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中国转型期家族企业成长的制度分析
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摘要
本文探讨的中心问题是,在转型经济背景下,如何以制度创新推进中国家族企业成长。在这个问题要求下,分析中国家族企业在转型经济背景下能够发展的原因、发展过程中面临的制约因素,它同发达国家的家族企业的不同之处,进而分析如何从制度创新的角度予以解决。
     首先,分析家族企业的制度属性和生成、成长机理。家族企业的制度属性可划分为家族属性和企业性,制度属性的形成,除技术和市场因素之外,还应该看到宏微观制度、正式制度和非制度之间的互动情况。家族企业是为了满足家族利益和克服外部市场失灵而产生的,其生成机理可归纳为:家族资本满足了家族利益动机并以家族内部资源降低交易成本和把外部性内部化解决了创业起步问题。随着企业规模扩大,企业的收益受资本、企业管理能力、信任广度缺口的限制出现递减。企业成长机理可归纳为:企业适应市场竞争的要求和技术发展的趋势,摆脱陷于死亡和衰退的路径而形成吐旧纳新的内在运行机制。其基本标志是制度创新、技术创新和管理创新、网络创新等。通过企业公司化和网络化两种制度创新途径,提升企业素质获得成长。
     其次,分析家族企业关系契约的意义和转型。关系契约是一种不完全的长期契约,它并不尽量考虑所有未来的具体情况,但契约方之间过去、现在和预期未来的个人关系影响着契约的长期安排。资产专用性是关系契约的技术基础,法制和社会资本是关系契约的精神基础。与经济体制相匹配,关系契约存在人格化和非人格化两种类型。在不良的宏观制度环境下,采取以血缘、亲情交往和经济交易捆绑的缔约方式来减少交易成本和获得资源是中国家族企业人格化关系契约存在的必要性和意义。推进关系契约由人格化向非人格化转型,才能推进家族企业制度转型,促进家族企业健康成长。
     再者,对中国家族企业内部成长的路径、现状和问题和突破进行制度分析。关系契约为中国家族企业的技术创新活动成果提供了比较安全的保护和支持,但是关系契约总体上并不利于中国家族企业向技术创新型企业转型。家族企业应改变传统企业成长的思维,通过产权安排激励科研人员的创造性活动。政府应为家族企业技术创新的“制度创新”提供更好的政策环境和法制环境。对于中国家族企业成长至关重要的问题是如何解决“一资独大”或者“一股独大”造成的产权的单一性。为了弥补家族企业成长过程中的的资本和智力缺口,以融资目标导向和融智目标导向的产权开放尤为重要。为了解决管理控制权开放过程中信息不对称和道德风险问题,在控制权安排方面依据人员的信任度和岗位的重要程度,把任人唯亲和任人唯贤结合,以亲制疏是转型期中国家族企业管理制度变迁的现实性选择。转型期中国家族企业内部制度变迁现实目标是通过产权明晰化,解决家族企业产权纷争,在保全家族控制权同时,通过产权开放达到融资融智目的;企业控制权由家族内外分享;关系治理和契约治理结合。
     最后,对中国家族企业外部成长的路径、现状和问题和突破进行制度分析。网络化发展方式是中国家族企业外部成长主要形式。网络化成长对于中国家族企业的特殊意义在于使家族企业保存家族企业制度优势前提下获得成长所需的资源和核心能力,充分发挥中国家族企业的社会关系网络优势。转型期中国家族企业网络化生产体系依靠关系网络来减少外部交易成本;减少因信息不对称和不完全引起的机会主义风险;解决外部市场不健全带来的诸多问题。中国家族企业网络演化的方向由中国微观个体社会资本的扩张能力和宏观社会资本的质量两个社会资本的维度决定。需要家族企业与社会一起积累社会资本、提高社会信任度,培育新文化,以实现网络化生产体系的实质性转变。国际化发展方式也是中国家族企业外部成长形式。目前大多数中国家族企业国际化依赖于人格化交易网络,形成了“路径依赖”。根据网络的性质不同,企业网络分为机械网络和有机网络。家族企业应该根据国际市场变化和国内国际政策变化,从机械网络转向有机网络,有效地适应快速变化的国际化经营环境。
     论文在现有研究的基础上,主要在以下方面有所创新:一是提出家族企业不是一种过渡性制度安排,家族企业可以做强做大,但前提是家族企业要解决好资金、技术、人才缺口的制度创新(通过企业公司化和网络化)问题。二是明确提出转型期中国家族企业内部制度变迁现实目标是通过产权明晰化,解决家族企业产权纷争,在保全家族控制权同时,通过产权开放达到融资融智的目的;企业控制权由家族内外分享;关系治理和契约治理结合。随着转型的完成,家族企业的家族性逐渐淡化,企业性逐渐增强。特别指出了网络化更适合于中小企业突破家族制的局限,是一种值得考虑的产业组织模式。三是从内部和外部、宏观和微观角度分析了中国家族企业成长的制度障碍。提出了家族性的文化导向是中国家族企业成长的内部根本性障碍;法律、道德(主要是职业道德)、政策环境是中国家族企业成长的外部根本性障碍。关键是如何以关系契约转型推进家族企业制度转型。四是以“企业利润率”作为企业成长的终极标志,把企业规模、技术进步、管理水平、网络化等企业成长的途径统领在提高企业利润率的终极目标下,发掘企业多种成长方法。把“适应性效率”作为判断企业成长的动态标准,家族企业的“家族性”与“企业性”的制度属性对应不同发展环境,不存在孰优孰劣的问题。
The central issue explored by this paper is that with economic transition how can the institutional innovation push the growth of Chinese family businesses in the economic transformation era. Request on this issue, analysis of the reasons of how can Chinese family business develop in the context of economic transition and the restraining factors in the development process, as well as the difference between the developed countries and China. In addition, it analyzes how to solve the problem by Institutional Innovation.
