供应链技术创新协同研究
|
摘要
在全球化和知识经济的背景下,单一的企业或公司的有限资源己无法满足技术创新的要求,在供应链的框架内开展技术创新协同已经成为技术密集型企业及其所在产业链的迫切要求。但是,就供应链技术创新协同的具体内容来看,无论从协同行为层面还是从协同绩效层面都缺乏系统地分析和总结,这对于指导企业开展技术创新协同行为、促进产业集成创新能力的全面提升、有效发挥供应链本身的协同效应都产生了十分不利的影响。这种不利的影响一方面体现在企业缺乏开展协同行为的具体指导;另一方面体现在企业难以获得较好的技术创新协同绩效。基于此,本文运用技术创新理论、供应链管理理论、产业组织理论和制度创新等理论,结合博弈论和数理统计学等定量分析工具,运用定性研究、定量建模研究和实证研究等方法,对供应链技术创新协同问题进行系统的理论和实证研究。
本文在对国内外相关研究进行综述的基础上,首先,构建了供应链技术创新协同研究的理论框架,重点对协同规划和协同实施两部分内容进行研究,解决了“是否协同”和“如何协同”两大关键问题;其次,运用博弈论和产业组织理论等方法对典型的供应链技术创新协同的契约设计问题定量建模分析;然后,建立供应链技术创新协同的测度框架和绩效评价体系,在此基础上,结合理论研究框架,以长三角为研究对象进行实证研究,对我国开展供应链技术创新协同的现状进行描述分析,并对协同行为和协同绩效展开因素分析。
在实证研究的基础上,本文提出以下结论:
(1)供应链技术创新协同具有强烈的自推动性,即协同动力主要来自产品技术和供应链自身发展的要求。
供应链上的企业进行技术创新协同动因来自于许多方面,但不同动因对协同的绩效推动存在着差异。企业参与供应链技术创新协同的主要动因包括产品和技术本身的要求、降低不确定性和风险、发挥资源和能力的互补效应、供应链专业化和一体化的推动。但是,不同协同动因会对供应链技术创新协同的绩效产生影响。当企业进行协同的动力来自于“产品和技术本身的要求”或“充分利用供应链的资源和能力”时,其协同绩效较好。。
(2)产业特点、企业所处供应链的环境以及协同动因是影响企业是否参与供应链技术创新协同决策的主要外部因素。
其中决定企业是否参与供应链技术创新协同最重要的因素是产业技术的复杂程度,其次是供应链的复杂程度和协同动因。阻碍更多企业参与供应链技术创新协同的主要顾虑来自技术泄漏风险、实施难度和协同利益分配三大方面
(3)产业集聚程度、创新项目的技术密集程度、技术复杂程度、供应链复杂程度和协同伙伴选择五项协同基础条件均会对协同的最终绩效产生重要影响。
其中,技术复杂程度因素对协同绩效的影响是非线性的,即协同绩效在技术复杂程度水平处于“比较高”时具有最佳绩效,而在技术复杂程度处于“很高”和“一般”水平时较低。
(4)在协同的实施过程中,协同的激励机制、协同的运作和协调机制对协同绩效有重大影响。其中,协同的投入和利益分配机制是供应链技术创新协同的核心机制所在;知识技术的转移和交换机制对协同绩效的影响有待进一步研究;而协同的组织形式的差别并未对协同绩效产生明显的影响。
With the development of globalization and knowledge economy, enterprise can hardly accomplish technological innovation simply by itself. Technology-intensive industries and enterprises within have exigent requirement on technological innovation collaboration in the frame of supply chain. However, there are few systematic studies related either to collaboration behavior or collaboration performance. It encumbers the upgrade of industries’competence on intensive innovation, while hampers to bring collaborative effect in supply chain. On the one hand, enterprises’behaviors are short of specific instruction. On the other hand, a high collaboration performance can hardly be achieved on a supply chain without related studies. Accordingly, this paper apply theories of technological innovation, supply chain management and industry organization etc., combine with methods including game theory and statistics analysis, research the specific contents of technological innovation collaboration on supply chain both in theoretical and empirical ways.
Based on related literature review, firstly, this paper constructs a theoretical frame work of technological innovation collaboration on supply chain, focuses on plan stage and implement stage of collaboration, makes answers to two crucial questions---“Collaborate or Not?”and“How to Collaborat”; secondly, a game theory model is developed to analyze classical contract design question; thirdly, this paper constructs a performance measurement and evaluation system, and based on this system, an empirical study on Yangzi Rive Delta is finally accomplished.
The main conclusions of this dissertation are as follows:
(1) Technological innovation collaboration on supply chain are mainly motivated by technology and supply chain itself.
Several motivations is observed to promote enterprise to participate in technological innovation collaboration on supply chain, while different motivations lead to inequable collaboration performance.
The main motivations of enterprises’participation in technological innovation collaboration on supply chain are“requirement of product or technology itself”,“to degrade uncertainty and risk”,“pool effect of source and capacity in supply chain”and“drive from integration and specialization of supply chain”. However, different motivations will lead to discrepant collaboration performance. The better collaboration performance comes from the motivation“requirement of product or technology itself”and“pool effect of source and capacity in supply chain”. It can be explained that the collaboration conduct are mainly motivated by technology and supply chain itself.
(2) The characteristics of industry, supply chain environment and collaboration motivation are main outer factors in the enterprises’decision of whether participate in collaboration or not.
The most important factor is industry technology complication, next factors are supply chain complexity and collaboration motivation. Worries, which will encumber enterprises’collaboration behavior, can be concluded in three aspects: technology leakage, implementary difficulty and unfair distribution of collaboration interest.
(3) Industry intensity, technology intensity of innovation project, technology complication, supply chain complexity and collaboration partner have important effects on collaboration performance.
Wherein, the factor of technology intensity affects collaboration performance in a nonlinear way.
(4) Consider the implement process, the promoting mechanism and operation & coordinating mechanism of collaboration have important effect on collaboration performance. Wherein, the allotment mechanism of input and output is the core mechanism of technological innovation collaboration on supply chain. The performance effect of knowledge and technology transfer mechanism needs a farther research. While, the different organization forms of collaboration do not lead to evident diversity in performance.
