超临界CO_2萃取石榴籽油的研究
|
摘要
本文采用超临界CO2萃取技术对石榴籽油的提取进行了研究。探讨了不同萃取条件(原料预处理、萃取压力、萃取温度、CO2流量、萃取时间、分离压力和分离温度)对石榴籽油提取率的影响,寻找提取石榴籽油的最佳工艺参数。同时,分析了超临界CO2萃取出的石榴籽油的理化指标、脂肪酸组分,抗氧化性、成膜性及保鲜方面的特性,从而为石榴籽的综合利用提供理论依据。主要内容包括三个部分:第一部分:超临界CO2萃取石榴籽油工艺研究,其中包括单因子试验和工艺优化试验;第二部分:石榴籽油品质及特性研究;第三部分:对影响超临界CO2萃取石榴籽油的因素、最佳工艺条件、石榴籽油的氧化稳定性、超临界CO2萃取石榴籽油过程机理、超临界萃取过程中出现的问题以及石榴籽油的应用前景进行讨论。取得以下研究结果:
(1)预处理条件是影响超临界CO2萃取工艺的重要因素,本研究在单因子试验条件下确定出最佳预处理条件:石榴籽粉碎度40目,装料量200g。
(2)影响超临界萃取工艺的主要参数有萃取压力、萃取温度、CO2流量,萃取时间、分离压力及分离温度。本试验在单因子水平下确定各工艺参数的最佳值或范围:萃取压力30MPa、萃取温度40～45℃、CO2流量15L/h、萃取时间100min、分离压力8Mpa、分离温度35℃。
(3)将单因子试验选出的萃取压力、萃取温度和CO2流量的最佳值作为0水平,采用二次正交旋转组合设计,根据试验结果,通过统计分析得到萃取率与各影响因子之间的回归方程,通过对回归方程的分析和萃取工艺参数筛选及试验验证,得到最佳萃取工艺参数组合为:萃取压力27MPa,萃取温度30℃,CO2流量15L/h,最大萃取率为20.64%。
(4)与溶剂法提取的石榴籽油相比较,超临界CO2萃取法出油率高,萃取时间短。在理化指标方面,采用超临界CO2萃取的石榴籽油的折光指数、酸价、过氧化值等指标均优于溶剂法提取的石榴籽油。
(5)经GC/MS分析石榴籽油的脂肪酸组分,共检测出6种成分:棕榈酸(3.21%)、亚油酸(14.47%)、硬脂酸(2.07%)、亚麻酸(1.56%)、石榴酸(63.88%)、二十碳五烯酸(8.90%)。其中石榴酸含量最高,它的性质非常活泼,极易发生氧化反应。
(6)用Schaal烘箱法比较石榴籽油和维生素E抗猪油和色拉油的氧化作用,分析石榴籽油的体外抗氧化效果。结果表明石榴籽油的体外抗氧化效果与VE相当,是非常好的脂溶性抗氧化剂,可以考虑在抗氧化方面代替VE使用。
(7)对石榴籽油进行成膜试验,结果表明石榴籽油为优良干性油,可作为涂料工业的优质原料。
(8)用石榴籽油对鸡蛋进行涂膜处理研究其保鲜效果,结果表明石榴籽油对抑制蛋内水分散失、抑制鸡蛋蛋白pH和蛋黄指数下降效果明显。
In this paper, extraction Pomegranate seed oil was studied with supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction (SCFE-CO2) technology. We discussed the effects on the extraction rate of the Pomegranate seed oil under different extraction conditions, such as pretreatment of raw materials, the extraction pressure, temperature, CO2 flux, the extraction time, separation pressure and temperature, to find the optimum parameters of Pomegranate seed oil extracting. Meanwhile, the physics and chemistry, fatty acid composition, anti-oxidation, filming and preservation of Pomegranate seed oil by SCFE-CO2 had been analyzed, to provide a theoretical basis for comprehensive utilization of Pomegranate seeds. It includes four parts: the first part, research on the extraction technology of Pomegranate seed oil by supercritical carbon dioxide, including the research on single factor and optimization; the second part, research on the quality and characteristic of Pomegranate seed oil; the third part, discuss the factors affecting the SCFE-CO2, the best process conditions, the oxidation stability of Pomegranate seed oil, the mechanism for processing Pomegranate seed oil by SCFE-CO2, the problems of supercritical fluid extraction and the application prospects of Pomegranate oil; the last part, conclusion.The main experiment results as follows:
(1) The pretreatment conditions of Pomegranate seed are important factors that influence SCFE-CO2 technology. Under single factor experiment, the best pretreatment conditions are confirmed. As follows: the crush degree is 40 mu, amount of influx is 300g.
(2) Extraction pressure, temperature, CO2 flux, time, separation pressure and temperature are the main factors that influence the SCFE-CO2 technology. Under single factor experiment, the best parameters and scopes are ensured. As follows: extraction pressure 30Mpa, extraction temperature 40-45℃, CO2 flux 15L/h, time100 min, separation pressure 8Mpa, temperature 35℃.
(3) The optimum parameters screened out through single factor experiment is regarded as 0 level, then by using quadratic cross rotary design method, the regression equations is established in which X is equivalent to coded values, Y is equivalent to the index of extraction rate. According to the results and statistics analyses, through further optimization and test, the optimum parameters are found out, that is extraction pressure 27Mpa, extraction temperature 30℃, CO2 flux 15L/h, and the maximum of extraction rate is 20.64%.
(4) Comparing to the effect of extraction with solvent method, SCFE-CO2 had several virtues. The extraction rate is higher, operating time is shorter. Moreover, the refractive index, acid value, peroxide value and other indicators of Pomegranate seed oil by SCFE-CO2 are superior to the Pomegranate seed oil by solvent extraction.
