老舍小说语言研究
摘要
老舍是被人们公认的语言大师,对老舍语言的研究已经不是新鲜的课题。本文在确立新的研究路径之后,意图重新确立老舍语言的价值系统。对老舍的语言自述的爬罗剔抉之后,我发现在语用层面上,他有一个自在的语言理论系统。在对他的小说文本语料的研读过程中,我发现老舍的“话”的特殊的叙述、描写功能。老舍语言的丰富的意蕴来自于他对本土和外来语言传统的继承、熔化与创新。在此基础上,我对老舍语言风格作出了新的阐释。
老舍小说语言表达系统之所以能够成立,在于他有一套系统化的语用理论。这个理论从单个的汉字运用开始,形成严密的字、词、句、段、章、篇的文学语言系统组织。他在运用这套表达系统的过程中实现文学世界外在世界的艺术均衡。他在语言的“雅与俗”、“质朴与深蕴”、言语的“表与里”、“意”与“象”的圆融、风格的“简淡与风骨”的论述上都鞭辟入里,而且实现了理论与实践的一致。老舍对文学语言的理解,还包含着人类主客体关系的把握与阐释方式,这种方式以“心”与“语”、“境”与“语”的关系呈现。
老舍的语言是真正的汉民族白话语言。他充分相信白话,并在小说中成功地显示了“话”的表现功能。老舍的“话”,在叙述、描写、对话三个层面上具有无可比拟的效能。
要真正理解老舍的语言,必须去寻找构成他的语言的传统。老舍语言传统来自两个方面,一方面是民族语言,这里有两个分支,一是来自民间的口头语言,另一个是来自传统文学的书面表达:第二个方面是西语影响,对外国语言的表述特长的研究,让他发现西语的特点。兼收并蓄中外古今,化为己有。
在理论——文本——构成研究之后,老舍的语言风格水落石出。老舍的语言风格包蕴着他特殊的人格内涵。善良与悲悯、挚爱与反思,是老舍语言风格的精神核心。“现成”中的“创造”是其风格的外在表现。在这样内、外形塑之下的风格,表现出一种沉郁情感支配下的主体和对象的一致性。
Lao She is known to all as a master of language, and the research of his diction is not a new subject This paper reestablishes the system of values about Lao She's diction based on a new research perspective. After my thorough investigation, I found that from an aspect of pragmatics he has his own linguistic theory system in his narration of his diction. Reading Lao She's novels, I discovered the unique descriptive and narrative functions of his "diction". The abundant implications of Lao She's diction came from the absorption, integration, and recreation of the linguistic traditions of native and foreign languages. Accordingly I form my own interpretation of Lao She's diction style.Lao She's language conveying system is based on his systematic theories of pragmatics. These theories include the uses of single characters, phrases, sentences, paragraphs, chapters, and sections which form a rigorous literary language system. And he managed to achieve a harmony between the literary world and the outside world when utilizing this system. Lao She has incisive definitions of "refined and popular tastes", "simple and profound", "internal and external", "suggestion and image" in his diction, and "brevity and strength of character" in his style; furthermore, he realizes the consistency of theory and practice. Lao She's understanding of literary language includes people's relations between the objects and subjects and the way he puts it, and in this way he presents the relations of "mind" and "language", and of "environment'' and "language".Lao She's diction is typical of Han people's colloquialism. He advocates colloquialism, and he successfully shows to us in his novels the expressive functions of his "diction". Lao She's "diction" has unparalleled efficiency in narration, description, and dialogues.To understand Lao She's diction, we have to probe into the linguistic traditions which form his diction. His linguistic traditions come from two sources. One is native language: folk oral expressions and traditional literary expressions; the other is the influence of western languages. He discovered the unique features of western languages by researching the expressive functions of western languages, and men incorporated the linguistic traditions at all times and in all over the world into his own.Lao She's linguistic style reveals after the research of theories — texts — components of his diction. His linguistic style shows the intension of his unique personalities. And the essence of his personalities is goodness and mercy, true love and introspection. Lao She shows his style to us by "recreate" in the "traditions". Therefore, Lao She's style, formed by internal and external factors, conveys a consistency between the subjects and the objects which is dominated by depressed emotions.
