论我国城市房屋征收补偿制度
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摘要
从上个世纪八十年代初开始,我国开始了大规模的旧城改造和城市化活动。拆迁一词开始走入人们的生活。从八十年代初至九十年代中期以前,拆迁主要限于危旧房改造等惠民工程,群众拥护,能做到和谐拆迁。从上世纪九十年代后期起,我国城市房屋拆迁活动开始掺入越来越多的商业因素,其目的由改善民生逐步演变为以增加地方政府财政收入和房地产开发商私人利益为主要考量。在上述利益驱动下的拆迁活动罔顾人民群众的意愿,大肆侵犯他们的正当权益,自然遭到他们的愈益激烈的抵制和反对。于是暴力拆迁野蛮拆迁大行其道,因拆迁引发的恶性事件时有耳闻。拆迁纠纷已然成为我国当前社会矛盾的焦点之一。与此同时,我国有关拆迁的立法也在艰难进化：1991年3月22日国务院发布《城市房屋拆迁管理条例》；2001年6月20日国务院对原《城市房屋拆迁管理条例》做出修订；2004年宪法修正案通过,对私有财产的保护和土地征收征用制度作出完善；2007年《物权法》颁行；2011年1月21日《国有土地上房屋征收与补偿条例》生效。与此前的《城市房屋拆迁管理条例》相比,《国有土地上房屋征收与补偿条例》有质的进步,已基本做到合宪化合法化。但总体来看,我国的拆迁制度仍然存在不少问题,现实的拆迁活动仍然是纠纷不断。探索和构建符合我国国情的征收制度仍然任重道远。
征收的本质涉及国家公权力与公民私权利(具体地说为公民的私人财产权)的相互关系问题,因此,对征收问题的较为系统的探讨有必要从对这一关系的考察开始。本文先对国有土地上房屋征收补偿制度做一概述,继而探讨了征收的理论基础。然后,本文转向对我国城市土地房屋征收活动的现实考察。本文既对《国有土地上房屋征收与补偿条例》的进步性予以充分肯定,又对我国当前城市土地房屋征收制度存在的缺陷和弊端及其原因做了较细致的分析并在此基础上有针对性地给出了完善我国城市土地房屋征收制度的建议。
From the beginning of 1980s, large scale old-city-renewing and urbanization took place in China, and the phrase "demolition and removal of urban houses'came to be known by us.From the beginning of 1980s to mid-1990s, demolition and removals of urban houses are mainly for the purpose of removing the old and dangerous houses and building new ones for the citizens, which of course were welcome by them,and thus were carried out smoothly. Yet from the last half of 1990s on,an ever larger proportion of demolition and removals of urban houses have been and are being done for the governments'and private interests.Such demolition and removals of urban houses gave no consideration to the citizens'will and interests and were of course resisted by them. As a result, violent demolition and removals made their way. demolition and removal has become one of China'most tough social problems.At the same time,our country's demolition and removal legislation has been carried out slowly and step by step:Regulations on the Administration of the Demolition and Removal of Urban Houses tood effect on March 22nd 1991 and was revised in 2001.In 2004 the Amendment to the Constitution was adopted by the People'Congress, giving greater protection to private property and perfecting expropriation system.Real Right Law of the People' Republic of China was adopted at the 5th session of the Tenth National People' Congress on March 16,2007.Regulations on the Expropriation of Houses on State-owned Land and Compensation took effect Jenuary 11,2011.Compared with Regulations on the Administration of the Demolition and Removal of Urban Houses, Regulations on the Expropriation of Houses on State-owned Land and Compensation has made great progress and is in accordance with the Constitution and Laws. But as a whole our country's demolition and removal system is still not perfect,giving rise to many conflicts among the involved. Constructing an ideal expropriation system suitable for China is a tough task.I will use expropriation instead of demolition and removal in most cases in this paper after Regulations on Expropriation of Houses on state-owned Land and Compensation's taking Effect.
