有杆抽油泵性能及泵功图计算分析
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摘要
抽油泵作为有杆泵抽油系统中的核心设备，其性能的好坏直接关系到油田经济效益的高低。本文结合工程实际，对影响有杆抽油泵性能的因素进行了比较深入的研究。主要内容如下：
分析介绍了几种常见抽油泵的工作原理、构造、适用范围及分类。
排量系数是反映有杆抽油泵性能的重要因素。本文对有杆抽油泵的排量系数进行了详细的计算，系统地分析了影响排量系数的主要因素。通过对某具体油田区块测试数据分析，指出该区块油井存在沉没度、排量系数低的现象，提出了提高抽油泵排量系数、改善工作性能的措施。举例说明了排量系数计算在生产管理中的应用。
油井流入动态是影响抽油泵性能的外部重要因素。本文研究了油井流入动态关系，根据井筒内液量平衡原理，建立了沉没度变化的数学模型，分析了沉没度等参数变化规律；根据油井供、排平衡原则，得出了抽油泵排量系数相对稳定状态下产量预测的关系；分析了不同目标函数下，油井抽汲参数的组合效果，指出了目标函数选取对参数合理组合的重要性。
泵功图的形状直接反映着抽油泵受不同因素影响下的特征。本文利用有限差分法求解了描述抽油杆柱动态变化的带阻尼的波动方程，计算出了反映抽油泵工作性能的泵功图。结合实例，对仿真得出的泵功图进行分析，找出了影响泵况的主要因素，通过参数调整，改善了抽油泵性能，提高了油井效率。对几种常见阻尼系数的计算方法进行了对比分析。
Sucker rod pumping is the most popular means of artificially lift in the oil fields. The performance of sucker rod pump has close relation to economic benefit of oil field. Combining with practical application, the factors that influence sucker rod pump performance are studied in this dissertation. The following contents are included:
The classification, working principle and constitution of sucker rod pump are analyzed. The scope of application for every sort of pump is pointed out.
Discharge coefficient is the important factor of influencing sucker rod pump performance. The discharge coefficient is calculated, and the main influencing factors are analyzed. The statistics on the measured data in a oil-field shows the submergence depth and discharge coefficient are very low, some key measures for improving discharge coefficient and sucker rod pump performance are presented; the applications of discharge coefficient to practice are illustrated with examples.
Inflow performance of oil well, as a major external factor of influencing sucker rod pump performance, is studied. The model of variability of submergence depth is established based on the law of volume balance, and the changing trends of parameters like submergence depth etc are analyzed. According to the principle of supply and discharge balance, the method to predict oil yield is presented. Subject to different objective functions, the corresponding optimum combinations of suction parameters are analyzed, and the importance of choosing objective function to optimum combination of suction parameters is emphasized.
Pump dynamometer card shape directly reflects the characteristics of different factors that influence the working performance of sucker rod pump performance. Using the finite difference method, the wave equation describing the dynamic change of sucker rod is solved, the pump dynamometer card is calculated Combining with practical example, the pump dynamometer card taken from that calculating method is analyzed, and the governing factors influencing working performance of sucker rod pump are pointed out, the performance and efficiency of sucker rod pump are improved by the reasonable adjustment of suction parameters. Damping coefficient is calculated respectively according to some different calculating methods.
All algorithms mentioned above are programmed with MATLAB language.