本文在对国内外相关研究进行综述的基础上,首先,构建了供应链技术创新协同研究的理论框架,重点对协同规划和协同实施两部分内容进行研究,解决了“是否协同”和“如何协同”两大关键问题;其次,运用博弈论和产业组织理论等方法对典型的供应链技术创新协同的契约设计问题定量建模分析;然后,建立供应链技术创新协同的测度框架和绩效评价体系,在此基础上,结合理论研究框架,以长三角为研究对象进行实证研究,对我国开展供应链技术创新协同的现状进行描述分析,并对协同行为和协同绩效展开因素分析。
在实证研究的基础上,本文提出以下结论:
(1)供应链技术创新协同具有强烈的自推动性,即协同动力主要来自产品技术和供应链自身发展的要求。
供应链上的企业进行技术创新协同动因来自于许多方面,但不同动因对协同的绩效推动存在着差异。企业参与供应链技术创新协同的主要动因包括产品和技术本身的要求、降低不确定性和风险、发挥资源和能力的互补效应、供应链专业化和一体化的推动。但是,不同协同动因会对供应链技术创新协同的绩效产生影响。当企业进行协同的动力来自于“产品和技术本身的要求”或“充分利用供应链的资源和能力”时,其协同绩效较好。。
(2)产业特点、企业所处供应链的环境以及协同动因是影响企业是否参与供应链技术创新协同决策的主要外部因素。
其中决定企业是否参与供应链技术创新协同最重要的因素是产业技术的复杂程度,其次是供应链的复杂程度和协同动因。阻碍更多企业参与供应链技术创新协同的主要顾虑来自技术泄漏风险、实施难度和协同利益分配三大方面
(3)产业集聚程度、创新项目的技术密集程度、技术复杂程度、供应链复杂程度和协同伙伴选择五项协同基础条件均会对协同的最终绩效产生重要影响。
其中,技术复杂程度因素对协同绩效的影响是非线性的,即协同绩效在技术复杂程度水平处于“比较高”时具有最佳绩效,而在技术复杂程度处于“很高”和“一般”水平时较低。
(4)在协同的实施过程中,协同的激励机制、协同的运作和协调机制对协同绩效有重大影响。其中,协同的投入和利益分配机制是供应链技术创新协同的核心机制所在;知识技术的转移和交换机制对协同绩效的影响有待进一步研究;而协同的组织形式的差别并未对协同绩效产生明显的影响。
With the development of globalization and knowledge economy, enterprise can hardly accomplish technological innovation simply by itself. Technology-intensive industries and enterprises within have exigent requirement on technological innovation collaboration in the frame of supply chain. However, there are few systematic studies related either to collaboration behavior or collaboration performance. It encumbers the upgrade of industries’competence on intensive innovation, while hampers to bring collaborative effect in supply chain. On the one hand, enterprises’behaviors are short of specific instruction. On the other hand, a high collaboration performance can hardly be achieved on a supply chain without related studies. Accordingly, this paper apply theories of technological innovation, supply chain management and industry organization etc., combine with methods including game theory and statistics analysis, research the specific contents of technological innovation collaboration on supply chain both in theoretical and empirical ways.
Based on related literature review, firstly, this paper constructs a theoretical frame work of technological innovation collaboration on supply chain, focuses on plan stage and implement stage of collaboration, makes answers to two crucial questions---“Collaborate or Not?”and“How to Collaborat”; secondly, a game theory model is developed to analyze classical contract design question; thirdly, this paper constructs a performance measurement and evaluation system, and based on this system, an empirical study on Yangzi Rive Delta is finally accomplished.
The main conclusions of this dissertation are as follows:
(1) Technological innovation collaboration on supply chain are mainly motivated by technology and supply chain itself.
Several motivations is observed to promote enterprise to participate in technological innovation collaboration on supply chain, while different motivations lead to inequable collaboration performance.
The main motivations of enterprises’participation in technological innovation collaboration on supply chain are“requirement of product or technology itself”,“to degrade uncertainty and risk”,“pool effect of source and capacity in supply chain”and“drive from integration and specialization of supply chain”. However, different motivations will lead to discrepant collaboration performance. The better collaboration performance comes from the motivation“requirement of product or technology itself”and“pool effect of source and capacity in supply chain”. It can be explained that the collaboration conduct are mainly motivated by technology and supply chain itself.
(2) The characteristics of industry, supply chain environment and collaboration motivation are main outer factors in the enterprises’decision of whether participate in collaboration or not.
The most important factor is industry technology complication, next factors are supply chain complexity and collaboration motivation. Worries, which will encumber enterprises’collaboration behavior, can be concluded in three aspects: technology leakage, implementary difficulty and unfair distribution of collaboration interest.
(3) Industry intensity, technology intensity of innovation project, technology complication, supply chain complexity and collaboration partner have important effects on collaboration performance.
Wherein, the factor of technology intensity affects collaboration performance in a nonlinear way.
(4) Consider the implement process, the promoting mechanism and operation & coordinating mechanism of collaboration have important effect on collaboration performance. Wherein, the allotment mechanism of input and output is the core mechanism of technological innovation collaboration on supply chain. The performance effect of knowledge and technology transfer mechanism needs a farther research. While, the different organization forms of collaboration do not lead to evident diversity in performance.
引文
[1]蔡兵.高技术竞争时代的企业战略联盟.广东人民出版社,1999,第88页.
[2]曹青洲,王志辉,王振江.企业集成创新.北京:学林出版社,2001年06月.
[3]陈剑,冯蔚东.虚拟企业构建与管理.清华大学出版社,2002.
[4]陈劲,王芳瑞.中国企业技术和市场协同创新机制初探——基于“环境-管理-创新不确定性”的变量相关分析.科学学研究,2006,24(4):629-634.
[5]陈劲著.永续发展:企业技术创新透析.北京:科学出版社,2001.
[6]樊治平,索玮岚.协同知识创新中的协同关系风险因素识别方法.系统管理学报, 2008, 1:60-65.
[7]傅家骥.企业继续前进的动力——技术创新.中国软科学,1995,8:94-96.
[8]国家标准《物流术语》(GB/T18354.2001).中国标准出版社,2001.
[9]何晓群.刘文卿,应用回归分析,中国人民大学出版社,2001年.
[10]何勇,赵林度,何炬.供应链协同创新管理模式研究.管理科学, 2007, 5:9-13.
[11]霍沛军,陈剑.两层供应链中的上游R&D补贴策略,清华大学学报, 2007,43(10):1297-1300.
[12]姜铁虎.供应链运作参考模型(SCOR)简介[DB]. http: //www. boraid.com/2003/11/18.
[13]李垣,汪应洛.关于企业技术创新模式的探讨.科学管理研究,1994, 2: 42-45.
[14]李莉等.虚拟企业伙伴选择中的多目标决策问题,计算机集成制造系统,2002, 8(2):91-94.
[15]李龙一.虚拟创新:未来技术创新的主导模式.科学学研究,2001,19(3):108-112.
[16]李兆友.论技术创新主体间的协同.系统辩证学学报,2000,4:51-55.
[17]路甬祥.面向战略需求,推进集成创新.机电工程技术,2002,1:2-4.
[18]马庆国.管理统计,科学出版社,2002: 320.
[19]马士华,林勇,陈志祥.供应链管理.北京,机械工业出版社,2000.
[20]慕玲,路风.集成创新的要素.中国软科学,2003,11:105-111.
[21]彭纪生.中国技术协同创新论.北京:中国经济出版社,2000年l0月.
[22]彭纪生,吴林海,论技术协同创新模式及建构.研究与发展管理, 2000,12(5):12-16.
[23]彭本红,周叶.企业协同创新中机会主义行为的动态博弈与防范对策.管理评论, 2008, 20(9): 3-8.
[24]张巍,张旭梅,肖剑.供应链企业间的协同创新及收益分配研究.研究与发展管理, 2008, 20(4): 81-88.
[25]司春林,段秉乾,钱桂生.供应链上下游企业合作研发模式选择——宝钢-大众激光拼焊项目案例分析.研究与发展管理,2005,(2):77～82.
[26]王黎萤,陈劲,杨幽红.技术标准战略、知识产权战略与技术创新协同发展关系研究.辽宁科技参考, 2006,2,14-17.
[27]王力民.企业内外部知识共享与创新的协同发展模式研究.情报科学, 2008, 8:987-989,999.
[28]汪应洛.系统工程,机械工业出版社,1999, P:192-200.
[29]万幼清,邓明然.基于知识视角的产业集群协同创新绩效分析.科学学与科学技术管理, 2008, 2:88-91.
[30]吴冰,基于知识创新的供应链柔性研究[D1 .同济大学博士论文,2005.3
[31]吴冰等.供应链协同知识创新的激励设计.科学学与科学技术管理, 2008, 7:120-124.
[32]吴贵生,李纪珍.技术创新网络和技术外包.研究与发展管理, 2000,21(4):33-43.