The nature of expropriation is of the relation between public power and private righ,so our study of expropriation must begin with this relation. First,we investigated the justification of private property right,gave a review to the evolution of the notion of private property right and its reflections in the Constitutions of those developed western countries.Second, we argued the necessity and boundary of expropriation and how to control expropriation constitutionally as well. Then we put our eyes on the expropriation of land and houses in our country' cities. We not only pointed out the progress of Regulations on Expropriation of Houses on state-owned Land and Compensation, but also analyzed the deficiencies of it. The last part of this paper was devoted to the discussion of how to perfecting the system of expropriation of urban houses in our country.
征收的本质涉及国家公权力与公民私权利(具体地说为公民的私人财产权)的相互关系问题,因此,对征收问题的较为系统的探讨有必要从对这一关系的考察开始。本文先对国有土地上房屋征收补偿制度做一概述,继而探讨了征收的理论基础。然后,本文转向对我国城市土地房屋征收活动的现实考察。本文既对《国有土地上房屋征收与补偿条例》的进步性予以充分肯定,又对我国当前城市土地房屋征收制度存在的缺陷和弊端及其原因做了较细致的分析并在此基础上有针对性地给出了完善我国城市土地房屋征收制度的建议。
From the beginning of 1980s, large scale old-city-renewing and urbanization took place in China, and the phrase "demolition and removal of urban houses'came to be known by us.From the beginning of 1980s to mid-1990s, demolition and removals of urban houses are mainly for the purpose of removing the old and dangerous houses and building new ones for the citizens, which of course were welcome by them,and thus were carried out smoothly. Yet from the last half of 1990s on,an ever larger proportion of demolition and removals of urban houses have been and are being done for the governments'and private interests.Such demolition and removals of urban houses gave no consideration to the citizens'will and interests and were of course resisted by them. As a result, violent demolition and removals made their way. demolition and removal has become one of China'most tough social problems.At the same time,our country's demolition and removal legislation has been carried out slowly and step by step:Regulations on the Administration of the Demolition and Removal of Urban Houses tood effect on March 22nd 1991 and was revised in 2001.In 2004 the Amendment to the Constitution was adopted by the People'Congress, giving greater protection to private property and perfecting expropriation system.Real Right Law of the People' Republic of China was adopted at the 5th session of the Tenth National People' Congress on March 16,2007.Regulations on the Expropriation of Houses on State-owned Land and Compensation took effect Jenuary 11,2011.Compared with Regulations on the Administration of the Demolition and Removal of Urban Houses, Regulations on the Expropriation of Houses on State-owned Land and Compensation has made great progress and is in accordance with the Constitution and Laws. But as a whole our country's demolition and removal system is still not perfect,giving rise to many conflicts among the involved. Constructing an ideal expropriation system suitable for China is a tough task.I will use expropriation instead of demolition and removal in most cases in this paper after Regulations on Expropriation of Houses on state-owned Land and Compensation's taking Effect.
The nature of expropriation is of the relation between public power and private righ,so our study of expropriation must begin with this relation. First,we investigated the justification of private property right,gave a review to the evolution of the notion of private property right and its reflections in the Constitutions of those developed western countries.Second, we argued the necessity and boundary of expropriation and how to control expropriation constitutionally as well. Then we put our eyes on the expropriation of land and houses in our country' cities. We not only pointed out the progress of Regulations on Expropriation of Houses on state-owned Land and Compensation, but also analyzed the deficiencies of it. The last part of this paper was devoted to the discussion of how to perfecting the system of expropriation of urban houses in our country.
引文
[1]周叶中.宪法.[M].北京：北京大学出版社.2000.257
[2]姜明安.用法制平衡原则规范拆迁行为[J].法制日报,2010
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[6]齐延平.自由大宪章研究[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社.2007.
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[13]林来梵.从宪法规范到规范宪法[M].北京：法律出版社.2001.182-185
[14]李曙光.论宪法与私有财产权保护[J].比较法研究,2002,1
[15]沈太霞,成少勇.我国土地制度完善的宪法学思考[J].经济与法制,2009,2
[16]范利平.私有财产保护制度的宪法历程[J].河北法学,2004,8
[17]沈太霞,成少勇.我国土地制度完善的宪法学思考[J].经济与法制,2009,2
[18][爱尔兰]J.M.凯利：《西方法律思想简史》,法律出版社,2002年版,第29-30页。
[19]唐清利.财产权与宪法的演进[M].济南：山东人民出版社.2006.
