垮落法残采区上行开采层间岩层移动变形规律数值模拟研究
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摘要
两层煤之间的层间岩层结构及其移动规律是上行开采可行性判定和制定开采控制措施的重要依据。原有的上行开采研究基本停留在利用层间距判断上行开采可行性的阶段,没有考虑上行开采的动态过程,因此只有对上、下煤层开采共同作用下层间岩层,尤其是控制层的应力及移动变形规律进行研究,才能完整的描述上行开采岩层移动的本质过程,对上行开采可行性进行判定,并在此基础上制定上行开采的岩层控制措施。
本文在工程实践基础上,应用连续介质快速拉格朗日差分法建立模型,在自重荷载形成初始应力场作用下进行模拟施工,并设置监控点监控模型应力及位移量。模拟结果表明：下层煤采后,控制层形成以两侧实体煤为弹性支承的梁结构,应力沿梁连续传递,形成应力拱,控制层之下岩层所受压应力相对较小,并与控制层间发生离层；上行开采初期,原外应力拱拱脚处应力由上层煤采场上部新形成的梁结构承担,造成上层煤采面前支撑压力集中,并随采面向前移动,该支撑压力由内应力拱承担并转移给拱脚,内应力拱也随采面前移；上行开采过程中,控制层在支撑压力作用下向下移动,而控制层下部的岩层在自重及水平方向应力作用下移动；在垂直方向压应力随上层煤采面向前移动之后,控制层转为横向移动,横向上控制层与下部岩层发生相向错动,与上部岩层发生同向错动,纵向上控制层与下部岩层的离层量进一步扩大；上行开采结束后,控制层下部岩层松散率转小,各岩层之间离层现象变小,最大位移增量点控制层比非控制层更为向前,这其中控制层的位移增量始终最小
本文在以上工作的基础上,通过对不同的层间岩层组合模型的分析对比发现：层间岩层存在有效控制层时,控制层和其上部岩层的应力较大,位移量较小；层间岩层缺失有效控制层时,岩层移动量明显增大,并导致上层煤顶板岩层整体下移,最大位移量是有控制层存在时的3～4倍。
为了了解上行开采前后煤层的赋存情况及层间岩层的完整情况,本文应用瞬变电磁法分别在上行开采前后进行了探测尝试。勘探结果表明：未进行上行开采时,下层煤采空区出现明显的高阻反映,控制层、上层煤及采空区两侧实体围岩视电阻率相对较低,结构基本保持完整；上行开采结束后,层间岩层局部在垮塌岩体动载荷作用下出现不同程度的错断,控制层大部分区域与上下采空区相比视电阻率仍较低,保持相对完整,暂时并没有出现大范围的冒落。
通过钻孔和开采过程中探巷点对层间岩层和围岩进行观测发现：下层煤底板石灰岩(控制层)下部出现采动裂隙,但控制层不失宏观整体性；岩层间有离层现象发生；上层煤因为失去压应力变得比原来要松软,下层煤采空区中央为较平缓的下沉盆地；开采时,工作面未出现大面积的片帮现象,矿压显现不剧烈。钻探结果与勘探结果和数值模拟结果基本一致。
The structure, movement and deformation of rock strata between coal seams are the key factor of the feasibility study in upper mining and working on control measure. Original theory and traditional methods base the feasibility of upper mining mostly on the vertical spacing of coal seams, but not dynamic process of upper mining. Consequently, we should strengthen the study on the movement and deformation of the rock strata between coal seams, only in this way can intrinsic process of upward mining be completely described, and on this basis, the feasibility of upward mining can be judged further, and the control measure can be formulated more fully.
In this paper, the model is established on the practical mining. Considering the initial stress field formed by the weight load, the upward mining is simulated by numerical simulation software. The monitory points are set up to monitor the movement and stress in model. Based on the results of numerical simulation, the control layer forms a beam structure which is supported by rock strata, and along which the stress deliver as a arch, and under which the stress is smaller, the rock strata separates with the control layer. At the beginning of upward, the stress in outside stress arch feet is bore by new beam structure forms over the roof of upper coal, and it makes the stress concentrate in the front of the upper coal face, and move with the upper coal face. The stress is supported by stress arch which move forward too, and transferred to the arch feet. In the process of upward mining, the control layer moves down under the stress, contrary, the lower rock stratum move under dead weight and horizontal stress. After the vertical stress move forward, the control layer turn to horizontal migration, and occur opposite dislocations with lower lay and coincidental dislocations with upper lay horizontal. The bed separations enlarge more. After upward mining, the diffuse indications of rock stratum under control layer diminish. The maximum displacement increment points of the control layer move forward, and the maximum displacement increment of the control layer is least from beginning to end.
On the basis of study above, through the research of different models which are created by changing the group of the rock strata between coal seams, the stress of control layer and upper layer is bigger, but movement is lesser when there is control layer in the rock strata between coal seams, contrary, when there is no control layer, the movement of rock stratum increased obviously, and is 3～4 times when there is control layer.
For further details, the transient electromagnetic method is used to prospect the situation of goaf and integrality of the rock strata between coal seams. Before upward mining, the lower goaf exist high resistance, but the control layer and surrounding rock show lower resistance because the structure of which is whole in the main. After upward mining, the rock strata between coal seams appear varying degrees of fracture in part, but the resistance of it in most part is lower than which of goaf. There is no wide range of collapse in control layer.