[33]吴杰,胡达沙,李勇军.科技型中小企业技术创新的外部资源协同研究.科技管理研究, 2005, 11,171-174.
[34]向晋乾,黄培清,郭玉明.企业集团内部供应链知识的协同机制研究.情报科学, 2005,23(12),1881-1887.
[35]易余胤,肖条军,盛昭瀚.合作研发中机会主义行为的演化博弈分析.管理科学学报,2005,8(4):80—83.任景鸾,顾培亮.基于复杂理论的创新系统研究.科学学研究, 2002,20(4),437-440.
[36]解学梅,曾赛星.科技产业集群持续创新系统运作机理:一个协同创新观.科学学研究, 2008, 4:838-845,778.
[37]徐纪厂.产业集聚形成机理问题研究,中国人民出版社. 2006.
[38]许庆瑞,朱凌,王方瑞.从研发一营销的整合到技术创新一市场创新的协同.科研管理, 2006,27(2),23-31.
[39]许庆瑞,郑刚.组合协同创新:基于协调观的技术创新新模式.自然辩证法研究, 2001(增刊),22-27.
[40]于忠阳,论技术创新组织及其演化,东北大学博士论文,2002
[41]袁付礼,喻红阳.协作产品创新平台及其构建.当代经济, 2005,7, 78-79.
[42]郑刚等.全面协同创新:一个五阶段全面协同过程模型——基于海尔集团的案例研究.管理工程学报, 2008, 2:24-30.
[43]钟晓班.创新过程的协同模拟.管理科学文摘, 1999年04期.
[44]朱祖平.企业协同创新系统概念模型初探[C].中国首届青年技术创新论坛,2003.
[45] Neil Rackham著,苏怡仲译,《合作竞争大未来》,北京经济管理出版社,1998, P: 1,111,146.
[46] Abdullah S., Mohamed Zairi, Abdel Moneim M. Ahmed. Extending the concept of supply chain: the effective management of value chains. Int. J. Production Economics, 2004, 87:309-320.
[47] Abraham L. Wickelgren. Innovation, market structure and the holdup problem: investment incentives and coordination. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 2004, 22(5): 693-713.
[48] Anand, B.N., Khanna, T. Do firms learn to create value? The case of alliances. Strategic Management Journal, 2000, 21: 295–315.
[49] Anon. Developing innovation networks- the art of interorganisational collaboration in high-technology innovation. Research-Technology Management, 2007, 50(2): 71-71.
[50] Ard-Pieter de Man and Geert Duysters. Collaboration and innovation: a review of the effects of mergers, acquisitions and alliances on innovation. Technovation, 2005, 25(12): 1377-1387.
[51] Asheim T. Interactive, Innovation, systems and SME Policy. Paper presented on the IGU Commission on the Organization of Industrial Space residential conference, Gothenburg, Sweden, 1998 August.
[52] Axel Volkery, Darren Swanson, Klaus Jacob, Francois Bregha and LászlóPintér, 2006. Coordination, Challenges, and Innovations in 19 National Sustainable Development Strategies. World Development 34(12): 2047-2063.
[53] Beamon B.M.. Measuring Supply Chain Performance. International Journal of Operations and Production Management. 1999,19 (3):275-292.
[54] Bechtel, C. , and Jayaram, J. Supply Chain Management: A Strategic Perspective[J].International Journal of Logistics Management, 1997(1): 15-34.
[55] Bensaou, M., Anderson, Erin. Buyer-Supplier Relations in Industrial Markets: When do Buyers Risk Making Idiosyncratic Investments? Organization Science, 1999, 10: 460-481.
[56] Bowon Kim. Coordinating an innovation in supply chain management. European Journal of Operational Research, 2000, 12(3): 568-584.
[57] Bowersox, D.J., Closs, D.J. and Keller, S.B. How supply chain competency leads to business success. Supply Chain Management Review, 2000, 4: 70-77.
[58] Braithwaite A. Understanding e- business in the supply chain. Logistics & Transport Focus, 2001, 3 (3):32-38.
[59] Bruno Versaevel. Co-ordination costs and vertical integration in production franchise networks: a common agency model. Research in Economics, 2002, 56(2): 157-186.
[60] Buraj Patrakosol and David L. Olson. How interfirm collaboration benefits IT innovation. Information & Management, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 17 November 2006.
[61] Butchart R. A new definition oft he high-tech industries. Economic Review, 1987(2):400.
[62] Callon, M. L’innovation technologique et ses mythes. Annales des Mines Gérer et Comprendre, 1994, 3: 5–17.
[63] Caridi, M., Cigolini, R., De Marco, D. Improving supply-chain collaboration by linking intelligent agents to CPFR. International Journal of Production Research, 2005, 43: 4191-4218.
[64] Carlile P.R. Transferring, translating, and transforming: an integrative framework for managing knowledge across boundaries. Organization Science, 2004, 15 (5): 555–568.
[65] Chakrabarti, A., Hauschildt, J., Sueverkruep, C. Does it pay to acquire technological firms? R&D Management, 1994, 24: 47–56.
[66] Christy D.P., Grout J R. Safeguarding supply chain relationships. Int. J. of Production Economics, 1994, 36: 233-242.
[67] Chwo-Ming Joseph Yu1, Tsai-Ju Liao, Zheng-Dao Lin. Formal governance mechanisms, relational governance mechanisms, and transaction-specific investments in supplier–manufacturer relationships. Industrial Marketing Management, 2006. 35: 128– 139.
[68] Collins, L. UK R&D collaboration venture takes innovation challenge to China. Research-Technology Management, 2008, 51(4): 2-3.
[69] Corbett, C., DeCroix, G. Shared savings contracts for indirect materials in supply chains: Channel profits and environmental impacts. Management Science , 2001, 47: 881–893.
[70] Cosimano, Thomas F. The Incentive to Adopt Cost Reducing Innovation in the Presence of a Non-Linear Demand Curve. Southern Economic Journal, 2001, 48: 97-104.
[71] Cowan, R; Jonard, N; Zimmermann, JB. Bilateral collaboration and the emergence of innovation networks. Management Science, 2007, 53(7): 1051-1067.
[72] Crista Souza. Supply chain collaboration remains low priority[DB]. http://www.my-esm. com/2003/9/29.
[73] Davenport, Tom H. and Prusak, Lary.Blow up the corporate library.International Journal of Information Management.Kidlington, 1993, 13 (6): 405—412.
[74] Douglas M. Lambert, Martha C. Cooper, Janus D. Pagh,“Supply Chain Management: Implementation Issues and Research Opportunities”, The International Journal of Logistics Management, 1998, 9(2): 2.
[75] Duysters, G. The Dynamics of Technical Innovation: The Evolution and Development of Information Technology. Edward Elgar Publishers, Cheltenham., 1996.
[76] Duysters, G., Man, A.P. de. Transitory alliances: an instrument for surviving turbulent industries?. R&D Management, 2003, 33 (1): 49–58.
[77] Duysters, G., Hagedoorn, J. Core competences and company performance in the world-wide computer industry. Journal of High Technology Management Research, 2000, 11 (1): 75–91.
[78] Dyer, J.H., Ouchi, W.G.. Japanese-style partnerships: Giving companies a competitive edge. Sloan Management Review, 1993, 35: 51-63.
[79] Fisher, M.L. What is the right supply chain for your product? Harvard Business Review, 1997, 75: 105-120.
[80] Franko, L.G. Global corporate competition: who’s winning, who’s losing, and the R&D factor as a reason why. Strategic Management Journal, 1989, 10: 111-123.