分析介绍了几种常见抽油泵的工作原理、构造、适用范围及分类。
排量系数是反映有杆抽油泵性能的重要因素。本文对有杆抽油泵的排量系数进行了详细的计算，系统地分析了影响排量系数的主要因素。通过对某具体油田区块测试数据分析，指出该区块油井存在沉没度、排量系数低的现象，提出了提高抽油泵排量系数、改善工作性能的措施。举例说明了排量系数计算在生产管理中的应用。
油井流入动态是影响抽油泵性能的外部重要因素。本文研究了油井流入动态关系，根据井筒内液量平衡原理，建立了沉没度变化的数学模型，分析了沉没度等参数变化规律；根据油井供、排平衡原则，得出了抽油泵排量系数相对稳定状态下产量预测的关系；分析了不同目标函数下，油井抽汲参数的组合效果，指出了目标函数选取对参数合理组合的重要性。
泵功图的形状直接反映着抽油泵受不同因素影响下的特征。本文利用有限差分法求解了描述抽油杆柱动态变化的带阻尼的波动方程，计算出了反映抽油泵工作性能的泵功图。结合实例，对仿真得出的泵功图进行分析，找出了影响泵况的主要因素，通过参数调整，改善了抽油泵性能，提高了油井效率。对几种常见阻尼系数的计算方法进行了对比分析。
Sucker rod pumping is the most popular means of artificially lift in the oil fields. The performance of sucker rod pump has close relation to economic benefit of oil field. Combining with practical application, the factors that influence sucker rod pump performance are studied in this dissertation. The following contents are included:
The classification, working principle and constitution of sucker rod pump are analyzed. The scope of application for every sort of pump is pointed out.
Discharge coefficient is the important factor of influencing sucker rod pump performance. The discharge coefficient is calculated, and the main influencing factors are analyzed. The statistics on the measured data in a oil-field shows the submergence depth and discharge coefficient are very low, some key measures for improving discharge coefficient and sucker rod pump performance are presented; the applications of discharge coefficient to practice are illustrated with examples.
Inflow performance of oil well, as a major external factor of influencing sucker rod pump performance, is studied. The model of variability of submergence depth is established based on the law of volume balance, and the changing trends of parameters like submergence depth etc are analyzed. According to the principle of supply and discharge balance, the method to predict oil yield is presented. Subject to different objective functions, the corresponding optimum combinations of suction parameters are analyzed, and the importance of choosing objective function to optimum combination of suction parameters is emphasized.
Pump dynamometer card shape directly reflects the characteristics of different factors that influence the working performance of sucker rod pump performance. Using the finite difference method, the wave equation describing the dynamic change of sucker rod is solved, the pump dynamometer card is calculated Combining with practical example, the pump dynamometer card taken from that calculating method is analyzed, and the governing factors influencing working performance of sucker rod pump are pointed out, the performance and efficiency of sucker rod pump are improved by the reasonable adjustment of suction parameters. Damping coefficient is calculated respectively according to some different calculating methods.
All algorithms mentioned above are programmed with MATLAB language.
引文
[1] 王鸿勋，张琪．采油工艺原理．北京：石油工业出版社，1989．
[2] 万邦烈．采油机械的设计计算．北京：石油工业出版社，1988．
[3] 崔振华，余国安．有杆抽油系统．北京：石油工业出版社，1994．
[4] 路懿，杨育林，等．强度多级抽油杆参数和有效冲程计算．石油机械，25(4)，1997：34-39．
[5] 许亚芬，崔振华．玻璃钢抽油杆柱的设计与应用．大庆石油学院学报，25(12)，2001：79-81．
[6] 吴则中，田丰，等．玻璃钢抽油杆的发展及应用．石油矿场机械，20(2)，1991：36-44．
[7] Reynolds M．M．玻璃纤维抽油杆设计依据 石油矿场机械，19(5)，1990：19-25．
[8] Jennings J. W, Laine R.E. Method for Designing Fiberglass Sucker Rod String Using API RP 11L. SPE PROD ENG V6, NO1, 1991:115-119, SPE18188.
[9] 盛曾顺，王奕兰．杆管系统弹性伸缩对抽油泵泵效的影响．石油机械，1991(8)35-38．
[10] 潘良田．抽油泵漏失量计算方法的商讨．石油机械，17(4)1989：39-43．
[11] 梁政．关于抽油泵环隙漏失量计算方法的探讨．西南石油学院学报，14(1)，1992：49-54．
[12] 刘荣辉．杆式抽油泵漏失量与最佳泵隙的计算．石油机械，20(10)，1992：17-22．
[13] 钟兵，周开吉．整筒管式抽油泵环隙漏失量计算模型的完善．石油机械，23(11)1995：1-5．
[14] 王克亮，王夭凤．计算油杆泵充满系数的一种新方法．钻采工艺，19(5)1996：38-42．
[15] 胡永全，吴志均．排水采气中深井泵的充满系数．钻采工艺，18(4)，1995：38-40．
[16] 刘润华，钱占军．有杆抽油泵充满系数的测量．工业仪表与自动化装置，1999(4)：41-42．
[17] Evinger H.H., Muskat M. Calculation of Theoretical Productivity Factors, Trans. AIME. (1942)146,127-139.
