线性分散码及其在协作分集中的应用研究
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摘要
空时编码技术是多输入多输出（Multiple Input Multiple Output, MIMO）系统中的关键技术之一，为无线通信领域指出了一条利用空间维度来提高系统容量和（或）可靠性的有效途径。为了在某些无法使用多天线的场景中仍旧能够获得MIMO中的技术带来的好处，协作分集技术作为一种新的空间分集技术在近些年来已经成为通信领域的一个研究热点。本文主要对近些年来出现的一种新的空时编码技术－线性分散码（LDC）及其在空时协作分集技术中的应用进行了研究，其主要工作如下：
为了进一步提高正交分组空时码的误码率性能，提出了一种线性分散码和正交分组空时码（OSTBC）相结合的新的空时码架构－线性分散正交分组空时码（LDOSTBC）。在LDOSTBC方案中，数据首先被编码成LDC码字，然后再将编码后的LDC码字分量编码成OSTBC码字。本方案具有很好的误码率性能。和OSTBC方案相比，当采用速率为的MR的LDC时，LDOSTBC方案的性能可以在不降低数据速率的情况下得到提高。如果采用小于速率MR的LDC，在损失一部分速率的情况下LDOSTBC系统性能可以得到大幅度提高，其中M代表系统的发送天线个数，R是系统采用的调制方式的频谱效率。
针对单天线OFDM系统，提出了一种结合线性分散码的传输方案。该方案通过把线性分散码的码字分量在OFDM系统的不相关的子载波上发送，可以得到类似于多天线系统下线性分散码的编码增益与分集增益。分析与仿真结果表明，采用此结合线性分散码的OFDM方案的性能要优于普通的OFDM方案。
在协作分集系统中使用线性分散码进行空时协作，在高速率的情况下，误码率性能要优于传统的正交分组空时码空时协作分集系统。针对选择中继协议，提出了一种线性分散码空时协作方案。该方案通过选择不同码率的线性分散码，可以在误码率性能和频谱效率方面进行折衷。与采用较低码率的线性分散码的系统相比，在源和中继之间的信道状况较好时，采用较高码率的线性分散码可以在牺牲很小的误码率性能的情况下获得更高的频谱效率，使线性分散码空时协作系统具有更高的灵活性。针对放大前传协议，提出了两种基于线性分散码的放大前传协作分集方案。两种方案的主要区别在于中继端的噪声是在线性分散码编码之前还是之后引入的。首先通过理论推导证明了两种方案的误码率性能相同，然后对两种方案的特点进行了分析，指出两种方案在中继端复杂度、协议复杂度和传输速率上各有优缺点。
在空时协作分集系统中，由于不同的协作端所处的地理位置不同，协作端常处于异步状态。解决异步给空时协作带来的影响一般有两种解决方法。一是设计特殊的空时码字结构，二是使用OFDM技术。针对这两种方法，提出了两种消除异步影响的空时协作方案，具体如下：
提出了一种异步情况下的线性分散码空时协作方案。新方案通过在线性分散码的码字之间加入零前缀来抵消异步带来的影响。所加入零前缀的长度由参加协作的各个终端之间的相对时延决定。此外，通过重新构造张量信道状态矩阵，还给出了本方案的一种简单的译码方法。分析与仿真表明，新方案可以很好的在异步情况下工作。
提出了一种OFDMA系统下的线性分散码空时协作方案。在协作第一阶段，该方案根据协作第二阶段将要选用的线性分散码和OFDM子载波之间的非相关性分配子载波，从而使得协作第一阶段的直传信息中线性分散码码字的不同行分量经过不同的衰落。接收端在译码时，利用第一阶段直传信息中的非相关性和第二阶段接收到的空时协作信息合并译码。本方案与传统方案相比，可以进一步降低系统的误码率。
Space-time code is a kind of key technology of Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) system which can provide an efficient way to improve the system capacity and (or) reliability in the wireless communication field by using the space dimensionality. In order to obtain the advantages of MIMO technology in some scenes which could not be deployed with multiple antennas, cooperative diversity technology appeared. As a new spatial diversity technology, cooperative diversity had become a research hotspot in the communication filed in recent years. This dissertation is intended to research the linear dispersion code which apperared in recent years and its application in space-time cooperative diversity technology. The main works of this paper were summarized as follows:
A new architecture of space-time codes as a combination of Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes (OSTBC) and Linear Dispersion Codes was proposed in order to improve the bit error rate (BER) performance of OSTBC. The scheme proposed was named Linear Dispersion Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes (LDOSTBC). In LDOSTBC scheme, firstly, the data was coded into LDC codewords. Then, the coded LDC substreams were coded into OSTBC codewords again. Compared with OSTBC scheme, the performance of LDOSTBC scheme with the rate MR LDC could be improved without decreasing the data rate where M was the number of transmit antennas and R was the spectral efficiency of the modulation constellation. If some rate penalty was allowed, the performance of LDOSTBC with the rate less than LDC could be improved further.