(5) Fatty acid compositions of Pomegranate seed oil were analyzed by GC/MS. There are six components in it and the percentages of them are Palmitic acid (3.21%), Linoleic acid(14.47%), Stearic acid(2.07%), Linolenic acid (1.56%), Punicic acid(63.88%), Eicosapentaenoic acid (8.90%). The content of Punicic acid is the highest,because its nature is very lively, so oxidation reaction will occur easily.
(6) The Schaal method is applied to test the anti-oxidation effect of the Pomegranate seed oil against the effect of VE to the lard and salad oil, upon which the analysis on the anti-oxidation effect of seed oil vitro is conducted. The results indicated that the anti-oxidation effect of seed oil is more efficient than VE in vitro, so it could be a preferable antioxidant to dissolve lipid and substitute for VE.
(7) The filming experiment of Pomegranate Seed Oil indicated that Pomegranate seed oil is a fine drying oil which may be used in painting industry.
(8) Eggs are coated with Pomegranate seed oil to research the effect of preservation. The results indicated that Pomegranate seed oil has obvious effect on inhibit moisture loss inside the eggs; inhibit albumen pH fell and yolk coefficient fell.
(1)预处理条件是影响超临界CO2萃取工艺的重要因素,本研究在单因子试验条件下确定出最佳预处理条件:石榴籽粉碎度40目,装料量200g。
(2)影响超临界萃取工艺的主要参数有萃取压力、萃取温度、CO2流量,萃取时间、分离压力及分离温度。本试验在单因子水平下确定各工艺参数的最佳值或范围:萃取压力30MPa、萃取温度40～45℃、CO2流量15L/h、萃取时间100min、分离压力8Mpa、分离温度35℃。
(3)将单因子试验选出的萃取压力、萃取温度和CO2流量的最佳值作为0水平,采用二次正交旋转组合设计,根据试验结果,通过统计分析得到萃取率与各影响因子之间的回归方程,通过对回归方程的分析和萃取工艺参数筛选及试验验证,得到最佳萃取工艺参数组合为:萃取压力27MPa,萃取温度30℃,CO2流量15L/h,最大萃取率为20.64%。
(4)与溶剂法提取的石榴籽油相比较,超临界CO2萃取法出油率高,萃取时间短。在理化指标方面,采用超临界CO2萃取的石榴籽油的折光指数、酸价、过氧化值等指标均优于溶剂法提取的石榴籽油。
(5)经GC/MS分析石榴籽油的脂肪酸组分,共检测出6种成分:棕榈酸(3.21%)、亚油酸(14.47%)、硬脂酸(2.07%)、亚麻酸(1.56%)、石榴酸(63.88%)、二十碳五烯酸(8.90%)。其中石榴酸含量最高,它的性质非常活泼,极易发生氧化反应。
(6)用Schaal烘箱法比较石榴籽油和维生素E抗猪油和色拉油的氧化作用,分析石榴籽油的体外抗氧化效果。结果表明石榴籽油的体外抗氧化效果与VE相当,是非常好的脂溶性抗氧化剂,可以考虑在抗氧化方面代替VE使用。
(7)对石榴籽油进行成膜试验,结果表明石榴籽油为优良干性油,可作为涂料工业的优质原料。
(8)用石榴籽油对鸡蛋进行涂膜处理研究其保鲜效果,结果表明石榴籽油对抑制蛋内水分散失、抑制鸡蛋蛋白pH和蛋黄指数下降效果明显。
In this paper, extraction Pomegranate seed oil was studied with supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction (SCFE-CO2) technology. We discussed the effects on the extraction rate of the Pomegranate seed oil under different extraction conditions, such as pretreatment of raw materials, the extraction pressure, temperature, CO2 flux, the extraction time, separation pressure and temperature, to find the optimum parameters of Pomegranate seed oil extracting. Meanwhile, the physics and chemistry, fatty acid composition, anti-oxidation, filming and preservation of Pomegranate seed oil by SCFE-CO2 had been analyzed, to provide a theoretical basis for comprehensive utilization of Pomegranate seeds. It includes four parts: the first part, research on the extraction technology of Pomegranate seed oil by supercritical carbon dioxide, including the research on single factor and optimization; the second part, research on the quality and characteristic of Pomegranate seed oil; the third part, discuss the factors affecting the SCFE-CO2, the best process conditions, the oxidation stability of Pomegranate seed oil, the mechanism for processing Pomegranate seed oil by SCFE-CO2, the problems of supercritical fluid extraction and the application prospects of Pomegranate oil; the last part, conclusion.The main experiment results as follows:
(1) The pretreatment conditions of Pomegranate seed are important factors that influence SCFE-CO2 technology. Under single factor experiment, the best pretreatment conditions are confirmed. As follows: the crush degree is 40 mu, amount of influx is 300g.
(2) Extraction pressure, temperature, CO2 flux, time, separation pressure and temperature are the main factors that influence the SCFE-CO2 technology. Under single factor experiment, the best parameters and scopes are ensured. As follows: extraction pressure 30Mpa, extraction temperature 40-45℃, CO2 flux 15L/h, time100 min, separation pressure 8Mpa, temperature 35℃.
(3) The optimum parameters screened out through single factor experiment is regarded as 0 level, then by using quadratic cross rotary design method, the regression equations is established in which X is equivalent to coded values, Y is equivalent to the index of extraction rate. According to the results and statistics analyses, through further optimization and test, the optimum parameters are found out, that is extraction pressure 27Mpa, extraction temperature 30℃, CO2 flux 15L/h, and the maximum of extraction rate is 20.64%.