[18] Fatkovich M.J. The Isochronal Testing of Oil Wells, Paper SPE4529, 1973.
[19] Cheng A.M. Inflow Performance Relationships for Solution-Gas-Drive Slanted/Horizontal WelIs. SPE 20792, 1989.
[20] Wiggins M. L., et al. Analytical Development of Vogel-Type inflow Performance Relationships. SPE 23580,1992.
[21] Kabir C. S. Inflow Performance of Slanted and Horizontal Wells in Solution Gas Drive Reservoirs. SPE 24056,1992.
[22] Dietz D. N. Determination of Average Reservoir Pressure from Build-Up Surveys, JPr(Aug. 1965)995.
[23] 刘想平．水平井向井流动态关系及其应用，CNPC石油勘探开发研究院，博士论文，1998．
[24] Wiggins M．L．Et al．Analytical Development of Vogel Type Inflow Performance Relationships，SPE 23580，1992．
[25] 陈元千．油气藏工程计算方法．北京：石油工业出版社，1990：1-11．
[26] S.G. Gibbs. Predication the Behavior of Suck-Rod Pumping System. J.P.T.,1963.
[27] S.G. Gibbs. A General Method for Predicting Rod Pumping System Performance. SPE6850,1977.
[28] S.G. Gibbs. A Review of Methods for Design and Analysis of Rod Pumping Installation. SPE9980, 1982.
[29] Doty D.R. An Improved Model for Suck Rod pumping. SPEI0245, 1882.
[30] Chacin J.E., etc. A new Model for studying oil Well Pumping Installation. SPE16918, 1987.
[31] Lea J.F. Boundary Condition Used with Dynamic Method of Beam Pump Performance. SPE88, 1988.
[32] S.G. Gibbs. Design and Diagnosis of Deviated Rod-pumping Well. J.P.T. 1992(6):771-781.
[33] 李子丰，等．定向水平井油杆抽有系统动态参数诊断和预测的数学模型．大庆石油学院学报，1994(1)．
[34] 刘庆吉，宋考平．水平井有杆泵诊断模型．石油学报，18(1)，1997：133-136．
[35] 曲俊仁，徐兆强．长冲程稠油高气油比抽油泵的研制与现场试验．石油矿场机械，20(1)，1991：33—35．
[36] 钟功祥，梁政，等．水平井抽油泵的研制及应用．西南石油学院学报，19(3)，1997：64-69．
[37] 唐奕．CYBS系列防砂卡抽油泵在白色油田的应用．石油机械，27(9)，1999：22-23．
[38] 沈迪成，等．抽油泵．北京：石油工业出版社．1994．
[39] 刘文章．高粘原油机械开采工艺研究．石油钻采工艺．1982(3)．
[40] Vogel J.V. Inflow Performance Relationships for Solution Gas Drive Wells. J. Pet Tech January, 1968:83-92.
[41] Richarson M. and Shaw A.H. Two Rate IPR Testing-A Practical Production Tool. JCPT, 1982:57-61.
[42] 布雷德利H．B．著，张柏年，周世贤，等译．石油工程手册(上册)．
北京：石油工业出版社，1992：169-190．
[43] 陈家琅．石油气液两相管流．北京：石油工业出版社，1989：129-130．
[44] 熊友明．低压抽油间歇抽油设计研究．西南石油学院学报．17(3)，1995：92-96．
[45] 李虎君，王立军．抽油机井合理沉没度的优化方法及其应用．大庆石油学院学报，18(3)，1994：22-24．
[46] 李冬平．油杆抽油系统杆柱动态特性的预测与计算机仿真．西安理工大学硕士论文，2003．
[47] 刘宏昭，饶建华，等．有杆抽油系统效率仿真与评价研究报告．2003．
[48] R.W. hornbeck. Numerical Method. Prentice-Hall Inc, Englewood cliffs, Jew Jersey, 1975:88-289.
