大区域居住用地信息特征遥感影像提取方法研究
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摘要
随着全球人口的增加和国民经济的发展,社会逐渐摆脱原有的以农业为主的情况,城镇化水平不断提高,越来越多的人涌入城市,城市随之增长和扩张。城市扩张往往牵涉到居住用地、农业用地和林地。农业用地和林地却常常无法抵挡城市扩张的汹汹势头。土地覆盖土地利用制图作为土地资源的基础数据,是世界各国各级政府、环保机构和私营企业所需要的。
遥感影像由于其自身拥有如多分辨率,覆盖面广,可重复的观测和多／高光谱等技术优势,已经被广泛应用于从局部到全球尺度上的土地覆盖分类、目标识别和专题图制作,是一种可以进行大区域土地利用类型分类的经济、实用且可重复观测的方法。通过多时相分析,遥感能提供一个城市发展的独特视角。乡村和城市土地利用变化制图的一个关键因素是能区分乡村土地利用(农田、牧场、森林)和城市土地利用(住宅、商业、娱乐)。
随着中国改革开放的逐步深化,经济建设的持续发展,城镇化水平的不断提高,居住用地面积日趋扩大。北京作为中国的首都,在20世纪末中国实行房地产市场改革以来,居住用地面积变化尤其明显。监控居住用地面积变化,首先必须获取客观准确的获得居住用地信息。本文以北京地区为研究区,基于Landsat卫星影像,分别采用非监督分类法、光谱分析法、监督分类法、面向对象的分类方法以及NDBI指数法提取出研究区的居住用地信息,然后对提取结果进行精度评价。基于监督分类的分类结果,结合实际调查数据,将研究区分为乡村居住用地和城镇居住用地。通过比较分析,发现不同的分类方法在乡村居住用地和城镇居住用地的分类效果不同。本研究结合多分类器并联组合的思想,将分类结果依据“胜者为王”的方法,将分类结果进行嵌套组合,最终得到比较准确的北京市居住用地信息。
最后基于提取的北京市居住用地信息,对北京市三十年来居住用地时空分布的规模特征、居住用地时空分布的强度特征和居住用地时空分布的形态特征进行了简单分析。无论是五环内或者五环以外,北京市整体用地规模在不断扩大。五环内与五环内居住用地面积均在增加,居住用地斑块数整体在增加,出现减少的情况是因为若干小的斑块合并为较大的斑块。五环内的扩张强度大于五环外的扩展强度。本研究通过实验得出北京市五环内(市区)、五环外(村镇)居住用地用地规模扩大、用地扩展强度增加、形态特征上斑块面积增加,连片增大同时五环外2005年和2009年居住用地有零散增加趋势三个方面的变换特征,为进一步更好的模拟预测、优化提供有力支持。
With the economy development and the global population growth, the society gradually get rid of theoriginal predominantly agricultural, and continuously improve the level of urbanization, more and more people went into the cities, along with the growth and expansion of the city. The urban sprawl often infringes upon viable agricultural, residential areas or productive forest land, none of which can resist or deflect the overwhelming momentum of urbanization. Land cover land use mapping data serves as a basic inventory of the land resources for all levels of government, environmental agencies, and private industry throughout the world.
Remote sensing images have been widely used from local to global scale land cover classification, target identification and thematic map production, because remote sensing images own some technical advantages, such as multi-resolution, wide coverage, repeatable observation and multi/hyperspectral and so on. Remote sensing methods can be employed to classify types of land use in a practical, economical and repetitive fashion, over large areas. With multi-temporal analyses, remote sensing images provide a unique perspective of how cities evolve. The key element for mapping rural to urban land cover land use change is the ability to discriminate between rural uses (farming, pasture forests) and urban use (residential, commercial, and recreational).
With the further process of reform and opening up, the rapid economic and social development, the urban and rural economy of our country has developed greatly, along with the accelerating process of the urbanization, the residential area expands obviously. Beijing, as the capital of China, the residential area in where changes particularly obviously, since China adopted the reform of the real estate market at the end of the20th century. In order to monitor the residential area changes, we must obtain objective and accurate residential area information first. The study area in this dissertation is in Beijing. Landsat satellite images were used to extract residential areas by using unsupervised classification method, spectral analysis method, supervised classification method, object-oriented classification method and NDBI index. Then, accuracy evaluation was conducted by using Kappa and confusion matrix. Based on the supervised classification results, the study area is divided into rural residential area and urban residential area, combined with the survey data. It was found that different classification methods have different classification results in both rural residential area and urban residential area. Considering multiple classifiers parallel combination thoughts, the classification results were combined by using "winner takes all" method, and in this way, the more accurate Beijing residential area information were got.
Finally, based on the extracted residential area information above, Beijing three decades settlements spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of scale, strength and form were summarized. Here we divided Beijing by the fifth ring road and found that whether within the ring road or not, Beijing's overall residential area scale is growing. The residential area and the number of patchesis are increasing while some of small patches merge into larger plaques. The tensile strength in the ring is greater than that outside the ring.