(4) Comparing to the effect of extraction with solvent method, SCFE-CO2 had several virtues. The extraction rate is higher, operating time is shorter. Moreover, the refractive index, acid value, peroxide value and other indicators of Pomegranate seed oil by SCFE-CO2 are superior to the Pomegranate seed oil by solvent extraction.
(5) Fatty acid compositions of Pomegranate seed oil were analyzed by GC/MS. There are six components in it and the percentages of them are Palmitic acid (3.21%), Linoleic acid(14.47%), Stearic acid(2.07%), Linolenic acid (1.56%), Punicic acid(63.88%), Eicosapentaenoic acid (8.90%). The content of Punicic acid is the highest,because its nature is very lively, so oxidation reaction will occur easily.
(6) The Schaal method is applied to test the anti-oxidation effect of the Pomegranate seed oil against the effect of VE to the lard and salad oil, upon which the analysis on the anti-oxidation effect of seed oil vitro is conducted. The results indicated that the anti-oxidation effect of seed oil is more efficient than VE in vitro, so it could be a preferable antioxidant to dissolve lipid and substitute for VE.
(7) The filming experiment of Pomegranate Seed Oil indicated that Pomegranate seed oil is a fine drying oil which may be used in painting industry.
(8) Eggs are coated with Pomegranate seed oil to research the effect of preservation. The results indicated that Pomegranate seed oil has obvious effect on inhibit moisture loss inside the eggs; inhibit albumen pH fell and yolk coefficient fell.
引文
[1] 高翔.石榴的营养保健功能及其食品加工技术[J].中国食物与营养,2005,(7):40-42.
[2] 李智红.水晶石榴[J].西部大开发,2005,(11):58.
[3] 任平,阮祥稳,秦涛等.石榴资源的开发利用[J].食品研究与开发,2005,26(3):118-120.
[4] 贺小贤.低度石榴酒的加工技术[J].农产品加工,2003,(9):18-19.
[5] 张宪宇.石榴酒发酵工艺初探[J].酿酒科技,1998,85(3):61-62.
[6] 张家训.石榴酒酿造[J].食品工业,1998,(4):15-16.
[7] 刘月永,高红心.干型石榴酒的研制[J].酿酒,2000,140(5):88-90.
[8] 李海霞,王钊,刘延泽.石榴科植物化学成分及药理活性研究进展[J].中草药,2002,33(8):765-766.
[9] 王如峰,向兰,杜力军等.石榴的生物活性研究[J].亚太传统医药,2006,(6):79-81.
[10] 国外健康食品研发新动向[J].中国农业信息,2003,(8):18.
[11] 姚立华,何国庆,陈启和.石榴生物活性成分研究进展[J].食品科技,2006,(11):248-250.
[12] 张玉祥.仲夏榴花似火红[J].饭店现代化,1997,(3):50-51.
[13] 李定格,苏传勤,孙力等.石榴叶调节血脂和清除氧自由基作用的实验研究[J].山东中医大学学报,1999,23(5):380-381.
[14] 普显宏.春天吃花[J].食品与生活,2007,(4):4-5.
[15] 江苏新医学院编.中药大辞典[M].第 1 版.上海: 科学技术出版社,1977.
[16] 许宗运,蒋慧,吴静等.石榴皮和石榴渣总黄酮含量的测定[J].中国农学通报,2003,19(3):72-74.
[17] 刘金勇,李秀娟.峄城区石榴产业化建设概论[J].中国林副特产,1998,(1):33-34.
[18] 王爱伟,孟繁锡,刘春鸽等.我国石榴产业发展现状及对策[J].北方果树,2006,(6):35-37.
[19] 李志西,李彦萍,韩毅.石榴籽化学成分研究[J].中国野生植物资源,1994,(3):11-14.
[20] 王惠,李志西,李彦萍.石榴籽油脂肪酸组成及应用研究[J].中国油脂,1998,23(2):54-56.
[21] 李志西,王惠,史清华.石榴种子油的理化性质分析[J]. 西北林学院学报,1993,8(1):81-86.
[22] 陈业高,卢艳,刘莹等.石榴籽油脂肪酸成分的分析[J].食品科学,2003,24(11):111-112.
[23] 赵云荣,王文领,王勇等.石榴籽中脂肪酸成分分析[J].化学研究,2005,16(2):72-74.
[24] Kim N D,Mehta R,Yu W et al. Chemopreventive and adjuvant therapeutic potential of pomegranate (punicagranatum) for human breast cancer [J].Breast cancer Res Treat,2002,71(3):203-217.
[25] Singh R P,Chidambara K N,Jayaprakasha G K. Studies on the antioxidant ant activity of pomegranate (punicagranatum) peel and seed extracts using is vitro models [J].J Agric Food Chem,2002,50 (1):81-86.
[26] Schubert S Y,Lansky E P,Neeman I. Antioxidant and eicosanoid-enzyme inhibition properties of pomegranate seed oil and fermented juice flavonoids [J].J Ethnopharmacol,1999,66 (1):11-17.
[27] Das A K,Mandal S C,Banerjee S K et al. Studies on the hypoglycemic activity of Punicagranatum seed in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats [J].Phytother Res ,2002,15 (7):628-629.
[28] Das A K,Mandal S C,Banerjee S K et al. Studies on antidiarrhoeal activity of Punicagranatum seed extract in rats [J].J Ethnopharmacol,1999,68(1-3):205-208.
[29] 李新华,杜连起,李代发等.粮油加工工艺学[M].成都:成都科技大学出版社,1996.
[30] 张骁,束梅英.超临界流体萃取技术及其在油脂加工中的应用[J].沙棘,1998,11(3):26-33.
[31] 张镜澄.超临界流体萃取[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2000.