老舍小说语言表达系统之所以能够成立,在于他有一套系统化的语用理论。这个理论从单个的汉字运用开始,形成严密的字、词、句、段、章、篇的文学语言系统组织。他在运用这套表达系统的过程中实现文学世界外在世界的艺术均衡。他在语言的“雅与俗”、“质朴与深蕴”、言语的“表与里”、“意”与“象”的圆融、风格的“简淡与风骨”的论述上都鞭辟入里,而且实现了理论与实践的一致。老舍对文学语言的理解,还包含着人类主客体关系的把握与阐释方式,这种方式以“心”与“语”、“境”与“语”的关系呈现。
老舍的语言是真正的汉民族白话语言。他充分相信白话,并在小说中成功地显示了“话”的表现功能。老舍的“话”,在叙述、描写、对话三个层面上具有无可比拟的效能。
要真正理解老舍的语言,必须去寻找构成他的语言的传统。老舍语言传统来自两个方面,一方面是民族语言,这里有两个分支,一是来自民间的口头语言,另一个是来自传统文学的书面表达:第二个方面是西语影响,对外国语言的表述特长的研究,让他发现西语的特点。兼收并蓄中外古今,化为己有。
在理论——文本——构成研究之后,老舍的语言风格水落石出。老舍的语言风格包蕴着他特殊的人格内涵。善良与悲悯、挚爱与反思,是老舍语言风格的精神核心。“现成”中的“创造”是其风格的外在表现。在这样内、外形塑之下的风格,表现出一种沉郁情感支配下的主体和对象的一致性。
Lao She is known to all as a master of language, and the research of his diction is not a new subject This paper reestablishes the system of values about Lao She's diction based on a new research perspective. After my thorough investigation, I found that from an aspect of pragmatics he has his own linguistic theory system in his narration of his diction. Reading Lao She's novels, I discovered the unique descriptive and narrative functions of his "diction". The abundant implications of Lao She's diction came from the absorption, integration, and recreation of the linguistic traditions of native and foreign languages. Accordingly I form my own interpretation of Lao She's diction style.Lao She's language conveying system is based on his systematic theories of pragmatics. These theories include the uses of single characters, phrases, sentences, paragraphs, chapters, and sections which form a rigorous literary language system. And he managed to achieve a harmony between the literary world and the outside world when utilizing this system. Lao She has incisive definitions of "refined and popular tastes", "simple and profound", "internal and external", "suggestion and image" in his diction, and "brevity and strength of character" in his style; furthermore, he realizes the consistency of theory and practice. Lao She's understanding of literary language includes people's relations between the objects and subjects and the way he puts it, and in this way he presents the relations of "mind" and "language", and of "environment'' and "language".Lao She's diction is typical of Han people's colloquialism. He advocates colloquialism, and he successfully shows to us in his novels the expressive functions of his "diction". Lao She's "diction" has unparalleled efficiency in narration, description, and dialogues.To understand Lao She's diction, we have to probe into the linguistic traditions which form his diction. His linguistic traditions come from two sources. One is native language: folk oral expressions and traditional literary expressions; the other is the influence of western languages. He discovered the unique features of western languages by researching the expressive functions of western languages, and men incorporated the linguistic traditions at all times and in all over the world into his own.Lao She's linguistic style reveals after the research of theories — texts — components of his diction. His linguistic style shows the intension of his unique personalities. And the essence of his personalities is goodness and mercy, true love and introspection. Lao She shows his style to us by "recreate" in the "traditions". Therefore, Lao She's style, formed by internal and external factors, conveys a consistency between the subjects and the objects which is dominated by depressed emotions.
