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企业绿色竞争力的理论分析与实证研究
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摘要
伴随可持续发展理念的提出,世界经济的绿色化趋势日益明显,环境保护愈加得到重视,企业可持续发展的能力成为评价企业竞争力的一个主要因素。置身于政府环保法规日趋严格、消费者绿色需求偏好强烈和国家间绿色贸易不断升温的绿色经营环境中,绿色悄然成为影响企业竞争力的重要因素,使得企业面临的竞争格局发生变化,建立在“绿色”基础上的竞争正逐渐替代传统竞争成为企业的主要竞争模式。如果将企业应承担的自然资源损耗、环境污染价值、环保支出等绿色成本因素考虑在内进行测度的话,企业竞争力状况将会发生怎样的变化,企业如何在绿色环境中获得竞争优势和保持持久的竞争力,这都是理论界、政府和企业界普遍关心的问题。企业绿色竞争力概念的提出,改变了企业竞争力的衡量长期以来只偏重效益指标的状态。
     我国企业的绿色竞争力非常低下,资源和能源利用效率以及单位产出的污染物排放水平与发达国家相比差距很大。目前,我国企业依然没有走出资源驱动型经济增长路线,传统的以“高投入、高消耗、高污染、低质量、低效益、低产出”为特征的发展方式继续占据着主导地位,环境污染和资源匾乏是悬在我国企业头上的两把利剑。因此,培育和提升企业绿色竞争力成为亟待研究和解决的重要现实课题。要提高绿色竞争力,必须先解释企业绿色竞争力是什么?它的来源是什么?如何形成?影响因素有哪些?如何进行评价?企业怎样才能获得绿色竞争力?而目前的国内外研究对这些问题的分析和解释还不够深入,更不用说体系化。基于此,本文采用了规范研究和实证研究相结合的方法,立足于前人的有关成果特别是企业竞争力的理论和实证成果,试图探索找到企业绿色竞争力是什么、现状怎么样和如何提高这三大问题的答案。
     本文通过文献研究发现,目前对企业绿色竞争力的理论研究多集中在概念的界定和初步的影响因素分析等分散单一的企业绿色竞争力框架要素上,系统地研究企业绿色竞争力形成机理和影响因素及其与企业绩效关系尚比较少见,在系统的理论框架构建上更需要进一步的深入探讨。基于此,本文采用规范分析和实证分析相结合方法,提出并构筑了一个企业绿色竞争力的系统理论分析框架,认为一个较为系统的理论分析体系应该包括:绿色经营环境下企业竞争的特征剖析、企业绿色竞争力的概念、内涵、本质、特征的界定和企业绿色竞争力的形成机理、影响因素及影响因素与企业绩效关系的分析研究,以及企业绿色竞争力与企业绩效关系的解析研究。为了构筑该理论分析体系,首先,笔者通过综析与企业绿色竞争力研究相关理论,在总结国内外专家学者相关观点的基础上,明确提出了企业绿色竞争力的概念,剖析了企业绿色竞争力的本质、内涵和特征,以及与绿色竞争优势等有关概念的区别联系,从而为构筑企业绿色竞争力的系统理论分析框架奠定初步的理论基础。接着,从回顾概述企业经营环境绿色化的变化过程出发,研析了企业经营环境绿色化的动因,进而归纳揭示了绿色经营环境下企业竞争的新特征。在此基础上,借鉴企业竞争力有关理论,基于外部环境要素、企业内部资源要素和企业内部能力要素及要素集成整合等视角对企业绿色竞争力的形成机理进行较系统的研析,认为企业绿色竞争力来源包括内部来源和外部来源,内部来源又包括直接来源和间接来源。企业绿色竞争力的内部来源是根本性因素,是决定企业绿色竞争优势能否形成的主体变量,外部来源是辅助性因素,是影响企业绿色竞争优势形成的保障变量。然后,结合内生论和外生论的观点,对企业绿色竞争力的影响因素内涵及相互关系作了分析,论文认为绿色资源和绿色能力是企业绿色竞争力来源的两大内生要素,其中绿色资源分为软资源(绿色技术、绿色知识、绿色企业文化)和硬资源(人力资源、财力资源、物力资源),绿色能力分为绿色价值实现能力(绿色技术能力、绿色生产能力、绿色营销能力)和绿色价值保障能力(绿色管理能力、绿色学习能力、绿色创新能力),而外部环境是企业绿色竞争力来源的重大影响因素,这三者构成了企业绿色竞争力三个层次的影响要素,企业的绿色资源、绿色能力只有与外部环境相联系才能形成企业现实的绿色竞争优势;绿色能力和绿色资源两者不能分割,前者以后者为依托,而绿色资源的获取又依赖于一定的绿色能力;企业绿色资源是基础,环境因素是条件,企业绿色能力是企业绿色资源之间以及企业与环境之间交互联系的能动机制。在企业绿色竞争力影响因素理论分析基础上,以战略管理经济学为指导,解析了企业绿色竞争力与企业绩效的关系。