[81] Frédéric Bougrain and Bernard Haudeville. Innovation, collaboration and SMEs internal research capacities. Research Policy, 2002, 31(5): 735-747.
[82] Fusfeld, H.I. The Technical Enterprise. Ballinger Publishing, Cambridge, MA, 1986.
[83] Gerpott, T.J. Successful integration of R&D functions after acquisition: an exploratory empirical study. R&D Management, 1995, 25: 161–178.
[84] Grandstrand, O., Bohlin, E., Oskarsson, C., Sjoberg, N. External technology acquisition in large multi-technology corporations. R&D Management, 1992. 22: 111–133.
[85] Gray et al., Gray, D.O., Lindblad, M., Rudolph, J. University-based industrial research consortia: a multivariate analysis of member retention. Journal of Technology Transfer, 2001, 26 (3): 247–254.
[86] Gündüz Ulusoy. An assessment of supply chain and innovation management practices in the manufacturing industries in Turkey. International Journal of Production Economics, 2003. 86(3): 251-270.
[87] Hagedoorn, J. Strategic technology partnering during the 1980s: trends, networks and corporate patterns in non-core technologies. Research Policy, 1995, 24: 207–231.
[88] Hagedoorn, J., Osborn, R.N. The institutionalization and evolutionary dynamics of inter-organizational alliances and networks. Academy of Management Journal, 1997, 40: 261–279.
[89] Hagedoorn, J., Schakenraad, J. The effect of strategic technology alliances on company performance. Strategic Management Journal, 1994, 15 (3): 291–309.
[90] Ha Jin Hwang. Modeling virtual network collaboration in supply chain management. O.Gervasi et al. (Eds): ICCSA 2005,LNCS 3481: 304-313.
[91] Harryson, S; Kliknaite, S; Dudkowski, R. Flexibility in innovation through external learning: exploring two models for enhanced industry-university collaboration. International Journal Of Technology Management, 2008, 41: 1-2.
[92] Hatch N.W., Mowery D.C. Process innovation and learning by doing in semiconductor manufacturing, Management Science, 1998, 44 (11): 1461–1472.
[93] Herguera Inigo and Lutz Stefan H. The effect of subsidies to product innovation on international competition. Economics of Innovation & New Technology, 2003, 12, 465-480.
[94] Hitt, M.A., Hoskisson, E.R., Ireland, J.S., Harrison, J.S. Effects of acquisitions on R&D inputs and outputs. Academy of Management Journal, 1991, 34: 693–706.
[95] Hau L. Lee, and Corey Billington. The Evolution of Supply Chain Management Models and Practice at Hewlett Packard. 5 September-October, 1995, Interfaces 25: 42-63.
[96] Iansiti, Marco; West, Jonathan. Technology Integration: Turning Great Research into Great Products.Harvard Business Review, 1997, 75(3): 6-14.
[97] Imail, K and Y, Baba. Systemic innovation and cross-border networks: Transcending markets and hierarchies to create a new techno-economic system, OEC(1991),Paris.
[98] Irwin, D., Klenow, P. High-tech R&D subsidies-estimating the effects of SEMATECH. Journal of International Economics, 1996, 40: 323–344.
[99] Iyer, A.V., Bergen, M.E. Quick response in manufacturer retailer channels. Management Science, 1997, 43 (4): 559-570.
[100] Jayashankar M. Swaminathan, Stephen F. Smith, and Norman M. Sadeh. A Multi Agent Framework for Modeling Supply Chain Dynamics. Technical Report, The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, 1996.
[101] J. Stevens. Integrating the Supply Chain. International Journal of Physical Distribution and Materials Management, 1989, 19(8):3-8.
[102] Kanter, R M. Innovation--the only hope for times ahead? Nurs Econ, 1985, 3: 178-182.
[103] Kazuyuki Motohashi. University–industry collaborations in Japan: The role of new technology-based firms in transforming the National Innovation System. Research Policy, 2005, 34(5): 583-594.
[104] Kekre, S., Murthi, B.P.S., Srinivasan, K. Operating decisions, supplier availability and quality: An empirical study. Journal of Operations Management, 1995, 12: 387-396.
[105] Kendall W. Artz. Buyer-Supplier Performance: The Role of Asset Specificity, Reciprocal Investments and Relational Exchange. British Journal of Management, 1999, 10: 113-126.
[106] Kleinknecht, A., Reijnen, J.O.N. Why do firms co-operate on R&D? An empirical study. Research Policy, 1992, 21: 347–360.
[107] Kline, S.J. and Rosenberg, N. An Overview of Innovation in the positive sum strategy: Harnessing Technology for Economic Growth, Washington, D.C, National Academy Press, 1986: 275-306.
[108] Kotzab, H., and Schnedlitz, P.: Retailing, Don’t Forget it in Your Supply Chain Management Concept[J]. Journal für Betriebswirtschaft, 1999(4):140–153.
[109] Lane, P.J., Lubatkin, M. Relative absorptive capacity and interorganizational learning. Strategic Management Journal, 1998, 19: 461–477.
[110] Larsson, R., Bengtsson, L., Henriksson, K., Sparks, J. The interorganizational learningdilemma: collective knowledge development in strategic alliances. Organization Science, 1998, 9: 285–305.
[111] Lee, H.L., Padmanabhan, V. and Whang, S. The bullwhip effect in supply chains. Sloan Management Review, 1997, 38: 93-102.
[112] Loof, Hans; Heshmati, Almas. On the relationship between innovation and performance: A sensitivity analysis. Economics of Innovation & New Technology, 2006, 15: 317-344.
[113] Loof, H. Multinational enterprises and innovation: firm level evidence on spillover via R&D collaboration. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 2009, 19(1): 41-71.
[114] Malone, T.W., Crowston, K.G. The interdisciplinary study of coordination. ACM Computing Surveys, 1994, 26(1): 87-119
[115] Marceau J.The Disappearing Trick: Clusters in the Australian Economy, Paper presented at the OECD-workshop on cluster analysis and cluster based policy, Amsterdam, 10-11 October, 1997.
[116] Malecki, E.J., Tootle, D.M. The role of networks in small firm competitiveness. International Journal of Technology Management, 1996, 11: 43–57.
[117] Malone, T.W., Crowston, K.G. The interdisciplinary study of coordination. ACM Computing Surveys, 1994, 26 (1): 87-119.
[118] Mansfield, E. Patents and Innovation - An Empirical-Study. Management Science, 1986, 32(2): 173-181.
[119] Mentzer, J.M., Min, S. and Zacharia, Z.G.. The nature of interfirm partnering in supply chain management. Journal of Retailing, 2000, 76: 549-68.
[120] Microsoft. Chain collaboration[DB]. http//www. webdataaccess. com, 2002/10/25.
[121] Nerkar A., Paruchuri S.. Evolution of R&D capabilities: the role of knowledge networks within a firm. Management Science, 2005, 51 (5): 771–785.
[122] Nunnally, J.C. Psychometric theory, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1978.
[123] Pam Westaway. Supply Chain Collaboration[DB]. http: //www.citi.org.za. 2003/4/11.
[124] Peter J. Metz. Demystifying Supply Chain Management. http://www. manufacturing g.net/magazine/ logistic/archives/1998 /scmr/myst.html
[125] Piore M J, Sabel C F. The Second Industrial Divide: Possibilities for Prosperity. NewYork: Basic Books,1990.
[126] Porter, M.E. The Competitive Advantage of Nations. MacMillan, London, 1990.