[20]马新彦.美国财产法与判例研究[M].北京：法律出版社.2001.129
[21]季卫东.法律程序的意义[M].北京：中国法制出版社.2004.1
[22]沈开举.征收、征用与补偿[M].北京：法律出版社.2006.55
[23]罗豪才.行政法的平衡理论[M].北京：北京大学出版社.2003.123-125
[24]沈岿.“拆迁变法”需要推进系统改革[EB].资料来源：北大公法网
[25]拆迁补偿纠纷实用法律手册[M].北京：中国法制出版社.2010.
[26]王才亮.农村征地拆迁纠纷处理实务[M].北京：法律出版社.2006.109
[27]孙事龙.房屋拆迁新热点解析[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社.2009.139-142
[28]中国房屋拆迁政策与法律[M].北京：法律出版社.2010.
[29]姜明安.行政法与行政诉讼法.[M].北京：高等教育出版社.2000.136
[30]沈岿.拆迁补偿原则有望城乡统一[EB].资料来源：北大公法网
[2]姜明安.用法制平衡原则规范拆迁行为[J].法制日报,2010
[3]魏振瀛.民法.[M].北京：北京大学出版社.2000.266
[4]王利明.论征收制度中的公共利益[J].政法论坛,2009,2
[5]杨在明,黄艳.拆迁案例胜诉指引[M].北京：中国法制出版社.2010.106
[6]齐延平.自由大宪章研究[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社.2007.
[7]江平.中国土地立法研究[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社.1999.166-168
[8]何真,唐清利.财产权与宪法的演进[M].济南：山东人民出版社.2006.
[9]刘俊.土地所有权国家独占研究[M].北京：法律出版社.2008.177
[10]焦洪昌.公民私人财产权法律保护研究[M].北京：科学出版社,2005.91
[11]何真,唐清利.财产权与宪法的演进[M].济南：山东人民出版社.2006.
[12]何真,唐清利.财产权与宪法的演进[M].济南：山东人民出版社.2006.
[13]林来梵.从宪法规范到规范宪法[M].北京：法律出版社.2001.182-185
[14]李曙光.论宪法与私有财产权保护[J].比较法研究,2002,1
[15]沈太霞,成少勇.我国土地制度完善的宪法学思考[J].经济与法制,2009,2
[16]范利平.私有财产保护制度的宪法历程[J].河北法学,2004,8
[17]沈太霞,成少勇.我国土地制度完善的宪法学思考[J].经济与法制,2009,2
[18][爱尔兰]J.M.凯利：《西方法律思想简史》,法律出版社,2002年版,第29-30页。
[19]唐清利.财产权与宪法的演进[M].济南：山东人民出版社.2006.
[20]马新彦.美国财产法与判例研究[M].北京：法律出版社.2001.129
[21]季卫东.法律程序的意义[M].北京：中国法制出版社.2004.1
[22]沈开举.征收、征用与补偿[M].北京：法律出版社.2006.55
[23]罗豪才.行政法的平衡理论[M].北京：北京大学出版社.2003.123-125
[24]沈岿.“拆迁变法”需要推进系统改革[EB].资料来源：北大公法网
[25]拆迁补偿纠纷实用法律手册[M].北京：中国法制出版社.2010.
[26]王才亮.农村征地拆迁纠纷处理实务[M].北京：法律出版社.2006.109
[27]孙事龙.房屋拆迁新热点解析[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社.2009.139-142
[28]中国房屋拆迁政策与法律[M].北京：法律出版社.2010.
[29]姜明安.行政法与行政诉讼法.[M].北京：高等教育出版社.2000.136
[30]沈岿.拆迁补偿原则有望城乡统一[EB].资料来源：北大公法网