Aiming at single input OFDM system, a new transmission scheme which named virtual LDC was proposed in this paper. The virtual LDC scheme transferred the LDC substreams through the multiple uncorrelated OFDM subchannels which could achieve the coding and diversity advantage as well as LDC in MIMO. It was shown that the virtual LDC scheme could improve the BER performance compared with plain OFDM system.
The BER performance of the space-time cooperative diversity scheme based on LDC overcomes the traditional OSTBC cooperative diversity scheme in high rate system. Contraposing selective relaying protocol, a LDC space-time cooperative diversity scheme was proposed. By selecting different rate liner dispersion code, the scheme could trade off between BER performance and spectral efficiency. Comparing with the system adopting lower rate liner dispersion code, when the channel condition was good enough between the source and relays, the system adopting higher rate liner dispersion code could gain higher spectral efficiency by sacrificing only a little BER performance. Contraposing amplify-and-forward protocol, two kinds LDC space-time cooperative diversity schemes were proposed. The main difference between the schemes was when the noises of the relays were added to the liner dispersion codes, before or after the coding. Firstly, we proved the two schemes have the same BER performance. Secondly, the characteristic of the two schemes was analyzed and concluded that the two schemes had different characteristic in the aspect of complexity and data rate.
In the space-time cooperative diversity system, the cooperative nodes often worked in an asynchronous condition for the different location. Generally speaking, there are two methods to overcome the impact of synchronization. One method is to design special structure of space-time code, the other method is to use the OFDM technology. Aiming at the first method, an asynchronous linear dispersion code (LDC) cooperative diversity scheme was proposed. The new scheme added the zero padding (ZP) between the linear dispersion codeword to mitigate the effect of asynchronism. The length of ZP was decided by the relative timing errors between different relays. An easy decoding method of our scheme by restructuring the stacked channel matrix was also given in this paper. Analysis and simulation showed that the new scheme could work well in asynchronous condition.
Aiming at the second method, a LDC cooperative diversity scheme in OFDMA system was proposed. In this scheme, the subcarriers of the first cooperative phase were allocated according to the structure of liner dispersion code and the uncorrelation of OFDM subcarriers. By this way, the substreams of the liner dispersion code in the different row experienced independent fading. The receiver restructured the receiving information of the first phase to virtual space-time code and combined it with the information of space-time cooperation received during the second phase and decoded. Comparing with traditional strategy, the BER performance was improved further.
为了进一步提高正交分组空时码的误码率性能，提出了一种线性分散码和正交分组空时码（OSTBC）相结合的新的空时码架构－线性分散正交分组空时码（LDOSTBC）。在LDOSTBC方案中，数据首先被编码成LDC码字，然后再将编码后的LDC码字分量编码成OSTBC码字。本方案具有很好的误码率性能。和OSTBC方案相比，当采用速率为的MR的LDC时，LDOSTBC方案的性能可以在不降低数据速率的情况下得到提高。如果采用小于速率MR的LDC，在损失一部分速率的情况下LDOSTBC系统性能可以得到大幅度提高，其中M代表系统的发送天线个数，R是系统采用的调制方式的频谱效率。
针对单天线OFDM系统，提出了一种结合线性分散码的传输方案。该方案通过把线性分散码的码字分量在OFDM系统的不相关的子载波上发送，可以得到类似于多天线系统下线性分散码的编码增益与分集增益。分析与仿真结果表明，采用此结合线性分散码的OFDM方案的性能要优于普通的OFDM方案。
在协作分集系统中使用线性分散码进行空时协作，在高速率的情况下，误码率性能要优于传统的正交分组空时码空时协作分集系统。针对选择中继协议，提出了一种线性分散码空时协作方案。该方案通过选择不同码率的线性分散码，可以在误码率性能和频谱效率方面进行折衷。与采用较低码率的线性分散码的系统相比，在源和中继之间的信道状况较好时，采用较高码率的线性分散码可以在牺牲很小的误码率性能的情况下获得更高的频谱效率，使线性分散码空时协作系统具有更高的灵活性。针对放大前传协议，提出了两种基于线性分散码的放大前传协作分集方案。两种方案的主要区别在于中继端的噪声是在线性分散码编码之前还是之后引入的。首先通过理论推导证明了两种方案的误码率性能相同，然后对两种方案的特点进行了分析，指出两种方案在中继端复杂度、协议复杂度和传输速率上各有优缺点。
在空时协作分集系统中，由于不同的协作端所处的地理位置不同，协作端常处于异步状态。解决异步给空时协作带来的影响一般有两种解决方法。一是设计特殊的空时码字结构，二是使用OFDM技术。针对这两种方法，提出了两种消除异步影响的空时协作方案，具体如下：
提出了一种异步情况下的线性分散码空时协作方案。新方案通过在线性分散码的码字之间加入零前缀来抵消异步带来的影响。所加入零前缀的长度由参加协作的各个终端之间的相对时延决定。此外，通过重新构造张量信道状态矩阵，还给出了本方案的一种简单的译码方法。分析与仿真表明，新方案可以很好的在异步情况下工作。
提出了一种OFDMA系统下的线性分散码空时协作方案。在协作第一阶段，该方案根据协作第二阶段将要选用的线性分散码和OFDM子载波之间的非相关性分配子载波，从而使得协作第一阶段的直传信息中线性分散码码字的不同行分量经过不同的衰落。接收端在译码时，利用第一阶段直传信息中的非相关性和第二阶段接收到的空时协作信息合并译码。本方案与传统方案相比，可以进一步降低系统的误码率。