[32] 杨柏崇.超临界 CO2萃取猕猴桃籽油的研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2003.
[33] http://app.agri.gov.cn/data/4004082117.shtml
[34] 严希康.生化分离技术[M].上海:华东理工大学出版社,1998.
[35] 高梦祥,郭康权,余祖龙.超临界流体萃取技术分离芦荟有效成分的可行性研究[J].粮油加工,2002,(12):28-30.
[36] 张慧波,程 闯,张英杰.超临界流体在萃取技术中的应用[J].辽宁高职学报,2000,2(5):42-44.
[37] 陈维杻.超临界流体萃取的原理和应用[M].北京:化学工业出版社,1998.
[38] 李庆.涂敏端.超临界流体的应用[J].成都大学学报(自然科学版),2001,20(4):11-15.
[39] 杨同舟.食品工程原理[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2001.
[40] 曹克广.现代高新技术概论[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004.
[41] 侯玉翠.超临界流体技术的研究进展[J].化学工业与工程,2002,19(5):384-390.
[42] 岳松,马力,张国栋等.超临界流体萃取技术及其在食品工业中的应用[J].四川工业学院学报,2002,(3):73-75.
[43] 杨基础,沈忠耀,陈开勋等.超临界萃取技术的发展现状及值得注意的几个问题[A].第四届全国超临界流体技术学术及应用研讨会论文集[C].贵阳:2002.1-6.
[44] 王欣,陈庆华,李元瑞.大蒜品种及预处理条件对超临 CO2萃取效果的影响[J].食品与机械,2003,(2):13-14.
[45] Daniel E Guyer,Nirmal K Sinha.Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Onion Flavors- Relationship of Onion Pyruvate Content on Flavor Yield [J].J sci food Agric,1995,(69):457-460.
[46] 王强,曹爱丽,王苹等.洋葱油的提取价值及其技术研究[J].食品科学,2001,22(8):56-58.
[47] 朱廷风,廖传华,黄振仁.超临界 CO2萃取技术在食品工业中的应用与研究进展[J].粮油加工与食品机械,2004,(1):68-70.
[48] 严群芳.食品工业中超临界 CO2萃取技术[J].山东食品科技,2004,(6):30-31.
[49] 颜英. 超临界 CO2萃取沙棘油的研究[J].精细石油化工,2003,(3):39-41.
[50] 高严祥.超临界 CO2萃取玉米胚芽油的研究[J].化学工业与工程,1997,14(3):21-25.
[51] 贺银凤,张静姝,王新亮等.超临界 CO2流体萃取小麦胚芽油的研究[J].内蒙古农业大学学报,2006,27(1):1-6.
[52] A.Elke,B.Hans,M.Lennart et al .Supercritical fluid extraction(SFE)in food analysis:a review[J]. Food additives and contaminants,1998,15(6):729-750.
[53] 刘旭,蔡小鹏,张逸婧.EPA 和 DHA 抑癌机制的研究进展[J].实用药物与临床,2007,10(2):112-114.
[54] Yang P,Chan D,Felix E et al .Formation and antiprolife rative effect of prostaglandin E(3) from eicosapentaenoic acid in human lung cancer cells[J].J Lipid Res,2004,45(6):1030-1039.
[55] 尹卓容.超临界 CO2萃取法从月见草种子和丝状真菌中提取 γ-亚麻酸油脂[J].食品与发酵工业,1996,(4):21-25.
[56] 张涛,蔡建国.超临界流体萃取生物碱的研究进展[A].第四届全国超临界流体技术学术及应用研讨会论文集[C].贵阳:2002.264-269.
[57] Mohamed R.S.,Mazzafera P. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of methylxanthines from mate tea leaves [J].Braz.J.Chen.Eng.,2000,17(3):251-259.
[58] 朱自强.超临界流体原理与技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2000.
[59] 邓修,吴俊生.化工分离工程[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
[60] 张国宏,孙奇.高新技术在现代食品工业中的应用-超临界流体萃取技术[J].食品科学,1998,19(12):4-7.
[61] 张德权.超临界 CO2 流体技术在食品工业中的最新应用进展[A].第四届全国超临界流体技术学术及应用研讨会论文集[C].贵阳:2002.486-491.
[62] 宋启煌,宋照斌,方岩雄等.中草药提取的新技术-超临界 CO2萃取[J].化学工程,2003,31(6):19-21.
[63] 潘志彦,王泉源,胡自伟等.超临界流体技术在废旧塑料解聚中的应用[J].环境污染治理技术与设备,2003,4(8):51-54.
[64] 杨柏崇,李元瑞,刘书成等.改进设计超临界流体萃取装置的几点看法[A].第四届全国超临界流体技术学术及应用研讨会论文集[C].贵阳:2002.396-399.
[65] 陈虹,张承红.超临界流体萃取及其在我国的研究应用进展[J].化学进展,1999,(3):227-238.
[66] 曹万新,徐廷丽.功能性油脂的研究进展[J].中国油脂,2004,29(12):42-45.
[67] 吴时敏.功能性油脂[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,2001.
[68] 顾维维.保健食品[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2001.
[69] 孙志芳,高荫榆,郑渊月.功能性油脂的研究进展[J].中国食品添加剂,2005,(3):4-7.
[70] 邵群,张慧.功能性油脂-共轭亚油酸研究进展[J].食品科学,2002,23(2):164-166.
[71] 陶国琴,李晨.α-亚麻酸的保健功效及应用[J].食品科学,2000,21(12):141-143.
[72] Charles Leonard E .Camelina oil:α-linolenic Source[J].Inform,1998,9(9):837.
[73] 狄济乐.亚麻籽作为一种功能食品来源的研究[J].中国油脂,2002,27(4):55-57.