[127] Porter M E. Cluster and the new economics of competition. Harvard Business Review. 1998, 76(11/12): 77-90.
[128] Powell, W.W., Koput, K.W., Smith-Doerr, L. Interorganizational collaboration and the locus of control of innovation: networks of learning in biotechnology. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1996, 41 (1): 116–145.
[129] Qingyu Zhang; Jeen-Su Lim; Mel Gao. Innovation-driven learning in new product development: a conceptual model. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 2004, 104: 252-261.
[130] Rachel Cooper, Andrew B. Wootton. Requirements capture: theory and practice. Technovation, 1988, 18(8): 69-75.
[131] Ram Ganeshan, Eric Jack, M.J. Magazine and Paul Stephens. A Taxonomic Review of Supply Chain Management Research. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002: 839-879.
[132] Rebecca Grenga-DeFilippo. Innovation, integration, and collaboration. The Case Manager , 1997, 8 (5): 57-62.
[133] Rose-Anderssen, C.; Allen, P.M. Diversity and learning for innovation: dialogue for collaboration Journal of Management Development, 2008: 307-27.
[134] Rosenfeld, S.A. Does co-operation enhance competitiveness? Assessing the impacts of inter-firm collaboration. Research Policy, 1996, 25: 247–263.
[135] Rothwell, R. Successful industrial innovation: critical factors for the 1990's. R&D Management, 1992, 22: 221-239.
[136] Rothwell, Roy. Towards the Fifth-generation Innovation Process. International Marketing Review, 1994, 11(1): 7-25.
[137] Rowley, T., Behrens, D., Krackhardt, D. Redundant governance structures: an analysis of structural and relational embeddedness in the steel and semiconductor industries. Strategic Management Journal, 2000, 21: 369–386.
[138] Sakakibara, M. Heterogeneity of firm capabilities and co-operative research and development: an empirical examination. StrategicManagement Journal, 1997, 18 (S1): 143–164.
[139] Schilling, MA; Phelps, CC. Interfirm collaboration networks: The impact of large-scale network structure on firm innovation. Management Science, 2007, 53(7): 1113-1126.
[140] Schmookler, J. Invention and Economic Growth, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, M.A, 1966.
[141] Sebastian J, Garcia Dastugue. Internet-enabled coordination in the supply chain. Industrial Marketing Management, 2003, 32: 252-263
[142] Senker, J. Networks tacit knowledge in innovation. Economies et Sociétés, 1995, 29 (9): 99–118.
[143] Sharma A. Collaborative product innovation: integrating elements of CPI via PLM framework. Computer-Aided Design, 2005, 37: 1425–1434
[144] Simatupang, T.M. and Sridharan, R. A benchmarking scheme for supply chain collaboration. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 2004, 11: 9-30.
[145] Sood, Ashish; Tellis, Gerard J. Technological Evolution and Radical Innovation. Journal of Marketing, 2005, 69: 152-168.
[146] Soosay, CA; Hyland, PW; Ferrer, M. Supply chain collaboration: capabilities for continuous innovation. Supply Chain Management-An International Journal,2008, 13(2): 160-169.
[147] Stephen M. Gilbert and Viswanath Cvsa. Strategic commitment to price to stimulate downstream innovation in a supply chain. European Journal of Operational Research, 2003, 150: 617–639.
[148] Suh, Taewon, Kwon, Ik-Whan G.. Matter over mind: When specific asset investment affects calculative trust in supply chain partnership. Industrial Marketing Management, 2006, 35: 191-201.
[149] Supply Chain council. Supply chain operations Reference-Model Overview version 6.1. 2004.
[150] Svein Ulset. R&D outsourcing and contractual governance: An empirical study of commercial R&D projects. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organisation, 1996, 30: 63-82.
[151] Takeishi, A. Bridging inter- and intra-firm boundaries: management of supplier involvement in automobile product development. Strategic Management Journal, 2001, 22: 403–433.
[152] Teck-Yong Eng and Veronica Wong. Governance mechanisms and relationship productivity in vertical coordination for new product development. Technovation, 2006, 26(7): 761-769.
[153] Togar M. Simatupang, Ramaswami Sridharan. An integrative framework for supply chain collaboration. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 2005, 16: 257-274.
[154] Togar M. Simatupang, Ramaswami Sridharan. The collaboration index: a measure for supply chain collaboration. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 2005, 35: 44-62.
[155] T. William, Walker, Alber. Understanding Supply Chain Management. APICS. TPA , 1999, 99(l):75-77.
[156] Vanhaverbeke, W., Duysters, G., Noorderhaven, N. External sourcing through alliances or acquisitions: an analysis of the application specific integrated circuits industry. Organization Science, 2002, 13 (6): 714–733.
[157] Von Hippel, E. The Sources of Innovation. Oxford University Press, New York, 1988.
[158] Wanzhen Huang, Shanling Li. Selection of suppliers considering the learning effect and technology improvement. International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making, 2003, 2: 71-92.
[159] Wells, R.M.J. The product innovation process: Are managing information flows and cross-functional collaboration key? Academy of Management Perspectives, 2008, 22(1): 58-60.
[160] William J. Baumol. When is inter-firm coordination beneficial? The case of innovation. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 2001, 19(5): 727-737.
[161] Williamson, O.E. Markets and Hierarchies. The Free Press, New York, 1975.
[162] Williamson, O.E. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. The Free Press, New York, 1985.
[163] Yves L. Doz. Paul M. OLK, & Peter Smith Ring, Formation Processes of R&D Consortia: Which Path to Take? Where does It Lead?, Strategic Management Journal, 2000, 21:239-266.
[164] Zeller. C. Clustering Biotech: A Recipe for Success? Spatial Patterns of Growth of Biotechnology in Munich, Rhineland and Hamburg. Small Business Economics. 2001(2):1.
[2]曹青洲,王志辉,王振江.企业集成创新.北京:学林出版社,2001年06月.
[3]陈剑,冯蔚东.虚拟企业构建与管理.清华大学出版社,2002.
[4]陈劲,王芳瑞.中国企业技术和市场协同创新机制初探——基于“环境-管理-创新不确定性”的变量相关分析.科学学研究,2006,24(4):629-634.
[5]陈劲著.永续发展:企业技术创新透析.北京:科学出版社,2001.
[6]樊治平,索玮岚.协同知识创新中的协同关系风险因素识别方法.系统管理学报, 2008, 1:60-65.
[7]傅家骥.企业继续前进的动力——技术创新.中国软科学,1995,8:94-96.
[8]国家标准《物流术语》(GB/T18354.2001).中国标准出版社,2001.
[9]何晓群.刘文卿,应用回归分析,中国人民大学出版社,2001年.
[10]何勇,赵林度,何炬.供应链协同创新管理模式研究.管理科学, 2007, 5:9-13.
[11]霍沛军,陈剑.两层供应链中的上游R&D补贴策略,清华大学学报, 2007,43(10):1297-1300.
[12]姜铁虎.供应链运作参考模型(SCOR)简介[DB]. http: //www. boraid.com/2003/11/18.
[13]李垣,汪应洛.关于企业技术创新模式的探讨.科学管理研究,1994, 2: 42-45.
[14]李莉等.虚拟企业伙伴选择中的多目标决策问题,计算机集成制造系统,2002, 8(2):91-94.
[15]李龙一.虚拟创新:未来技术创新的主导模式.科学学研究,2001,19(3):108-112.
[16]李兆友.论技术创新主体间的协同.系统辩证学学报,2000,4:51-55.
[17]路甬祥.面向战略需求,推进集成创新.机电工程技术,2002,1:2-4.