As the results of drilling and tunnel detection, there is mining fissure under control layer which remain macroscopical completeness. There is separation between layers. Upper coal become loose because of leaving stress. The rock stratums appear as a basin in the middle of lower goaf. In the process of upward mining, there is no wide range of collapse and violent pressure stress at the mining face. The results of drilling agree with the results of mathematical model and practical mining.
本文在工程实践基础上,应用连续介质快速拉格朗日差分法建立模型,在自重荷载形成初始应力场作用下进行模拟施工,并设置监控点监控模型应力及位移量。模拟结果表明：下层煤采后,控制层形成以两侧实体煤为弹性支承的梁结构,应力沿梁连续传递,形成应力拱,控制层之下岩层所受压应力相对较小,并与控制层间发生离层；上行开采初期,原外应力拱拱脚处应力由上层煤采场上部新形成的梁结构承担,造成上层煤采面前支撑压力集中,并随采面向前移动,该支撑压力由内应力拱承担并转移给拱脚,内应力拱也随采面前移；上行开采过程中,控制层在支撑压力作用下向下移动,而控制层下部的岩层在自重及水平方向应力作用下移动；在垂直方向压应力随上层煤采面向前移动之后,控制层转为横向移动,横向上控制层与下部岩层发生相向错动,与上部岩层发生同向错动,纵向上控制层与下部岩层的离层量进一步扩大；上行开采结束后,控制层下部岩层松散率转小,各岩层之间离层现象变小,最大位移增量点控制层比非控制层更为向前,这其中控制层的位移增量始终最小
本文在以上工作的基础上,通过对不同的层间岩层组合模型的分析对比发现：层间岩层存在有效控制层时,控制层和其上部岩层的应力较大,位移量较小；层间岩层缺失有效控制层时,岩层移动量明显增大,并导致上层煤顶板岩层整体下移,最大位移量是有控制层存在时的3～4倍。
为了了解上行开采前后煤层的赋存情况及层间岩层的完整情况,本文应用瞬变电磁法分别在上行开采前后进行了探测尝试。勘探结果表明：未进行上行开采时,下层煤采空区出现明显的高阻反映,控制层、上层煤及采空区两侧实体围岩视电阻率相对较低,结构基本保持完整；上行开采结束后,层间岩层局部在垮塌岩体动载荷作用下出现不同程度的错断,控制层大部分区域与上下采空区相比视电阻率仍较低,保持相对完整,暂时并没有出现大范围的冒落。
通过钻孔和开采过程中探巷点对层间岩层和围岩进行观测发现：下层煤底板石灰岩(控制层)下部出现采动裂隙,但控制层不失宏观整体性；岩层间有离层现象发生；上层煤因为失去压应力变得比原来要松软,下层煤采空区中央为较平缓的下沉盆地；开采时,工作面未出现大面积的片帮现象,矿压显现不剧烈。钻探结果与勘探结果和数值模拟结果基本一致。
The structure, movement and deformation of rock strata between coal seams are the key factor of the feasibility study in upper mining and working on control measure. Original theory and traditional methods base the feasibility of upper mining mostly on the vertical spacing of coal seams, but not dynamic process of upper mining. Consequently, we should strengthen the study on the movement and deformation of the rock strata between coal seams, only in this way can intrinsic process of upward mining be completely described, and on this basis, the feasibility of upward mining can be judged further, and the control measure can be formulated more fully.
In this paper, the model is established on the practical mining. Considering the initial stress field formed by the weight load, the upward mining is simulated by numerical simulation software. The monitory points are set up to monitor the movement and stress in model. Based on the results of numerical simulation, the control layer forms a beam structure which is supported by rock strata, and along which the stress deliver as a arch, and under which the stress is smaller, the rock strata separates with the control layer. At the beginning of upward, the stress in outside stress arch feet is bore by new beam structure forms over the roof of upper coal, and it makes the stress concentrate in the front of the upper coal face, and move with the upper coal face. The stress is supported by stress arch which move forward too, and transferred to the arch feet. In the process of upward mining, the control layer moves down under the stress, contrary, the lower rock stratum move under dead weight and horizontal stress. After the vertical stress move forward, the control layer turn to horizontal migration, and occur opposite dislocations with lower lay and coincidental dislocations with upper lay horizontal. The bed separations enlarge more. After upward mining, the diffuse indications of rock stratum under control layer diminish. The maximum displacement increment points of the control layer move forward, and the maximum displacement increment of the control layer is least from beginning to end.
On the basis of study above, through the research of different models which are created by changing the group of the rock strata between coal seams, the stress of control layer and upper layer is bigger, but movement is lesser when there is control layer in the rock strata between coal seams, contrary, when there is no control layer, the movement of rock stratum increased obviously, and is 3～4 times when there is control layer.
For further details, the transient electromagnetic method is used to prospect the situation of goaf and integrality of the rock strata between coal seams. Before upward mining, the lower goaf exist high resistance, but the control layer and surrounding rock show lower resistance because the structure of which is whole in the main. After upward mining, the rock strata between coal seams appear varying degrees of fracture in part, but the resistance of it in most part is lower than which of goaf. There is no wide range of collapse in control layer.
As the results of drilling and tunnel detection, there is mining fissure under control layer which remain macroscopical completeness. There is separation between layers. Upper coal become loose because of leaving stress. The rock stratums appear as a basin in the middle of lower goaf. In the process of upward mining, there is no wide range of collapse and violent pressure stress at the mining face. The results of drilling agree with the results of mathematical model and practical mining.
引文
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