In this study, we obtained that the residential area's scale is expanded, its expansion strength is rising and the morphology of plaque area is increasing. All of the results can provide strong supports for further simulation and prediction of Beijing.
遥感影像由于其自身拥有如多分辨率,覆盖面广,可重复的观测和多／高光谱等技术优势,已经被广泛应用于从局部到全球尺度上的土地覆盖分类、目标识别和专题图制作,是一种可以进行大区域土地利用类型分类的经济、实用且可重复观测的方法。通过多时相分析,遥感能提供一个城市发展的独特视角。乡村和城市土地利用变化制图的一个关键因素是能区分乡村土地利用(农田、牧场、森林)和城市土地利用(住宅、商业、娱乐)。
随着中国改革开放的逐步深化,经济建设的持续发展,城镇化水平的不断提高,居住用地面积日趋扩大。北京作为中国的首都,在20世纪末中国实行房地产市场改革以来,居住用地面积变化尤其明显。监控居住用地面积变化,首先必须获取客观准确的获得居住用地信息。本文以北京地区为研究区,基于Landsat卫星影像,分别采用非监督分类法、光谱分析法、监督分类法、面向对象的分类方法以及NDBI指数法提取出研究区的居住用地信息,然后对提取结果进行精度评价。基于监督分类的分类结果,结合实际调查数据,将研究区分为乡村居住用地和城镇居住用地。通过比较分析,发现不同的分类方法在乡村居住用地和城镇居住用地的分类效果不同。本研究结合多分类器并联组合的思想,将分类结果依据“胜者为王”的方法,将分类结果进行嵌套组合,最终得到比较准确的北京市居住用地信息。
最后基于提取的北京市居住用地信息,对北京市三十年来居住用地时空分布的规模特征、居住用地时空分布的强度特征和居住用地时空分布的形态特征进行了简单分析。无论是五环内或者五环以外,北京市整体用地规模在不断扩大。五环内与五环内居住用地面积均在增加,居住用地斑块数整体在增加,出现减少的情况是因为若干小的斑块合并为较大的斑块。五环内的扩张强度大于五环外的扩展强度。本研究通过实验得出北京市五环内(市区)、五环外(村镇)居住用地用地规模扩大、用地扩展强度增加、形态特征上斑块面积增加,连片增大同时五环外2005年和2009年居住用地有零散增加趋势三个方面的变换特征,为进一步更好的模拟预测、优化提供有力支持。
With the economy development and the global population growth, the society gradually get rid of theoriginal predominantly agricultural, and continuously improve the level of urbanization, more and more people went into the cities, along with the growth and expansion of the city. The urban sprawl often infringes upon viable agricultural, residential areas or productive forest land, none of which can resist or deflect the overwhelming momentum of urbanization. Land cover land use mapping data serves as a basic inventory of the land resources for all levels of government, environmental agencies, and private industry throughout the world.
Remote sensing images have been widely used from local to global scale land cover classification, target identification and thematic map production, because remote sensing images own some technical advantages, such as multi-resolution, wide coverage, repeatable observation and multi/hyperspectral and so on. Remote sensing methods can be employed to classify types of land use in a practical, economical and repetitive fashion, over large areas. With multi-temporal analyses, remote sensing images provide a unique perspective of how cities evolve. The key element for mapping rural to urban land cover land use change is the ability to discriminate between rural uses (farming, pasture forests) and urban use (residential, commercial, and recreational).
With the further process of reform and opening up, the rapid economic and social development, the urban and rural economy of our country has developed greatly, along with the accelerating process of the urbanization, the residential area expands obviously. Beijing, as the capital of China, the residential area in where changes particularly obviously, since China adopted the reform of the real estate market at the end of the20th century. In order to monitor the residential area changes, we must obtain objective and accurate residential area information first. The study area in this dissertation is in Beijing. Landsat satellite images were used to extract residential areas by using unsupervised classification method, spectral analysis method, supervised classification method, object-oriented classification method and NDBI index. Then, accuracy evaluation was conducted by using Kappa and confusion matrix. Based on the supervised classification results, the study area is divided into rural residential area and urban residential area, combined with the survey data. It was found that different classification methods have different classification results in both rural residential area and urban residential area. Considering multiple classifiers parallel combination thoughts, the classification results were combined by using "winner takes all" method, and in this way, the more accurate Beijing residential area information were got.
Finally, based on the extracted residential area information above, Beijing three decades settlements spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of scale, strength and form were summarized. Here we divided Beijing by the fifth ring road and found that whether within the ring road or not, Beijing's overall residential area scale is growing. The residential area and the number of patchesis are increasing while some of small patches merge into larger plaques. The tensile strength in the ring is greater than that outside the ring.
In this study, we obtained that the residential area's scale is expanded, its expansion strength is rising and the morphology of plaque area is increasing. All of the results can provide strong supports for further simulation and prediction of Beijing.
引文
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