[74] 周立新,黄凤洪.α-亚麻酸与γ-亚麻酸[J].西部粮油科技,2000,25(6):46-48.
[75] 苏桂红.γ-亚麻酸的开发与应用[J].黑龙江医药,2004,17(2):142-143.
[76] 黄亚东.γ-亚麻酸生产技术[J].广州食品工业科技,2002,18(1):28-29.
[77] 洪滨,刘会洲.国内 EPA 及 DHA 研究现状和发展趋势[J].化工冶金,1996,(1):80-85.
[78] 黄显慈.n-3 多不饱和脂肪酸功能性及其应用[J].粮食与油脂,2003,(9):50-52.
[79] Hung P,Kaku S,Yunoki S et al .Dietary effect of EPA rich and DHA rich fish oils on the immune function of Sprague Dawley rats[J].Biosci Biotechol Biochem,1999,63(1):135-140.
[80] 王小梅,黄少烈,李小兵.磷脂体系的开发与应用[J].广州大学学报,2003,2(6):527-531.
[81] 凌沛学,荣晓花.磷脂在保健食品和药品中的作用[J].山东食品科技,2004,(2):6-7.
[82] 兰云军,邹祥龙.磷脂的基本性质及应用领域[J].中国皮革,2003,32(21):34-36.
[83] 黄显慈.国外功能食品中应用的几种脂质简介[J].四川粮油科技,2003,(2):57-58.
[84] 周震,李娟.红花油脂肪酸的质谱分析[J].中成药,1995,17(6):35-37.
[85] 吴素萍.超临界 CO2萃取月见草籽油的研究[J].粮油加工与食品机械,2006,(2):47-49.
[86] 吴树朴.米糠油的营养与食用价值[J].中国油脂,1992,17(5):51-52.
[87] 张绪霞,许丽娜.米糠油制取工艺的研究[J].中国油脂,2007,32(1):25-28.
[88] Ge Y,Ni Y,Yan H et al .Optimization of the supercritical fluid extraction of natural vitamin E from wheat germ using response surface methodology[J].Journal of Food Science,2002,(67):239-243.
[89] 朱科学,朱振,周惠明.小麦胚芽油及胚芽蛋白质国内外研究进展[J].粮食与油脂,2006,(7):6-9.
[90] F.Dionisi,B.Hug,J.M.Aaschllmann et al. Supercritical CO2 extraction for total fat analysis of food products[J].Journal of food science,1999,4 (64):612-615.
[91] 周东群,崔波,胡敏.鱼油的保健功能与开发前景[J].山东轻工业学院学报,1998,(3):26-28.
[92] 肖玫,欧志强.深海鱼油中两种脂肪酸(EPA 和 DHA)的生理功效及机理的研究进展[J].食品科学,2005,26(8):522-526.
[93] 张坤,朱凤岗,柳仁民.葵花籽油的超临界 CO2流体萃取及其 GC/MS 分析研究[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2005,36(4):512-516.
[94] 张旭峰.石榴产业协会唱活石榴大戏-陕西西安市临潼区石榴产业协会侧记[J].农村经营管理,2005,(3):44-46.
[95] 郭晓斐.SC-CO2萃取姜油树脂及与其他萃取方法的对比[D].济南:山东大学,2005.
[96] 万本屹.葡萄籽油 SCF-CO2萃取工艺及其特性的研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2002.
[97] 高拥军.沙棘油的超临界 CO2萃取与应用[D].南京:南京林业大学,2004.
[98] 杨中平,阎晓莉.试验优化技术[M].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2003.
[99] 蒋志国.超临界 CO2萃取葡萄籽油及萃余物中多酚物质的研究[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2003.
[100] 李淑芬,陈宝良,韩金玉.超临界 CO2萃取天然产品的特性研究[J].化工进展,1997,(2):10-14.
[101] 杜彦山,牟德华,李艳等.超临界 CO2萃取葡萄籽油的工艺研究[J].粮油加工与油脂机械,2005,(7):45-47.
[102] C.K.Peter Cheung .Temperature and pressure effects on supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of n-3 fatty acids from red seaweed[J].Food chemistry,1999,(65):399-403.
[103] 张德权,吕飞杰,台建祥.超临界 CO2流体技术萃取姜油树脂的研究[J].食品工业科技,2001,22(1):21-23.
[104] 邓红,何玲,孙俊.文冠果油的冷榨提取及理化性质研究[J].西南农业大学学报(自然科学版),2006,28(6):1027-1031.
[105] 于文景,于平.油脂制取加工技术、工艺流程、质量检测与生产管理、包装储藏实务全[M].北京:金版电子出版公司,2000.
[106] 李文敏.石榴籽油的提取和抗大鼠动脉粥样硬化的实验研究[D].武汉:华中科技大学,2005.
[107] 刘会珍,吴薇,高振江.保鲜剂性质对鸡蛋保鲜效果的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2005,10(5):89-92.
[108] 王宪青,余善鸣.油脂的氧化稳定性与抗氧化剂[J].肉类研究,2003,(3):18-21.
[109] Whysner J. Dose response of promotion by butylated hydroxyanisole in chemically initiated tumors of the rat fore stomach [J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,1994,32(3):215-222.
[110] 赵贵兴,陈霞.维生素 E 抗油脂氧化效果的研究[J].中国油料作物学报,2002,24(3):58-59.
[111] 葛毅强,孙爱东.天然维生素 E 对食用油氧化稳定性的影响[J].粮油食品科技,1999,7(2):1-2.
[112] 徐向群,程启坤.茶多酚油溶剂型的抗氧化活性研究[J].食品科学,1996,17(5):7-9.