[49] S.G. Gibbs. Method of determination Sucker Rod Pump Performance U.S. Patent 3,343,409, Sept 26,1967.
[50] T. A. Everit and J. W. Jennings. An Improved Finite Deference Calculation of Down-hole Dynamometer card for Sucker Rod Pumps. SPE 18189.
[51] 张琪，吴晓东．抽油机井计算机诊断技术及其应用．华东石油学院学报(自然科学板)，8(2)，1984：144-159．
[52] M. J. BASTIAN. A Two Equation Method for Calculating Down hole Dynamometer cards with a study of Damping Effects. M.S. Thesis, Texas A&M University, College station, Texas, Dec. 1989.
[53] 余国安，高国华．利用示功图计算抽油井阻尼系数．石油钻采工艺，1991(5)：57—64．
[54] 曹钧合．抽油杆柱动态方程等效粘滞阻力系数的确定．石油钻采工艺．(2)，1988．
[2] 万邦烈．采油机械的设计计算．北京：石油工业出版社，1988．
[3] 崔振华，余国安．有杆抽油系统．北京：石油工业出版社，1994．
[4] 路懿，杨育林，等．强度多级抽油杆参数和有效冲程计算．石油机械，25(4)，1997：34-39．
[5] 许亚芬，崔振华．玻璃钢抽油杆柱的设计与应用．大庆石油学院学报，25(12)，2001：79-81．
[6] 吴则中，田丰，等．玻璃钢抽油杆的发展及应用．石油矿场机械，20(2)，1991：36-44．
[7] Reynolds M．M．玻璃纤维抽油杆设计依据 石油矿场机械，19(5)，1990：19-25．
[8] Jennings J. W, Laine R.E. Method for Designing Fiberglass Sucker Rod String Using API RP 11L. SPE PROD ENG V6, NO1, 1991:115-119, SPE18188.
[9] 盛曾顺，王奕兰．杆管系统弹性伸缩对抽油泵泵效的影响．石油机械，1991(8)35-38．
[10] 潘良田．抽油泵漏失量计算方法的商讨．石油机械，17(4)1989：39-43．
[11] 梁政．关于抽油泵环隙漏失量计算方法的探讨．西南石油学院学报，14(1)，1992：49-54．
[12] 刘荣辉．杆式抽油泵漏失量与最佳泵隙的计算．石油机械，20(10)，1992：17-22．
[13] 钟兵，周开吉．整筒管式抽油泵环隙漏失量计算模型的完善．石油机械，23(11)1995：1-5．
[14] 王克亮，王夭凤．计算油杆泵充满系数的一种新方法．钻采工艺，19(5)1996：38-42．
[15] 胡永全，吴志均．排水采气中深井泵的充满系数．钻采工艺，18(4)，1995：38-40．
[16] 刘润华，钱占军．有杆抽油泵充满系数的测量．工业仪表与自动化装置，1999(4)：41-42．
[17] Evinger H.H., Muskat M. Calculation of Theoretical Productivity Factors, Trans. AIME. (1942)146,127-139.
[18] Fatkovich M.J. The Isochronal Testing of Oil Wells, Paper SPE4529, 1973.
[19] Cheng A.M. Inflow Performance Relationships for Solution-Gas-Drive Slanted/Horizontal WelIs. SPE 20792, 1989.
[20] Wiggins M. L., et al. Analytical Development of Vogel-Type inflow Performance Relationships. SPE 23580,1992.
[21] Kabir C. S. Inflow Performance of Slanted and Horizontal Wells in Solution Gas Drive Reservoirs. SPE 24056,1992.
[22] Dietz D. N. Determination of Average Reservoir Pressure from Build-Up Surveys, JPr(Aug. 1965)995.