[18]马庆国.管理统计,科学出版社,2002: 320.
[19]马士华,林勇,陈志祥.供应链管理.北京,机械工业出版社,2000.
[20]慕玲,路风.集成创新的要素.中国软科学,2003,11:105-111.
[21]彭纪生.中国技术协同创新论.北京:中国经济出版社,2000年l0月.
[22]彭纪生,吴林海,论技术协同创新模式及建构.研究与发展管理, 2000,12(5):12-16.
[23]彭本红,周叶.企业协同创新中机会主义行为的动态博弈与防范对策.管理评论, 2008, 20(9): 3-8.
[24]张巍,张旭梅,肖剑.供应链企业间的协同创新及收益分配研究.研究与发展管理, 2008, 20(4): 81-88.
[25]司春林,段秉乾,钱桂生.供应链上下游企业合作研发模式选择——宝钢-大众激光拼焊项目案例分析.研究与发展管理,2005,(2):77～82.
[26]王黎萤,陈劲,杨幽红.技术标准战略、知识产权战略与技术创新协同发展关系研究.辽宁科技参考, 2006,2,14-17.
[27]王力民.企业内外部知识共享与创新的协同发展模式研究.情报科学, 2008, 8:987-989,999.
[28]汪应洛.系统工程,机械工业出版社,1999, P:192-200.
[29]万幼清,邓明然.基于知识视角的产业集群协同创新绩效分析.科学学与科学技术管理, 2008, 2:88-91.
[30]吴冰,基于知识创新的供应链柔性研究[D1 .同济大学博士论文,2005.3
[31]吴冰等.供应链协同知识创新的激励设计.科学学与科学技术管理, 2008, 7:120-124.
[32]吴贵生,李纪珍.技术创新网络和技术外包.研究与发展管理, 2000,21(4):33-43.
[33]吴杰,胡达沙,李勇军.科技型中小企业技术创新的外部资源协同研究.科技管理研究, 2005, 11,171-174.
[34]向晋乾,黄培清,郭玉明.企业集团内部供应链知识的协同机制研究.情报科学, 2005,23(12),1881-1887.
[35]易余胤,肖条军,盛昭瀚.合作研发中机会主义行为的演化博弈分析.管理科学学报,2005,8(4):80—83.任景鸾,顾培亮.基于复杂理论的创新系统研究.科学学研究, 2002,20(4),437-440.
[36]解学梅,曾赛星.科技产业集群持续创新系统运作机理:一个协同创新观.科学学研究, 2008, 4:838-845,778.
[37]徐纪厂.产业集聚形成机理问题研究,中国人民出版社. 2006.
[38]许庆瑞,朱凌,王方瑞.从研发一营销的整合到技术创新一市场创新的协同.科研管理, 2006,27(2),23-31.
[39]许庆瑞,郑刚.组合协同创新:基于协调观的技术创新新模式.自然辩证法研究, 2001(增刊),22-27.
[40]于忠阳,论技术创新组织及其演化,东北大学博士论文,2002
[41]袁付礼,喻红阳.协作产品创新平台及其构建.当代经济, 2005,7, 78-79.
[42]郑刚等.全面协同创新:一个五阶段全面协同过程模型——基于海尔集团的案例研究.管理工程学报, 2008, 2:24-30.
[43]钟晓班.创新过程的协同模拟.管理科学文摘, 1999年04期.
[44]朱祖平.企业协同创新系统概念模型初探[C].中国首届青年技术创新论坛,2003.
[45] Neil Rackham著,苏怡仲译,《合作竞争大未来》,北京经济管理出版社,1998, P: 1,111,146.
[46] Abdullah S., Mohamed Zairi, Abdel Moneim M. Ahmed. Extending the concept of supply chain: the effective management of value chains. Int. J. Production Economics, 2004, 87:309-320.
[47] Abraham L. Wickelgren. Innovation, market structure and the holdup problem: investment incentives and coordination. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 2004, 22(5): 693-713.
[48] Anand, B.N., Khanna, T. Do firms learn to create value? The case of alliances. Strategic Management Journal, 2000, 21: 295–315.
[49] Anon. Developing innovation networks- the art of interorganisational collaboration in high-technology innovation. Research-Technology Management, 2007, 50(2): 71-71.
[50] Ard-Pieter de Man and Geert Duysters. Collaboration and innovation: a review of the effects of mergers, acquisitions and alliances on innovation. Technovation, 2005, 25(12): 1377-1387.
[51] Asheim T. Interactive, Innovation, systems and SME Policy. Paper presented on the IGU Commission on the Organization of Industrial Space residential conference, Gothenburg, Sweden, 1998 August.
[52] Axel Volkery, Darren Swanson, Klaus Jacob, Francois Bregha and LászlóPintér, 2006. Coordination, Challenges, and Innovations in 19 National Sustainable Development Strategies. World Development 34(12): 2047-2063.
[53] Beamon B.M.. Measuring Supply Chain Performance. International Journal of Operations and Production Management. 1999,19 (3):275-292.
[54] Bechtel, C. , and Jayaram, J. Supply Chain Management: A Strategic Perspective[J].International Journal of Logistics Management, 1997(1): 15-34.
[55] Bensaou, M., Anderson, Erin. Buyer-Supplier Relations in Industrial Markets: When do Buyers Risk Making Idiosyncratic Investments? Organization Science, 1999, 10: 460-481.
[56] Bowon Kim. Coordinating an innovation in supply chain management. European Journal of Operational Research, 2000, 12(3): 568-584.
[57] Bowersox, D.J., Closs, D.J. and Keller, S.B. How supply chain competency leads to business success. Supply Chain Management Review, 2000, 4: 70-77.
[58] Braithwaite A. Understanding e- business in the supply chain. Logistics & Transport Focus, 2001, 3 (3):32-38.
[59] Bruno Versaevel. Co-ordination costs and vertical integration in production franchise networks: a common agency model. Research in Economics, 2002, 56(2): 157-186.
[60] Buraj Patrakosol and David L. Olson. How interfirm collaboration benefits IT innovation. Information & Management, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 17 November 2006.
[61] Butchart R. A new definition oft he high-tech industries. Economic Review, 1987(2):400.
[62] Callon, M. L’innovation technologique et ses mythes. Annales des Mines Gérer et Comprendre, 1994, 3: 5–17.
[63] Caridi, M., Cigolini, R., De Marco, D. Improving supply-chain collaboration by linking intelligent agents to CPFR. International Journal of Production Research, 2005, 43: 4191-4218.
[64] Carlile P.R. Transferring, translating, and transforming: an integrative framework for managing knowledge across boundaries. Organization Science, 2004, 15 (5): 555–568.
[65] Chakrabarti, A., Hauschildt, J., Sueverkruep, C. Does it pay to acquire technological firms? R&D Management, 1994, 24: 47–56.
[66] Christy D.P., Grout J R. Safeguarding supply chain relationships. Int. J. of Production Economics, 1994, 36: 233-242.
[67] Chwo-Ming Joseph Yu1, Tsai-Ju Liao, Zheng-Dao Lin. Formal governance mechanisms, relational governance mechanisms, and transaction-specific investments in supplier–manufacturer relationships. Industrial Marketing Management, 2006. 35: 128– 139.
[68] Collins, L. UK R&D collaboration venture takes innovation challenge to China. Research-Technology Management, 2008, 51(4): 2-3.
[69] Corbett, C., DeCroix, G. Shared savings contracts for indirect materials in supply chains: Channel profits and environmental impacts. Management Science , 2001, 47: 881–893.
