此空气中的吸收剂量率高于全国(81.5nGy·h~(-1))和世界(80 nGy·h~(-1))约1.2倍。通过能谱估算的空气吸收剂量率与实际测量值近似相等。研究区的年有效剂量为0.83 mSv,低于世界平均年有效外部照射的剂量限值1.0mSv,外照射指数和内照射指数均小于1,该区的等效镭浓度Raeq均值为197 Bq·kg~(-1),低于建议最大容许值370 Bq·kg~(-1),基于以上的各类指标均在世界均值或容许值范围内,可以认为该区的外照射水平属于安全辐射范畴。
222Rn浓度对人体内部照射具有举足轻重的地位,也是评价辐射环境质量的关键所在。本文采用经典的氡在空气中的扩散和对流的理论模式,通过研究区内的土壤中铀的含量推算出离地面1米高的空气中的氡的浓度,并且分析了土壤中的氡浓度与土壤中的放射性核素U、Th、K的含量的关系。研究区的土壤氡浓度总体平均值为5887Bq/m~3,与全球土壤氡浓度的平均值7400 Bq/m~3相比属于土壤氡
Human being lives depend on safe environment. The natural radioactivity environment is one important part of human living surroundings. The natural radioactivity lies in all the matters surrounding human beings such as air, water and soil.The impact of radioactivity material on environment is the most dangerous although it is usually ignored. For living and health, man need to know the pollution not only from heavy metal and organic materials, but also from radioactivity.
There is close relationship between the radioactivity and the area’s geology in environment. In Qingdao area, because of the impact of the active magma during Yanshan period, invasive rock body was cosmically formed. Most of mother rocks are granites containing uranium and thorium. In this dissertation we chose Qingdao as radioactivity research area, where the relationship is typical between the granite and the radiation intensity in interest area.
On basis of extensive measurement of surface rocks,γtotal dose in soil, radioactivity concentration of nuclide ~(238)U、~(232)Th、40K, we analyze their radioactivity feature and distribution, as well as the geological environment in the area. We analyzed the resource of Rn in environment, as well as the transportation mechanics of Rn. The transportation model of Rn was introduced. Hazard of Rn in environment was stressed. The relationship between distribution of Rn and geological environment was analyzed. Based on outer and inner radiation, many factors were integrated to systematically assess the radiation environment in Qingdao for the first time. These factors involve the specility content of ~(238)U (~(226)Ra)、~(232)Th、40 K in soil, the terrene gamma radiation absorbed air dose, annual effective dose, external irradiation index, inner irradiation index and equal radium index. The result can provide references for Olympic games and long-term development of Qingdao.
The results show that the content of ~(238)U is under the average of the country and the world. The concentration of ~(232)Th is 1.1 times of the nation and 1.5 times of the world. And the concentration of 40K is 2.43 times of the nation and 2.44 times of the world. The absorbed air dose estimated from the gamma spectrometer is close to the
引文
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