     在理论分析框架构建上,本文一大特色是通过问卷调查和实证分析,验证识别了企业绿色竞争力影响因素及其与企业绩效的关系。主要是在对企业绿色竞争力影响因素理论研究的基础上,提出研究假设,设计了测度指标体系,通过发放回收调查问卷,利用统计方法对影响企业绿色竞争力的因素和竞争结果(企业经济绩效、绿色绩效)进行了相关分析,得出了影响企业绿色竞争力的六个主要因素为绿色价值实现、企业绿色技术研发及创新、企业绿色文化、绿色市场环境、绿色政策环境和绿色人力资源管理,分析了它们与企业绩效之间的关系,并通过回归分析,深入剖析了企业绿色竞争力各影响因素对竞争结果定量影响关系。结论显示除了企业绿色文化与企业经济绩效显著的正向相关的假设未得到验证外,均得到了比较好的验证。通过实证分析进步识别企业绿色竞争力影响因素及其与企业绩效关系,不同于以往的研究成果,实证结果既验证了前面的理论分析,又使企业绿色竞争力影响因素及其与企业绩效关系的研究更加深化,从而使得构筑的企业绿色竞争力理论分析框架更加具有解释性。于此,基本找出符合企业现状和绿色发展要求的促进企业提高绿色竞争力和绿色绩效的合理因素,从而为企业绿色竞争力评价体系构建和提升对策研究提供依据。
     本文通过文献研究还发现,目前关于企业竞争力评价模型的研究相对较多,而对于绿色竞争力评价模型的研究则处于起步阶段,且研究中比较多的是对企业绿色竞争力进行理论描述,对企业绿色竞争力进行评价、用数字来反映企业绿色竞争力状况的研究涉及较少。此外,现仅有的评价方法相对单一,而且从绿色竞争力的相对长期效率的本质方面考虑建立评价模型几乎未见。鉴于此,本文根据前面理论分析框架研究成果,利用指标体系设计理论,在对己有企业竞争力评价方法和模型进行评述的基础上,针对企业绿色竞争力之“绿色”前提的实际,结合企业现有的会计、统计指标,构建了企业绿色竞争力综合评价指标体系和组合评价模型。在此基础上,考虑到资料的可获取性、准确性和企业情况的典型性,进一步选择长三角地区石油和化工行业上市公司为样本进行评价应用,并对评价结果从总体情况、纵横向情况比较和选择典型个案—仪征化纤3个角度进行了较全面剖析。
     如何提升企业的绿色竞争力方面,有较多学者提出了一些观点,但较为类似。现有的企业绿色竞争力的提升对策研究要么比较宏观、要么比较微观,且往往直接提出提升策略,缺乏前置的培育机制的科学分析。本文基于前面对企业绿色竞争力的内涵、形成机理和影响因素等的理论及实证分析的基础,结合企业绿色竞争力组合评价的结果分析,以战略管理前沿理论为指导,从绿色能力、绿色资源等要素关系的“链接”角度研究提出了增强企业绿色竞争力的4个培育机制和5个重点策略。
     最后,对全文研究进行总结,归纳出结论性观点,并根据理论分析与实证研究中发现的主要问题相应地提出了未来进一步研究的方向和领域。
Along with the concept of sustainable development, the green trend of world economy has become increasingly obvious, and great attention has been paid to the environmental protection. The ability of sustainable development has been one of the most important factors for the evaluation enterprise's competition. Due to the rigid enforcement of governments'environmental protection laws, enhanced consumers'green demand and increased world green trade, the competition based on the green factor has gradually displaced the traditional competition mode. If taking account into the consumption of natural resources, the pollution of ecological system and the cost of environmental protection, how to measure the enterprise's competitiveness has become a hot issue among theoreticians, businessmen and government officials. The introduction to the concept of green competitiveness of enterprises has changed the way of measurement which only focuses on benefit index.