[70] Cosimano, Thomas F. The Incentive to Adopt Cost Reducing Innovation in the Presence of a Non-Linear Demand Curve. Southern Economic Journal, 2001, 48: 97-104.
[71] Cowan, R; Jonard, N; Zimmermann, JB. Bilateral collaboration and the emergence of innovation networks. Management Science, 2007, 53(7): 1051-1067.
[72] Crista Souza. Supply chain collaboration remains low priority[DB]. http://www.my-esm. com/2003/9/29.
[73] Davenport, Tom H. and Prusak, Lary.Blow up the corporate library.International Journal of Information Management.Kidlington, 1993, 13 (6): 405—412.
[74] Douglas M. Lambert, Martha C. Cooper, Janus D. Pagh,“Supply Chain Management: Implementation Issues and Research Opportunities”, The International Journal of Logistics Management, 1998, 9(2): 2.
[75] Duysters, G. The Dynamics of Technical Innovation: The Evolution and Development of Information Technology. Edward Elgar Publishers, Cheltenham., 1996.
[76] Duysters, G., Man, A.P. de. Transitory alliances: an instrument for surviving turbulent industries?. R&D Management, 2003, 33 (1): 49–58.
[77] Duysters, G., Hagedoorn, J. Core competences and company performance in the world-wide computer industry. Journal of High Technology Management Research, 2000, 11 (1): 75–91.
[78] Dyer, J.H., Ouchi, W.G.. Japanese-style partnerships: Giving companies a competitive edge. Sloan Management Review, 1993, 35: 51-63.
[79] Fisher, M.L. What is the right supply chain for your product? Harvard Business Review, 1997, 75: 105-120.
[80] Franko, L.G. Global corporate competition: who’s winning, who’s losing, and the R&D factor as a reason why. Strategic Management Journal, 1989, 10: 111-123.
[81] Frédéric Bougrain and Bernard Haudeville. Innovation, collaboration and SMEs internal research capacities. Research Policy, 2002, 31(5): 735-747.
[82] Fusfeld, H.I. The Technical Enterprise. Ballinger Publishing, Cambridge, MA, 1986.
[83] Gerpott, T.J. Successful integration of R&D functions after acquisition: an exploratory empirical study. R&D Management, 1995, 25: 161–178.
[84] Grandstrand, O., Bohlin, E., Oskarsson, C., Sjoberg, N. External technology acquisition in large multi-technology corporations. R&D Management, 1992. 22: 111–133.
[85] Gray et al., Gray, D.O., Lindblad, M., Rudolph, J. University-based industrial research consortia: a multivariate analysis of member retention. Journal of Technology Transfer, 2001, 26 (3): 247–254.
[86] Gündüz Ulusoy. An assessment of supply chain and innovation management practices in the manufacturing industries in Turkey. International Journal of Production Economics, 2003. 86(3): 251-270.
[87] Hagedoorn, J. Strategic technology partnering during the 1980s: trends, networks and corporate patterns in non-core technologies. Research Policy, 1995, 24: 207–231.
[88] Hagedoorn, J., Osborn, R.N. The institutionalization and evolutionary dynamics of inter-organizational alliances and networks. Academy of Management Journal, 1997, 40: 261–279.
[89] Hagedoorn, J., Schakenraad, J. The effect of strategic technology alliances on company performance. Strategic Management Journal, 1994, 15 (3): 291–309.
[90] Ha Jin Hwang. Modeling virtual network collaboration in supply chain management. O.Gervasi et al. (Eds): ICCSA 2005,LNCS 3481: 304-313.
[91] Harryson, S; Kliknaite, S; Dudkowski, R. Flexibility in innovation through external learning: exploring two models for enhanced industry-university collaboration. International Journal Of Technology Management, 2008, 41: 1-2.
[92] Hatch N.W., Mowery D.C. Process innovation and learning by doing in semiconductor manufacturing, Management Science, 1998, 44 (11): 1461–1472.
[93] Herguera Inigo and Lutz Stefan H. The effect of subsidies to product innovation on international competition. Economics of Innovation & New Technology, 2003, 12, 465-480.
[94] Hitt, M.A., Hoskisson, E.R., Ireland, J.S., Harrison, J.S. Effects of acquisitions on R&D inputs and outputs. Academy of Management Journal, 1991, 34: 693–706.
[95] Hau L. Lee, and Corey Billington. The Evolution of Supply Chain Management Models and Practice at Hewlett Packard. 5 September-October, 1995, Interfaces 25: 42-63.
[96] Iansiti, Marco; West, Jonathan. Technology Integration: Turning Great Research into Great Products.Harvard Business Review, 1997, 75(3): 6-14.
[97] Imail, K and Y, Baba. Systemic innovation and cross-border networks: Transcending markets and hierarchies to create a new techno-economic system, OEC(1991),Paris.
[98] Irwin, D., Klenow, P. High-tech R&D subsidies-estimating the effects of SEMATECH. Journal of International Economics, 1996, 40: 323–344.
[99] Iyer, A.V., Bergen, M.E. Quick response in manufacturer retailer channels. Management Science, 1997, 43 (4): 559-570.
[100] Jayashankar M. Swaminathan, Stephen F. Smith, and Norman M. Sadeh. A Multi Agent Framework for Modeling Supply Chain Dynamics. Technical Report, The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, 1996.
[101] J. Stevens. Integrating the Supply Chain. International Journal of Physical Distribution and Materials Management, 1989, 19(8):3-8.
[102] Kanter, R M. Innovation--the only hope for times ahead? Nurs Econ, 1985, 3: 178-182.
[103] Kazuyuki Motohashi. University–industry collaborations in Japan: The role of new technology-based firms in transforming the National Innovation System. Research Policy, 2005, 34(5): 583-594.
[104] Kekre, S., Murthi, B.P.S., Srinivasan, K. Operating decisions, supplier availability and quality: An empirical study. Journal of Operations Management, 1995, 12: 387-396.
[105] Kendall W. Artz. Buyer-Supplier Performance: The Role of Asset Specificity, Reciprocal Investments and Relational Exchange. British Journal of Management, 1999, 10: 113-126.
[106] Kleinknecht, A., Reijnen, J.O.N. Why do firms co-operate on R&D? An empirical study. Research Policy, 1992, 21: 347–360.
[107] Kline, S.J. and Rosenberg, N. An Overview of Innovation in the positive sum strategy: Harnessing Technology for Economic Growth, Washington, D.C, National Academy Press, 1986: 275-306.
[108] Kotzab, H., and Schnedlitz, P.: Retailing, Don’t Forget it in Your Supply Chain Management Concept[J]. Journal für Betriebswirtschaft, 1999(4):140–153.
[109] Lane, P.J., Lubatkin, M. Relative absorptive capacity and interorganizational learning. Strategic Management Journal, 1998, 19: 461–477.
[110] Larsson, R., Bengtsson, L., Henriksson, K., Sparks, J. The interorganizational learningdilemma: collective knowledge development in strategic alliances. Organization Science, 1998, 9: 285–305.
[111] Lee, H.L., Padmanabhan, V. and Whang, S. The bullwhip effect in supply chains. Sloan Management Review, 1997, 38: 93-102.
[112] Loof, Hans; Heshmati, Almas. On the relationship between innovation and performance: A sensitivity analysis. Economics of Innovation & New Technology, 2006, 15: 317-344.
[113] Loof, H. Multinational enterprises and innovation: firm level evidence on spillover via R&D collaboration. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 2009, 19(1): 41-71.