引文
1、海德格尔(德):《诗·语言·思》,文化艺术出版社1991年版
2、傅斯特(英):《小说面面观》,花城出版社1981年版
3、霍克斯(英):《结构主义和符号学》,上海译文出版社1987年版
4、苏珊·朗格(美):《情感的形式》,中国社会科学出版社1983年版
5、韦恩·布斯(美):《小说修辞学》,付礼军译,广西人民出版社1987年版
6、宗白华:《美学与意境》,人民出版社1987年版
7、朱光潜:《西方美学史》,人民文学出版社
8、李泽厚:《美的历程》,安徽文艺出版社 1994年版
9、叶维廉:《中国诗学》,生活.读书.新知三联书店1992年1月版
10、格非:《小说叙事研究》,清华大学出版社,2002年版
11、杨义:《杨义文存》第一卷《中国叙事学》,人民出版社1997年版
12、钱仲联、范伯群主编:《中国雅俗文学》,江苏教育出版社1998年版
13、曾华鹏:《现代作家作品论集》,江苏文艺出版社2004年版
14、老舍著:《老舍文集》,人民文学出版社1990年版
15、张桂兴编著:《老舍资料考释》,中国国际广播出版社1998年版
16、关纪新著:《老舍评传》,重庆出版社1998年10月出版
17、徐德明编:《老舍自传》,江苏文艺出版社1995年版
18、杨玉秀编:《老舍作品中的北京话词语例释》,北京大学出版社1984年版
19、吴怀斌、曾广灿编:《老舍研究资料》(上,下),北京十月文艺出版社1985年版
20、佟家桓著:《老舍小说研究》,宁夏人民出版社1982年版
21、宋永毅著:《老舍与中国文化观念》,学林出版社1988年版
22、吴小美、魏韶华著:《老舍的小说世界与东西方文化》,兰州大学出版社1992年版
23、王建华:《老舍的语言艺术》,北京语言文化大学出版社
24、谢昭新:《老舍小说艺术心理研究》,北京十月文艺出版社
25、李润:《论老舍的语言艺术观》,收入《百年老舍》,中国文联出版社2001年
26、周关东编:《老舍小说比喻撷英》,华东师范大学出版社、铃木出版株式会社1987年版
27、弥松颐著:《京味夜话》,人民文学出版社1999年1月版
28、刘诚言:《老舍幽默论》,广西民族出版社1989年6月版
29、李润新文编:《老舍研究论文集》,人民文学出版社2000版
30、徐德明:《中国现代叙事韵语言传统》,《福建论坛.人文社会科学版》2001年第4期
31、王润华:《骆驼祥子沉沦之旅的三个驿站:人和车厂、毛家湾大杂院,白房子》,盐城师范学院学报(人文社会科学版)2003年2月第1期
32、靳新来:《老舍的文学语言口语观》,《泰山学院学报》2003年第5期
33、马尔华:《老舍作品中惯用语的语义构成及修辞作用》,《北京联合大学学报》1996年第4期
2、傅斯特(英):《小说面面观》,花城出版社1981年版
3、霍克斯(英):《结构主义和符号学》,上海译文出版社1987年版
4、苏珊·朗格(美):《情感的形式》,中国社会科学出版社1983年版
5、韦恩·布斯(美):《小说修辞学》,付礼军译,广西人民出版社1987年版
6、宗白华:《美学与意境》,人民出版社1987年版
7、朱光潜:《西方美学史》,人民文学出版社
8、李泽厚:《美的历程》,安徽文艺出版社 1994年版
9、叶维廉:《中国诗学》,生活.读书.新知三联书店1992年1月版
10、格非:《小说叙事研究》,清华大学出版社,2002年版
11、杨义:《杨义文存》第一卷《中国叙事学》,人民出版社1997年版
12、钱仲联、范伯群主编:《中国雅俗文学》,江苏教育出版社1998年版
13、曾华鹏:《现代作家作品论集》,江苏文艺出版社2004年版
14、老舍著:《老舍文集》,人民文学出版社1990年版
15、张桂兴编著:《老舍资料考释》,中国国际广播出版社1998年版
16、关纪新著:《老舍评传》,重庆出版社1998年10月出版
17、徐德明编:《老舍自传》,江苏文艺出版社1995年版
18、杨玉秀编:《老舍作品中的北京话词语例释》,北京大学出版社1984年版
19、吴怀斌、曾广灿编:《老舍研究资料》(上,下),北京十月文艺出版社1985年版
20、佟家桓著:《老舍小说研究》,宁夏人民出版社1982年版
21、宋永毅著:《老舍与中国文化观念》,学林出版社1988年版
22、吴小美、魏韶华著:《老舍的小说世界与东西方文化》,兰州大学出版社1992年版
23、王建华:《老舍的语言艺术》,北京语言文化大学出版社
24、谢昭新:《老舍小说艺术心理研究》,北京十月文艺出版社
25、李润:《论老舍的语言艺术观》,收入《百年老舍》,中国文联出版社2001年
26、周关东编:《老舍小说比喻撷英》,华东师范大学出版社、铃木出版株式会社1987年版
27、弥松颐著:《京味夜话》,人民文学出版社1999年1月版
28、刘诚言:《老舍幽默论》,广西民族出版社1989年6月版
29、李润新文编:《老舍研究论文集》,人民文学出版社2000版
30、徐德明:《中国现代叙事韵语言传统》,《福建论坛.人文社会科学版》2001年第4期
31、王润华:《骆驼祥子沉沦之旅的三个驿站:人和车厂、毛家湾大杂院,白房子》,盐城师范学院学报(人文社会科学版)2003年2月第1期
32、靳新来:《老舍的文学语言口语观》,《泰山学院学报》2003年第5期
33、马尔华:《老舍作品中惯用语的语义构成及修辞作用》,《北京联合大学学报》1996年第4期