[23] 刘想平．水平井向井流动态关系及其应用，CNPC石油勘探开发研究院，博士论文，1998．
[24] Wiggins M．L．Et al．Analytical Development of Vogel Type Inflow Performance Relationships，SPE 23580，1992．
[25] 陈元千．油气藏工程计算方法．北京：石油工业出版社，1990：1-11．
[26] S.G. Gibbs. Predication the Behavior of Suck-Rod Pumping System. J.P.T.,1963.
[27] S.G. Gibbs. A General Method for Predicting Rod Pumping System Performance. SPE6850,1977.
[28] S.G. Gibbs. A Review of Methods for Design and Analysis of Rod Pumping Installation. SPE9980, 1982.
[29] Doty D.R. An Improved Model for Suck Rod pumping. SPEI0245, 1882.
[30] Chacin J.E., etc. A new Model for studying oil Well Pumping Installation. SPE16918, 1987.
[31] Lea J.F. Boundary Condition Used with Dynamic Method of Beam Pump Performance. SPE88, 1988.
[32] S.G. Gibbs. Design and Diagnosis of Deviated Rod-pumping Well. J.P.T. 1992(6):771-781.
[33] 李子丰，等．定向水平井油杆抽有系统动态参数诊断和预测的数学模型．大庆石油学院学报，1994(1)．
[34] 刘庆吉，宋考平．水平井有杆泵诊断模型．石油学报，18(1)，1997：133-136．
[35] 曲俊仁，徐兆强．长冲程稠油高气油比抽油泵的研制与现场试验．石油矿场机械，20(1)，1991：33—35．
[36] 钟功祥，梁政，等．水平井抽油泵的研制及应用．西南石油学院学报，19(3)，1997：64-69．
[37] 唐奕．CYBS系列防砂卡抽油泵在白色油田的应用．石油机械，27(9)，1999：22-23．
[38] 沈迪成，等．抽油泵．北京：石油工业出版社．1994．
[39] 刘文章．高粘原油机械开采工艺研究．石油钻采工艺．1982(3)．
[40] Vogel J.V. Inflow Performance Relationships for Solution Gas Drive Wells. J. Pet Tech January, 1968:83-92.
[41] Richarson M. and Shaw A.H. Two Rate IPR Testing-A Practical Production Tool. JCPT, 1982:57-61.
[42] 布雷德利H．B．著，张柏年，周世贤，等译．石油工程手册(上册)．
北京：石油工业出版社，1992：169-190．
[43] 陈家琅．石油气液两相管流．北京：石油工业出版社，1989：129-130．
[44] 熊友明．低压抽油间歇抽油设计研究．西南石油学院学报．17(3)，1995：92-96．
[45] 李虎君，王立军．抽油机井合理沉没度的优化方法及其应用．大庆石油学院学报，18(3)，1994：22-24．
[46] 李冬平．油杆抽油系统杆柱动态特性的预测与计算机仿真．西安理工大学硕士论文，2003．
[47] 刘宏昭，饶建华，等．有杆抽油系统效率仿真与评价研究报告．2003．
[48] R.W. hornbeck. Numerical Method. Prentice-Hall Inc, Englewood cliffs, Jew Jersey, 1975:88-289.
[49] S.G. Gibbs. Method of determination Sucker Rod Pump Performance U.S. Patent 3,343,409, Sept 26,1967.
[50] T. A. Everit and J. W. Jennings. An Improved Finite Deference Calculation of Down-hole Dynamometer card for Sucker Rod Pumps. SPE 18189.
[51] 张琪，吴晓东．抽油机井计算机诊断技术及其应用．华东石油学院学报(自然科学板)，8(2)，1984：144-159．
[52] M. J. BASTIAN. A Two Equation Method for Calculating Down hole Dynamometer cards with a study of Damping Effects. M.S. Thesis, Texas A&M University, College station, Texas, Dec. 1989.
[53] 余国安，高国华．利用示功图计算抽油井阻尼系数．石油钻采工艺，1991(5)：57—64．
[54] 曹钧合．抽油杆柱动态方程等效粘滞阻力系数的确定．石油钻采工艺．(2)，1988．