[114] Malone, T.W., Crowston, K.G. The interdisciplinary study of coordination. ACM Computing Surveys, 1994, 26(1): 87-119
[115] Marceau J.The Disappearing Trick: Clusters in the Australian Economy, Paper presented at the OECD-workshop on cluster analysis and cluster based policy, Amsterdam, 10-11 October, 1997.
[116] Malecki, E.J., Tootle, D.M. The role of networks in small firm competitiveness. International Journal of Technology Management, 1996, 11: 43–57.
[117] Malone, T.W., Crowston, K.G. The interdisciplinary study of coordination. ACM Computing Surveys, 1994, 26 (1): 87-119.
[118] Mansfield, E. Patents and Innovation - An Empirical-Study. Management Science, 1986, 32(2): 173-181.
[119] Mentzer, J.M., Min, S. and Zacharia, Z.G.. The nature of interfirm partnering in supply chain management. Journal of Retailing, 2000, 76: 549-68.
[120] Microsoft. Chain collaboration[DB]. http//www. webdataaccess. com, 2002/10/25.
[121] Nerkar A., Paruchuri S.. Evolution of R&D capabilities: the role of knowledge networks within a firm. Management Science, 2005, 51 (5): 771–785.
[122] Nunnally, J.C. Psychometric theory, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1978.
[123] Pam Westaway. Supply Chain Collaboration[DB]. http: //www.citi.org.za. 2003/4/11.
[124] Peter J. Metz. Demystifying Supply Chain Management. http://www. manufacturing g.net/magazine/ logistic/archives/1998 /scmr/myst.html
[125] Piore M J, Sabel C F. The Second Industrial Divide: Possibilities for Prosperity. NewYork: Basic Books,1990.
[126] Porter, M.E. The Competitive Advantage of Nations. MacMillan, London, 1990.
[127] Porter M E. Cluster and the new economics of competition. Harvard Business Review. 1998, 76(11/12): 77-90.
[128] Powell, W.W., Koput, K.W., Smith-Doerr, L. Interorganizational collaboration and the locus of control of innovation: networks of learning in biotechnology. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1996, 41 (1): 116–145.
[129] Qingyu Zhang; Jeen-Su Lim; Mel Gao. Innovation-driven learning in new product development: a conceptual model. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 2004, 104: 252-261.
[130] Rachel Cooper, Andrew B. Wootton. Requirements capture: theory and practice. Technovation, 1988, 18(8): 69-75.
[131] Ram Ganeshan, Eric Jack, M.J. Magazine and Paul Stephens. A Taxonomic Review of Supply Chain Management Research. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002: 839-879.
[132] Rebecca Grenga-DeFilippo. Innovation, integration, and collaboration. The Case Manager , 1997, 8 (5): 57-62.
[133] Rose-Anderssen, C.; Allen, P.M. Diversity and learning for innovation: dialogue for collaboration Journal of Management Development, 2008: 307-27.
[134] Rosenfeld, S.A. Does co-operation enhance competitiveness? Assessing the impacts of inter-firm collaboration. Research Policy, 1996, 25: 247–263.
[135] Rothwell, R. Successful industrial innovation: critical factors for the 1990's. R&D Management, 1992, 22: 221-239.
[136] Rothwell, Roy. Towards the Fifth-generation Innovation Process. International Marketing Review, 1994, 11(1): 7-25.
[137] Rowley, T., Behrens, D., Krackhardt, D. Redundant governance structures: an analysis of structural and relational embeddedness in the steel and semiconductor industries. Strategic Management Journal, 2000, 21: 369–386.
[138] Sakakibara, M. Heterogeneity of firm capabilities and co-operative research and development: an empirical examination. StrategicManagement Journal, 1997, 18 (S1): 143–164.
[139] Schilling, MA; Phelps, CC. Interfirm collaboration networks: The impact of large-scale network structure on firm innovation. Management Science, 2007, 53(7): 1113-1126.
[140] Schmookler, J. Invention and Economic Growth, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, M.A, 1966.
[141] Sebastian J, Garcia Dastugue. Internet-enabled coordination in the supply chain. Industrial Marketing Management, 2003, 32: 252-263
[142] Senker, J. Networks tacit knowledge in innovation. Economies et Sociétés, 1995, 29 (9): 99–118.
[143] Sharma A. Collaborative product innovation: integrating elements of CPI via PLM framework. Computer-Aided Design, 2005, 37: 1425–1434
[144] Simatupang, T.M. and Sridharan, R. A benchmarking scheme for supply chain collaboration. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 2004, 11: 9-30.
[145] Sood, Ashish; Tellis, Gerard J. Technological Evolution and Radical Innovation. Journal of Marketing, 2005, 69: 152-168.
[146] Soosay, CA; Hyland, PW; Ferrer, M. Supply chain collaboration: capabilities for continuous innovation. Supply Chain Management-An International Journal,2008, 13(2): 160-169.
[147] Stephen M. Gilbert and Viswanath Cvsa. Strategic commitment to price to stimulate downstream innovation in a supply chain. European Journal of Operational Research, 2003, 150: 617–639.
[148] Suh, Taewon, Kwon, Ik-Whan G.. Matter over mind: When specific asset investment affects calculative trust in supply chain partnership. Industrial Marketing Management, 2006, 35: 191-201.
[149] Supply Chain council. Supply chain operations Reference-Model Overview version 6.1. 2004.
[150] Svein Ulset. R&D outsourcing and contractual governance: An empirical study of commercial R&D projects. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organisation, 1996, 30: 63-82.
[151] Takeishi, A. Bridging inter- and intra-firm boundaries: management of supplier involvement in automobile product development. Strategic Management Journal, 2001, 22: 403–433.
[152] Teck-Yong Eng and Veronica Wong. Governance mechanisms and relationship productivity in vertical coordination for new product development. Technovation, 2006, 26(7): 761-769.
[153] Togar M. Simatupang, Ramaswami Sridharan. An integrative framework for supply chain collaboration. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 2005, 16: 257-274.
[154] Togar M. Simatupang, Ramaswami Sridharan. The collaboration index: a measure for supply chain collaboration. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 2005, 35: 44-62.
[155] T. William, Walker, Alber. Understanding Supply Chain Management. APICS. TPA , 1999, 99(l):75-77.
[156] Vanhaverbeke, W., Duysters, G., Noorderhaven, N. External sourcing through alliances or acquisitions: an analysis of the application specific integrated circuits industry. Organization Science, 2002, 13 (6): 714–733.
[157] Von Hippel, E. The Sources of Innovation. Oxford University Press, New York, 1988.
[158] Wanzhen Huang, Shanling Li. Selection of suppliers considering the learning effect and technology improvement. International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making, 2003, 2: 71-92.
[159] Wells, R.M.J. The product innovation process: Are managing information flows and cross-functional collaboration key? Academy of Management Perspectives, 2008, 22(1): 58-60.
[160] William J. Baumol. When is inter-firm coordination beneficial? The case of innovation. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 2001, 19(5): 727-737.
[161] Williamson, O.E. Markets and Hierarchies. The Free Press, New York, 1975.
[162] Williamson, O.E. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. The Free Press, New York, 1985.
[163] Yves L. Doz. Paul M. OLK, & Peter Smith Ring, Formation Processes of R&D Consortia: Which Path to Take? Where does It Lead?, Strategic Management Journal, 2000, 21:239-266.
[164] Zeller. C. Clustering Biotech: A Recipe for Success? Spatial Patterns of Growth of Biotechnology in Munich, Rhineland and Hamburg. Small Business Economics. 2001(2):1.