[113] 李宝华,郑广娟,张文高等.软脉降脂胶囊对实验性高脂血症大鼠血脂及 MDA、SOD、NO的影响[J].中西医结合心脑血管病杂志,2004,2(4):220-222.
[114] Shay Yehoshua Schubert,Ephraim Philip Lansky.Antioxidant and eicosanoid enzyme inhibition properties of pomegranate seed oil and fermented juice flavonoids[J]. Journal of Ethno pharmacology,1999,(66):11-17.
[115] AI-Jabari,Maher.Kinetic models of supercritical fluid extraction[J]. Journal of Separation Science,2002,25(8):477-489.
[116] http://www.100shop.com/bbs/showpost.asp?id=197663
[117] http://www.etocn.com/ArticleShow.asp?ArticleID=587
[2] 李智红.水晶石榴[J].西部大开发,2005,(11):58.
[3] 任平,阮祥稳,秦涛等.石榴资源的开发利用[J].食品研究与开发,2005,26(3):118-120.
[4] 贺小贤.低度石榴酒的加工技术[J].农产品加工,2003,(9):18-19.
[5] 张宪宇.石榴酒发酵工艺初探[J].酿酒科技,1998,85(3):61-62.
[6] 张家训.石榴酒酿造[J].食品工业,1998,(4):15-16.
[7] 刘月永,高红心.干型石榴酒的研制[J].酿酒,2000,140(5):88-90.
[8] 李海霞,王钊,刘延泽.石榴科植物化学成分及药理活性研究进展[J].中草药,2002,33(8):765-766.
[9] 王如峰,向兰,杜力军等.石榴的生物活性研究[J].亚太传统医药,2006,(6):79-81.
[10] 国外健康食品研发新动向[J].中国农业信息,2003,(8):18.
[11] 姚立华,何国庆,陈启和.石榴生物活性成分研究进展[J].食品科技,2006,(11):248-250.
[12] 张玉祥.仲夏榴花似火红[J].饭店现代化,1997,(3):50-51.
[13] 李定格,苏传勤,孙力等.石榴叶调节血脂和清除氧自由基作用的实验研究[J].山东中医大学学报,1999,23(5):380-381.
[14] 普显宏.春天吃花[J].食品与生活,2007,(4):4-5.
[15] 江苏新医学院编.中药大辞典[M].第 1 版.上海: 科学技术出版社,1977.
[16] 许宗运,蒋慧,吴静等.石榴皮和石榴渣总黄酮含量的测定[J].中国农学通报,2003,19(3):72-74.
[17] 刘金勇,李秀娟.峄城区石榴产业化建设概论[J].中国林副特产,1998,(1):33-34.
[18] 王爱伟,孟繁锡,刘春鸽等.我国石榴产业发展现状及对策[J].北方果树,2006,(6):35-37.
[19] 李志西,李彦萍,韩毅.石榴籽化学成分研究[J].中国野生植物资源,1994,(3):11-14.
[20] 王惠,李志西,李彦萍.石榴籽油脂肪酸组成及应用研究[J].中国油脂,1998,23(2):54-56.
[21] 李志西,王惠,史清华.石榴种子油的理化性质分析[J]. 西北林学院学报,1993,8(1):81-86.
[22] 陈业高,卢艳,刘莹等.石榴籽油脂肪酸成分的分析[J].食品科学,2003,24(11):111-112.
[23] 赵云荣,王文领,王勇等.石榴籽中脂肪酸成分分析[J].化学研究,2005,16(2):72-74.
[24] Kim N D,Mehta R,Yu W et al. Chemopreventive and adjuvant therapeutic potential of pomegranate (punicagranatum) for human breast cancer [J].Breast cancer Res Treat,2002,71(3):203-217.
[25] Singh R P,Chidambara K N,Jayaprakasha G K. Studies on the antioxidant ant activity of pomegranate (punicagranatum) peel and seed extracts using is vitro models [J].J Agric Food Chem,2002,50 (1):81-86.
[26] Schubert S Y,Lansky E P,Neeman I. Antioxidant and eicosanoid-enzyme inhibition properties of pomegranate seed oil and fermented juice flavonoids [J].J Ethnopharmacol,1999,66 (1):11-17.
[27] Das A K,Mandal S C,Banerjee S K et al. Studies on the hypoglycemic activity of Punicagranatum seed in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats [J].Phytother Res ,2002,15 (7):628-629.
[28] Das A K,Mandal S C,Banerjee S K et al. Studies on antidiarrhoeal activity of Punicagranatum seed extract in rats [J].J Ethnopharmacol,1999,68(1-3):205-208.
[29] 李新华,杜连起,李代发等.粮油加工工艺学[M].成都:成都科技大学出版社,1996.
[30] 张骁,束梅英.超临界流体萃取技术及其在油脂加工中的应用[J].沙棘,1998,11(3):26-33.
[31] 张镜澄.超临界流体萃取[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2000.
[32] 杨柏崇.超临界 CO2萃取猕猴桃籽油的研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2003.
[33] http://app.agri.gov.cn/data/4004082117.shtml
[34] 严希康.生化分离技术[M].上海:华东理工大学出版社,1998.
[35] 高梦祥,郭康权,余祖龙.超临界流体萃取技术分离芦荟有效成分的可行性研究[J].粮油加工,2002,(12):28-30.
[36] 张慧波,程 闯,张英杰.超临界流体在萃取技术中的应用[J].辽宁高职学报,2000,2(5):42-44.
[37] 陈维杻.超临界流体萃取的原理和应用[M].北京:化学工业出版社,1998.
[38] 李庆.涂敏端.超临界流体的应用[J].成都大学学报(自然科学版),2001,20(4):11-15.