     First of all, it analyzes the property of family business and its growth mechanism. Family business system attributes can be divided into home and business properties, and the formation of system attributes, in addition to technical and market factors, interaction between macro and micro system as well as formal and informal system should also be noted. Family business is arising to meet the family interests and to overcome external market failure, and its formation mechanism can be summarized as follows: family capital is to meet the interests of the family, and it uses the internal resources to reduce transaction costs, and imposes the outside internalization to solve the external problem at the start of a business. With the expansion of the size of enterprise, earnings of enterprise are subject to decline due to the deficiency of capital, business management ability and trust breadth. Growth mechanism can be summarized as follows: enterprises are adapt to the demands of market competition and technological development trends, and establish inherent operating mechanism of exhaling the old and inhaling the new by getting rid of the path of death and recession. The basic symbol of it is marked by institutional innovation, technological innovation management innovation and networks innovation. It uses two creative ways including corporatization and networkization to innovate and then to enhance the quality of the growth of enterprises.
     Secondly, the paper analyzes the meaning and transformation of Relationship Contract of Family Business. Relationship Contract is a long-term incomplete contracts, but, without taking into account all the specific circumstances of the future, the contractors' personal relations of the past, present and expected future have impact on the long-term lease arrangements. Asset Specificity is the technical basis of contract, and the rule of law and social capital is the spiritual basis of the relationship. Matched with the economic system, there are two types of relational contract: personification and non_personification. In the adverse Macro-system circumstances, it often takes binding way, such as blood, kinship and economic transactions to reduce transaction costs and access to the resources is necessary and significant for the existence of the personification of the Chinese family business contractual relationship. Only with the transition of the contract relationship from personification into non-personification, can the transformation of family business system in institution and the healthy growth of family business be promoted.
     Furthermore, the paper has a systematic analysis on the Chinese family business' internal growth path, status quo and breakthrough of the issue. Relational contract provides the Chinese family business activities of the outcome of technological innovation for a more secure protection and support, but the overall relational contract is not conducive to help the Chinese family business transform into technological innovation enterprise. Family business should change the traditional thinking of growing, arranging property rights to arouse the creativity of scientific research personnel. Government should provide a better policy and legal environment for the " institutional innovation" of the technological innovation of the family business. The growth of the Chinese family business depends on the removal of the "one monopoly capital" caused by the single property. In order to compensate for the gap of the intellectual capital and the financing in the process of growth of family businesses, the opening up of property by the intellectual-oriented and financial-oriented is particularly important. In order to solve the problem of information asymmetry and moral hazard problems in the process of opening up management control of the information. The realistic goal of transition within the Chinese family business system is to change the reality of property rights and to address the family business' property rights disputes, at the same time, in the preservation of family control over through property rights and opening up the financing to achieve the purpose of financing and raising the wisdom; the right of controlling shared by the inside and outside of the family; the combination of relationship governance and contract governance.
     Finally, the paper has a systematic analysis on the Chinese family business' external growth path, status quo and breakthrough of the problems. Networkization development is the main form of external growth of the Chinese family business. The special significance of networkization for the family business lies in enabling family business to acquire the necessary resources and core competencies under the background of preserving the advantage of family enterprises and giving full play to the Chinese family business's advantage of networks of social relations. In transformation era, Chinese family business networking production relied on the relationship network to reduce external transaction costs; reducing asymmetric and incomplete information risk arising from opportunism; solving problems brought from the incomplete external market. The direction of Chinese family business networking evolution was decided by the capacity of expansion of Chinese micro-individual social capital and the dimension of quality of macro-social capital. The international development of Chinese family businesses is also the form of its external growth. Nowadays, most Chinese family business have realized internationalization through personification trading network, resulting in "path dependence." According to the different nature of networks, enterprise networks can be divided into mechanical and organic ones. To effectively meet the rapidly changing international business environment, family business should transform its mechanical networks into organic ones, in accordance with the changes both in international market and domestic and international policy.
     This paper has some major innovations in the following areas on the basis of existing research: First, it regards family businesses not as a system of transitional arrangements for the family business, it can grow in size and strength, but the premise is to solve the problem of family businesses' financial, technical, talent gap and institutional innovations (through corporatization and networkization). Second it clearly points out the the goal of transition within the Chinese family business system is to change the reality of property rights and to address the family business' property rights disputes, at the same time, in the preservation of family control through property rights and opening up the financing to achieve the purpose of financing and raising the wisdom; the right of controlling the shared by the inside and outside of the family; the combination of relationship governance and contract governance. With the completion of restructuring the family business, the family business' character dilutes gradually and the character of enterprise strengthens gradually. It argues that the networking is more suitable for small and medium-sized family busines to break through the limitations of the family business. It is worth considering as a model of industrial organization. Third it makes a analysis of the growth of the Chinese family business system's obstacles from the internal and external, macro-and micro-perspectives. A family-oriented culture is the internal radical obstacles to the growth of the Chinese family business ; legal, moral (mainly professional ethics), the policy environment is external fundamental obstacle to the growth of the Chinese family business. The key is how to push forward the transformation from Family Business system to relational contract. Fourth, the "corporate profit" business growth can be regarded as the ultimate symbol of the enterprise. To realize business growth through paths such as the way, scale, technological progress, management level, networking , to guide enterprises in improving the profitability of the ultimate goal, to explore a variety of growth methods of business. The "adaptive efficiency" as a judge of the growth of an enterprise's dynamic standard, the characters of "family" and "enterprise" of family business corresponds to a different environment for the development, there is no question of merits.
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