Space-time code is a kind of key technology of Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) system which can provide an efficient way to improve the system capacity and (or) reliability in the wireless communication field by using the space dimensionality. In order to obtain the advantages of MIMO technology in some scenes which could not be deployed with multiple antennas, cooperative diversity technology appeared. As a new spatial diversity technology, cooperative diversity had become a research hotspot in the communication filed in recent years. This dissertation is intended to research the linear dispersion code which apperared in recent years and its application in space-time cooperative diversity technology. The main works of this paper were summarized as follows:
A new architecture of space-time codes as a combination of Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes (OSTBC) and Linear Dispersion Codes was proposed in order to improve the bit error rate (BER) performance of OSTBC. The scheme proposed was named Linear Dispersion Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes (LDOSTBC). In LDOSTBC scheme, firstly, the data was coded into LDC codewords. Then, the coded LDC substreams were coded into OSTBC codewords again. Compared with OSTBC scheme, the performance of LDOSTBC scheme with the rate MR LDC could be improved without decreasing the data rate where M was the number of transmit antennas and R was the spectral efficiency of the modulation constellation. If some rate penalty was allowed, the performance of LDOSTBC with the rate less than LDC could be improved further.
Aiming at single input OFDM system, a new transmission scheme which named virtual LDC was proposed in this paper. The virtual LDC scheme transferred the LDC substreams through the multiple uncorrelated OFDM subchannels which could achieve the coding and diversity advantage as well as LDC in MIMO. It was shown that the virtual LDC scheme could improve the BER performance compared with plain OFDM system.
The BER performance of the space-time cooperative diversity scheme based on LDC overcomes the traditional OSTBC cooperative diversity scheme in high rate system. Contraposing selective relaying protocol, a LDC space-time cooperative diversity scheme was proposed. By selecting different rate liner dispersion code, the scheme could trade off between BER performance and spectral efficiency. Comparing with the system adopting lower rate liner dispersion code, when the channel condition was good enough between the source and relays, the system adopting higher rate liner dispersion code could gain higher spectral efficiency by sacrificing only a little BER performance. Contraposing amplify-and-forward protocol, two kinds LDC space-time cooperative diversity schemes were proposed. The main difference between the schemes was when the noises of the relays were added to the liner dispersion codes, before or after the coding. Firstly, we proved the two schemes have the same BER performance. Secondly, the characteristic of the two schemes was analyzed and concluded that the two schemes had different characteristic in the aspect of complexity and data rate.
In the space-time cooperative diversity system, the cooperative nodes often worked in an asynchronous condition for the different location. Generally speaking, there are two methods to overcome the impact of synchronization. One method is to design special structure of space-time code, the other method is to use the OFDM technology. Aiming at the first method, an asynchronous linear dispersion code (LDC) cooperative diversity scheme was proposed. The new scheme added the zero padding (ZP) between the linear dispersion codeword to mitigate the effect of asynchronism. The length of ZP was decided by the relative timing errors between different relays. An easy decoding method of our scheme by restructuring the stacked channel matrix was also given in this paper. Analysis and simulation showed that the new scheme could work well in asynchronous condition.
Aiming at the second method, a LDC cooperative diversity scheme in OFDMA system was proposed. In this scheme, the subcarriers of the first cooperative phase were allocated according to the structure of liner dispersion code and the uncorrelation of OFDM subcarriers. By this way, the substreams of the liner dispersion code in the different row experienced independent fading. The receiver restructured the receiving information of the first phase to virtual space-time code and combined it with the information of space-time cooperation received during the second phase and decoded. Comparing with traditional strategy, the BER performance was improved further.
引文
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