[39] 杨同舟.食品工程原理[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2001.
[40] 曹克广.现代高新技术概论[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004.
[41] 侯玉翠.超临界流体技术的研究进展[J].化学工业与工程,2002,19(5):384-390.
[42] 岳松,马力,张国栋等.超临界流体萃取技术及其在食品工业中的应用[J].四川工业学院学报,2002,(3):73-75.
[43] 杨基础,沈忠耀,陈开勋等.超临界萃取技术的发展现状及值得注意的几个问题[A].第四届全国超临界流体技术学术及应用研讨会论文集[C].贵阳:2002.1-6.
[44] 王欣,陈庆华,李元瑞.大蒜品种及预处理条件对超临 CO2萃取效果的影响[J].食品与机械,2003,(2):13-14.
[45] Daniel E Guyer,Nirmal K Sinha.Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Onion Flavors- Relationship of Onion Pyruvate Content on Flavor Yield [J].J sci food Agric,1995,(69):457-460.
[46] 王强,曹爱丽,王苹等.洋葱油的提取价值及其技术研究[J].食品科学,2001,22(8):56-58.
[47] 朱廷风,廖传华,黄振仁.超临界 CO2萃取技术在食品工业中的应用与研究进展[J].粮油加工与食品机械,2004,(1):68-70.
[48] 严群芳.食品工业中超临界 CO2萃取技术[J].山东食品科技,2004,(6):30-31.
[49] 颜英. 超临界 CO2萃取沙棘油的研究[J].精细石油化工,2003,(3):39-41.
[50] 高严祥.超临界 CO2萃取玉米胚芽油的研究[J].化学工业与工程,1997,14(3):21-25.
[51] 贺银凤,张静姝,王新亮等.超临界 CO2流体萃取小麦胚芽油的研究[J].内蒙古农业大学学报,2006,27(1):1-6.
[52] A.Elke,B.Hans,M.Lennart et al .Supercritical fluid extraction(SFE)in food analysis:a review[J]. Food additives and contaminants,1998,15(6):729-750.
[53] 刘旭,蔡小鹏,张逸婧.EPA 和 DHA 抑癌机制的研究进展[J].实用药物与临床,2007,10(2):112-114.
[54] Yang P,Chan D,Felix E et al .Formation and antiprolife rative effect of prostaglandin E(3) from eicosapentaenoic acid in human lung cancer cells[J].J Lipid Res,2004,45(6):1030-1039.
[55] 尹卓容.超临界 CO2萃取法从月见草种子和丝状真菌中提取 γ-亚麻酸油脂[J].食品与发酵工业,1996,(4):21-25.
[56] 张涛,蔡建国.超临界流体萃取生物碱的研究进展[A].第四届全国超临界流体技术学术及应用研讨会论文集[C].贵阳:2002.264-269.
[57] Mohamed R.S.,Mazzafera P. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of methylxanthines from mate tea leaves [J].Braz.J.Chen.Eng.,2000,17(3):251-259.
[58] 朱自强.超临界流体原理与技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2000.
[59] 邓修,吴俊生.化工分离工程[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
[60] 张国宏,孙奇.高新技术在现代食品工业中的应用-超临界流体萃取技术[J].食品科学,1998,19(12):4-7.
[61] 张德权.超临界 CO2 流体技术在食品工业中的最新应用进展[A].第四届全国超临界流体技术学术及应用研讨会论文集[C].贵阳:2002.486-491.
[62] 宋启煌,宋照斌,方岩雄等.中草药提取的新技术-超临界 CO2萃取[J].化学工程,2003,31(6):19-21.
[63] 潘志彦,王泉源,胡自伟等.超临界流体技术在废旧塑料解聚中的应用[J].环境污染治理技术与设备,2003,4(8):51-54.
[64] 杨柏崇,李元瑞,刘书成等.改进设计超临界流体萃取装置的几点看法[A].第四届全国超临界流体技术学术及应用研讨会论文集[C].贵阳:2002.396-399.
[65] 陈虹,张承红.超临界流体萃取及其在我国的研究应用进展[J].化学进展,1999,(3):227-238.
[66] 曹万新,徐廷丽.功能性油脂的研究进展[J].中国油脂,2004,29(12):42-45.
[67] 吴时敏.功能性油脂[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,2001.
[68] 顾维维.保健食品[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2001.
[69] 孙志芳,高荫榆,郑渊月.功能性油脂的研究进展[J].中国食品添加剂,2005,(3):4-7.
[70] 邵群,张慧.功能性油脂-共轭亚油酸研究进展[J].食品科学,2002,23(2):164-166.
[71] 陶国琴,李晨.α-亚麻酸的保健功效及应用[J].食品科学,2000,21(12):141-143.
[72] Charles Leonard E .Camelina oil:α-linolenic Source[J].Inform,1998,9(9):837.
[73] 狄济乐.亚麻籽作为一种功能食品来源的研究[J].中国油脂,2002,27(4):55-57.
[74] 周立新,黄凤洪.α-亚麻酸与γ-亚麻酸[J].西部粮油科技,2000,25(6):46-48.
[75] 苏桂红.γ-亚麻酸的开发与应用[J].黑龙江医药,2004,17(2):142-143.
[76] 黄亚东.γ-亚麻酸生产技术[J].广州食品工业科技,2002,18(1):28-29.
[77] 洪滨,刘会洲.国内 EPA 及 DHA 研究现状和发展趋势[J].化工冶金,1996,(1):80-85.
[78] 黄显慈.n-3 多不饱和脂肪酸功能性及其应用[J].粮食与油脂,2003,(9):50-52.
