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湘鄂西区块构造演化及其对油气聚集的控制作用
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摘要
论文通过对湘鄂西区块及邻区中生代以来的构造变形样式、火山活动、层序地层格架、充填序列、物源、沉积物碎屑组构等方面的资料分析,结合秦岭—大别造山带及江南造山带研究成果,从岩石圈尺度,从壳幔相互作用与盆山共轭、互为一体的角度,开展了湘鄂西区块区域构造特征、构造演化特征,主要构造样式及形成的动力学背景,构造热事件与油气形成的关系等方面的深入研究,结合石油地质学的研究,提出了研究区下一步油气勘探的方向。论文取得以下认识:
     1.研究区处于特殊的大地构造部位,地台演化的时代较长,形成了一套稳定的地台型沉积,为油气的形成提供了前提条件。经历了多期次、多方向的构造作用,引起地壳演化不均一,形成研究区多种构造样式。研究区主要的构造样式是在燕山期形成的,但也受到了基底构造的直接影响,所以比较复杂。其构造样式可以分为挤压块断、伸展断块、逆冲褶皱三种基本类型。研究区地壳演化经历了早元古代-晚元古代早期的地槽构造层的形成、震旦-志留纪的发生扬子陆块发生整体稳定沉降的地台发育阶段,发生裂解、坳陷作用,形成浅海沉积的泥盆纪-中三叠世的后地台阶段,以及晚三叠世以来发生差异块断作用的构造活化阶段。
     2.热演化年龄值从198.4±10.4~58.0±7.6Ma,说明研究区自中生代以来,至少发生过三次明显的构造热事件:它们分别发生在198Ma左右(印支期)、154Ma左右(燕山期)、70Ma左右(早第三世)。代表了印支燕山期以来经历的构造改造时代。
     3.从本区生、储、盖、保及构造条件诸方面进行综合分析评价,认为下组合为主要的烃源岩,花果坪复向斜、桑植—石门复向斜、宜都—鹤峰复背斜为最有利的3个构造单元,提出2种不同类型的成藏预测区。本区内油气保存单元具有上、下两个组合,4个保存单元系列,总体分为3个保存条件区,其中花果坪复向斜宣恩地区以北为有利保存单元区,五峰、庙岭及磺厂—桥头一带为较有利保存单元区。
     4.数值模拟揭示,研究区中生代以来盆山体系演化受控于统一的动力学系统,是统一动力学系统在不同地质历史时期耦合作用的结果。印支—早燕山挤压期主要受控于华北与华南陆块间的陆陆碰撞作用,晚燕山—喜山伸展期受控于太平洋板块的俯冲及随后的地幔调整作用。
     5.根据油气地质条件和构造改造的研究,提出湘鄂西区块下古生界油气勘探集中在花果坪复向斜、宜都—鹤峰复背斜、桑植—石门复向斜、秭归复向斜四个区块(带),并分别进行评价及预测。
Based on the systematic analysis of the styles of tectonic deformation , volcanic activities , sequence stratigraphical framework, sediment filling sequence, sediment provenance and clastic fabric et al. since Mesozoic in western Hunan-Hubei and the adjacent areas, added with the studies on Qinling-Dabie and Jiangnan orogenic belts, this paper mainly focuses on the characteristics of the regional tectonics and its evolution, the main structure styles and geodynamics of their formation, tectonic geothermal events and the influence on hydrocarbon formation in the area, from the view of lithosphere scale, crust-mantle interaction and basin-range coupling. In combination with the studies on petroleum geology, this paper proposed the potential exploration prospects in this area, and the main conclusions are as the followings:
     1. Particular tectonic setting, longtime evolution of the platform, stable deposition of platform-type favor the formation of hydrocarbon. Experiencing tectonics of multiple stages and directions which resulted in heterogeneous crustal evolution, this area is characterized by multiple structure styles. Forming during Yanshanian period and influenced by the basement tectonics, the main structure styles in the research area are subdivided into three types—compressive fault block, extensional fault block, and thrust fold. The crustal evolution experienced three stages: a) stage of platform development, which occurred geosynclinal structural layer during early to late Proterozoic, and whole stable subsidence of Yangtze block from Sinian to Silurian period; b) stage of post platform, which occurred Yangtze block extension, splitting, depressing, and forming marine deposit in Devonian to middle Triassic; and c) stage of tectonic activization, which occurred differential blocks restricted by faults since late Triassic.
     2. The age of geothermal evolution that ranged from 198.4±10.4 to 58.0±7.6Ma, indicates that at least three obvious tectonic thermal events have respectively occurred since Mesozoic: 198 Ma (Indosinian), 154Ma (Yanshanian), and 70 Ma (early Tertiary), which accordingly represented the ages of tectonic reconstruction since Indosinian-Yanshanian.
     3. Based on the comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the generation-reservoir-caprock, preservation and the structural conditions, the lower assemblage (Sinian to Silurian system) is thought to be the dominant source rock. Huaguoping synclinore, Sangzhi-Shimen synclinore and Yidu-Hefeng anticliorium are the three favorite structural units. Furthermore, two different types of the hydrocarbon reservoir are also proposed in this paper. The hydrocarbon preservation system is composed of two assemblages (A and B, vertically). The system includes four preserving unit series, which generally distribute in three preservation areas. To the north of Xuan'en in Huaguopin synclinore is the best unit for hydrocarbon preservation, and Wufeng, Miaoling, and Huangchang-Qiaotou zones take the second place.
     4. Numerical simulation shows that the evolution of basin-range system since Mesozoic is controlled by the uniform geodynamic system, and is the result of the coupling of the uniform geodynamics at different geological periods: Indosinian-early Yanshanian compressive stage was mainly controlled by the collision of North China and South China blocks, and late Yanshanian-Himalayan extensional stage mainly controlled by the subduction of Pacific Plate and the succedent mantle readjustment.
     5. According to the studies on petroleum geology and tectonic reconstruction, this paper proposed that the potential hydrocarbon exploration prospects in Lower Paleozoic in western Hunan-Hubei should focus in Huaguoping synclinore, Yidu-Hefeng anticliorium, Sangzhi-shimen synclinore, Zigui synclinore.
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