     The green competitiveness of enterprises in China is much lower than those in the developed country from the aspect of the utilization efficiency of resources and energy, and the emission level of pollutant per unit. At present, environmental pollution and deficient resources has inhibited Chinese enterprises from developing because the Chinese enterprises are still in the condition of high input, high consumption, low quality, and low efficiency. Based on the analysis mentioned, how to cultivate and improve the green competitiveness of enterprises has become a practical subject. First of all, we must explain the definition of the green competitiveness of enterprises, its source and those factors may influence its evolution, including how it forms, how to control it and how an enterprise gets green competitiveness. This paper attempts to find the answer how to improve the green competitiveness of enterprises, what the current situation is and how to improve it, on the empirical researches home and abroad.
     This paper finds that the study of green competitiveness of enterprises has concentrated on the definition of the conception and some preliminary analysis of influencing factors, and there are a few number of studies on the relation between formation mechanism and enterprise performance. Based on this condition, this paper takes on an empirical analysis and normative analysis to construct a theoretical analysis framework of the green competitiveness and holds that the system of theoretical analysis should include the feature analysis of enterprise's competitiveness, the definition of the conception of the green competitiveness of enterprises, formation mechanism and influencing factors of the green competitiveness of enterprises, and the study of relationship between the green competitiveness of enterprises and enterprise performance.In order to construct this system of theoretical analysis, firstly, the paper makes a review of the domestic and foreign literature about green competitiveness of enterprise systematically and clearly expounds the conception of green competitiveness of enterprise and analyses the essence of green competitiveness of enterprise in order to construct a theoretical analysis framework of the green competitiveness. Secondly, this paper makes an analysis on motivation of green environment of enterprise's management and further discloses new feature of enterprise's competitiveness. Based on this analysis, this paper concludes that the source of enterprise's competitiveness involves internal factors and external factors, and the internal factors include direct factors and indirect factors. The internal factor of green competitiveness of enterprise is fundamental element and is the main variable of determining the advantage of enterprise's competitiveness. The external factor of green competitiveness of enterprise is secondary factor. This paper holds that the source of green competitiveness of enterprise consists of green resources, which include soft resource and hard resource, and green ability including ability to implement of green value and support ability of green value. The external environmental factor is important influencing factors of the source of enterprise's competitiveness. These three factors constitute the influencing factors of green competitiveness of enterprise and affect each other. On the basis of influencing factors of green competitiveness of enterprise, on the guidance of the strategic management economics, this paper takes an analysis on the relationship between green competitiveness of enterprise and enterprise performance.
     Based on the theoretical analysis framework and the questionnaire of investigation, this paper makes an analysis on relationship between the influencing factors of green competitiveness of enterprise and enterprise performance. We analyze the six factors of the green competitiveness of enterprises, which include the implementation of green value, innovation of green technology, green culture of enterprise, green market and condition of green policy. The relationship between six factors and enterprise's performance is addressed as well. Through the regressional analysis, a positive correlation between green performance and the above six factors, except green culture of enterprise. From the empirical analysis, we can further put forward that the study of the relationship between influencing factors and enterprise performance is a new research results. Based on the analysis and research, we fundamentally find the reasonable factor of improving green competitiveness of enterprises and green performance. Furthermore, the study can provide evidence for designing the evaluation system on green competitiveness of enterprises and research on countermeasure of promotion.
     We find that the study about the evaluation model of competitiveness of enterprises is relative larger and the study of the green competitiveness of enterprises is less, especially digital reflecting the green competitiveness of enterprises from the literature. Furthermore, the number of the evaluation model of green competitiveness of enterprises from the literature is limited. Based on the previous analysis, this paper constructs comprehensive evaluation index system and combined evaluation model of green competitiveness of enterprises, using design theory of index system. This paper uses the data of listed companies of petrochemical and chemical industry in the Yangtze River Delta to evaluate its application, and makes a comprehensive analysis from three aspects of overall condition and crossbar situation and typical case of Yi Zheng Chemical Fiber.
     Some scholars have already argued the issue on how to improve the green competitiveness of enterprises, but their opinion is similar. The measures of improving the green competitiveness of enterprises is too general or too trivial, and they are lack of cultivation mechanism and scientific analysis. Based on the meaning of the green competitiveness of enterprises, formation mechanism and the empirical study of influencing factors, this paper puts forward four cultivation mechanisms and five key strategies of improving the green competitiveness of enterprises from the green ability and green resource.
     Finally, we mainly summarize the research work and make a conclusion, and point out the direction of further studies based on the main problems discovered in the theoretical analysis and empirical study.
引文
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