[79] Hung P,Kaku S,Yunoki S et al .Dietary effect of EPA rich and DHA rich fish oils on the immune function of Sprague Dawley rats[J].Biosci Biotechol Biochem,1999,63(1):135-140.
[80] 王小梅,黄少烈,李小兵.磷脂体系的开发与应用[J].广州大学学报,2003,2(6):527-531.
[81] 凌沛学,荣晓花.磷脂在保健食品和药品中的作用[J].山东食品科技,2004,(2):6-7.
[82] 兰云军,邹祥龙.磷脂的基本性质及应用领域[J].中国皮革,2003,32(21):34-36.
[83] 黄显慈.国外功能食品中应用的几种脂质简介[J].四川粮油科技,2003,(2):57-58.
[84] 周震,李娟.红花油脂肪酸的质谱分析[J].中成药,1995,17(6):35-37.
[85] 吴素萍.超临界 CO2萃取月见草籽油的研究[J].粮油加工与食品机械,2006,(2):47-49.
[86] 吴树朴.米糠油的营养与食用价值[J].中国油脂,1992,17(5):51-52.
[87] 张绪霞,许丽娜.米糠油制取工艺的研究[J].中国油脂,2007,32(1):25-28.
[88] Ge Y,Ni Y,Yan H et al .Optimization of the supercritical fluid extraction of natural vitamin E from wheat germ using response surface methodology[J].Journal of Food Science,2002,(67):239-243.
[89] 朱科学,朱振,周惠明.小麦胚芽油及胚芽蛋白质国内外研究进展[J].粮食与油脂,2006,(7):6-9.
[90] F.Dionisi,B.Hug,J.M.Aaschllmann et al. Supercritical CO2 extraction for total fat analysis of food products[J].Journal of food science,1999,4 (64):612-615.
[91] 周东群,崔波,胡敏.鱼油的保健功能与开发前景[J].山东轻工业学院学报,1998,(3):26-28.
[92] 肖玫,欧志强.深海鱼油中两种脂肪酸(EPA 和 DHA)的生理功效及机理的研究进展[J].食品科学,2005,26(8):522-526.
[93] 张坤,朱凤岗,柳仁民.葵花籽油的超临界 CO2流体萃取及其 GC/MS 分析研究[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2005,36(4):512-516.
[94] 张旭峰.石榴产业协会唱活石榴大戏-陕西西安市临潼区石榴产业协会侧记[J].农村经营管理,2005,(3):44-46.
[95] 郭晓斐.SC-CO2萃取姜油树脂及与其他萃取方法的对比[D].济南:山东大学,2005.
[96] 万本屹.葡萄籽油 SCF-CO2萃取工艺及其特性的研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2002.
[97] 高拥军.沙棘油的超临界 CO2萃取与应用[D].南京:南京林业大学,2004.
[98] 杨中平,阎晓莉.试验优化技术[M].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2003.
[99] 蒋志国.超临界 CO2萃取葡萄籽油及萃余物中多酚物质的研究[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2003.
[100] 李淑芬,陈宝良,韩金玉.超临界 CO2萃取天然产品的特性研究[J].化工进展,1997,(2):10-14.
[101] 杜彦山,牟德华,李艳等.超临界 CO2萃取葡萄籽油的工艺研究[J].粮油加工与油脂机械,2005,(7):45-47.
[102] C.K.Peter Cheung .Temperature and pressure effects on supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of n-3 fatty acids from red seaweed[J].Food chemistry,1999,(65):399-403.
[103] 张德权,吕飞杰,台建祥.超临界 CO2流体技术萃取姜油树脂的研究[J].食品工业科技,2001,22(1):21-23.
[104] 邓红,何玲,孙俊.文冠果油的冷榨提取及理化性质研究[J].西南农业大学学报(自然科学版),2006,28(6):1027-1031.
[105] 于文景,于平.油脂制取加工技术、工艺流程、质量检测与生产管理、包装储藏实务全[M].北京:金版电子出版公司,2000.
[106] 李文敏.石榴籽油的提取和抗大鼠动脉粥样硬化的实验研究[D].武汉:华中科技大学,2005.
[107] 刘会珍,吴薇,高振江.保鲜剂性质对鸡蛋保鲜效果的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2005,10(5):89-92.
[108] 王宪青,余善鸣.油脂的氧化稳定性与抗氧化剂[J].肉类研究,2003,(3):18-21.
[109] Whysner J. Dose response of promotion by butylated hydroxyanisole in chemically initiated tumors of the rat fore stomach [J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,1994,32(3):215-222.
[110] 赵贵兴,陈霞.维生素 E 抗油脂氧化效果的研究[J].中国油料作物学报,2002,24(3):58-59.
[111] 葛毅强,孙爱东.天然维生素 E 对食用油氧化稳定性的影响[J].粮油食品科技,1999,7(2):1-2.
[112] 徐向群,程启坤.茶多酚油溶剂型的抗氧化活性研究[J].食品科学,1996,17(5):7-9.
[113] 李宝华,郑广娟,张文高等.软脉降脂胶囊对实验性高脂血症大鼠血脂及 MDA、SOD、NO的影响[J].中西医结合心脑血管病杂志,2004,2(4):220-222.
[114] Shay Yehoshua Schubert,Ephraim Philip Lansky.Antioxidant and eicosanoid enzyme inhibition properties of pomegranate seed oil and fermented juice flavonoids[J]. Journal of Ethno pharmacology,1999,(66):11-17.
[115] AI-Jabari,Maher.Kinetic models of supercritical fluid extraction[J]. Journal of Separation Science,2002,25(8):477-489.
[116] http://www.100shop.com/bbs/showpost.asp?id=197663
[117] http://www.etocn.com/ArticleShow.asp?ArticleID=587