时间距离对道德违规行为判断的影响及其作用机制
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摘要
一直来道德判断都是社会心理学研究中一个重要领域,其中关于道德违规行为判断的研究又是道德判断中研究的热点。近年来,研究者们开始把解释水平理论引入到道德判断研究领域,并取得了丰硕的成果。解释水平理论认为人们对社会事件的反应取决于人们对事件的心理表征,心理表征具有不同的抽象程度即解释水平,而解释水平又取决于人们所感知的与认知客体的心理距离。“心理距离”这一概念的引入,为我们理解众多社会心理现象提供了新的视角,以及更加简洁、有力的解释。许多研究都发现心理距离影响了道德违规行为判断,这些研究成果为道德判断的理论发展和实际应用有着重要价值。然而,关于道德判断的主体和对象的重要特性是如何影响时间距离与道德判断之间的关系仍亟待深入探究。如,道德判断主体的道德价值取向和情绪状态,以及道德判断对象的违规程度,它们在时间距离与道德判断之间起到什么作用?目前,相关研究并没有对道德判断对象的违规程度进行评定,而是混在一起分析。其实,我们在生活中经常会面临不同程度违规行为,时间距离对它们的影响是否一样?对这一因素的忽视,很可能导致研究结果的不一致。此外,道德判断主体的道德价值取向不同,道德判断的结果会不同；情绪状态不同,道德判断也会不同,它们又是如何影响时间距离与道德违规行为判断之间的关系?针对上述问题,本研究以解释水平理论为指导,以道德判断主体和对象的特性为切入点,探讨了时间距离对道德违规行为判断的影响及其作用机制,研究分为三个部分。
研究一：旨在考察道德违规程度在时间距离与道德违规行为判断之间的作用,包括实验1。研究采用自编道德评定问卷的方法。结果发现：对于中度道德违规行为,发生在较远的时间距离(一年后)与较近时间距离(今天)相比,前者行为违规程度评定值更高；但是对于低度违规和高度违规行为,在不同时间距离上行为违规程度评定值差异不显著。研究结果在一定程度支持解释水平理论假说,同时也表明时间距离对道德违规行为判断的影响存在边界条件。
研究二：旨在考察道德判断主体的情绪状态在时间距离与道德违规行为判断之间的作用,包括实验2和3。研究采用情绪图片启动和自编道德评定问卷相结合的方法。结果发现：在高强度和低强度的负性情绪以及高强度的正性情绪的启动下,道德违规行为发生在较远的时间距离,相比在较近的时间距离,行为违规程度评定值没有差异；而在低强度正性情绪和中性情绪启动下,行为违规程度评定值有差异。研究结果表明,被试情绪状态不同,时间距离对道德违规行为判断的影响会不同；在负性情绪状态下,不论强度高低,时间距离对道德违规行为判断没有影响；在正性情绪状态下,对于低强度正性情绪,时间距离对道德违规行为判断有影响,而对于高强度正性情绪,则没有影响。
研究三：旨在考察个体道德价值取向在时间距离与道德违规行为判断之间的作用,包括实验4、5和6。研究采用大学生亲社会行为量表、道德价值取向启动和自编道德评定问卷相结合的方法。结果发现：道德违规行为发生在较远的时间距离,相比在较近的时间距离,前者行为违规程度评定值会更高,不过这种现象仅适用于亲社会价值取向的个体,而对于个人主义价值取向的个体,则没有差异；在个人主义价值取向启动下,道德违规行为发生在较远的时间距离,相比在较近的时间距离,行为违规程度评定值没有差异；在亲社会价值取向启动下,道德违规行为发生在较远的时间距离,相比在较近的时间距离,前者行为违规程度评定值更高。研究表明,在亲社会价值取向下,时间距离对道德违规行为判断有影响；而在个人主义价值取向下,时间距离对道德违规行为判断没有影响。
Moral judgment plays an important role in the study of social psychology. Moreover, it is the hot topic about studying moral transgressions in moral judgment. In recent years, construal level theory has been introduced to the field of moral judgment, and achieved fruitful results. Construal level theory holds that people responding to social events depend on the mental representation of events, with varying degrees of abstraction, of which depends on psychological distance on perception of people."The introduction of the concept of psychological distance", provides a new perspective to our understanding of a large number of social phenomena, and simpler, powerful explanation. Many studies have found that psychological distance had impact on Moral judgment, which have important value for theoretical development and practical application. However, there are some question. For example, what role some important characteristics about subject and object of moral judgment play between time distance and moral judgment? Such as, moral value orientation and emotional state of subject, and the degree of moral transgressions. Previous studies neglected analyzing degree of moral transgressions about experimental materials. In fact, we often face different degrees of moral transgressions in the daily life. Is effects of temporal distance on them the same? It is likely to lead to the inconsistent results among some studies because of neglecting the impact of this factor. In addition, moral value orientation of subjects is different, moral judgment is also different; and emotional state is different, moral judgment is also different. How do they affect the relationship between time distance and moral transgressions judgment? For these problems, based on construal level theory in this study, three studies were designed to explore effects of temporal distance to evaluation of moral transgressions and effect mechanism.
Study one:this study, through moral self evaluation questionnaire, aimed to examine what role different degree of moral transgressions played between temporal distance and evaluation of moral transgressions, including Experiment1. Results:near temporal distance (today), compared with distant temporal distance (next year), moral transgressions were judged as more stringent, but for the low and highly degree moral transgressions. The research results supported the hypothesis of construal level theory, but also showed that there was the boundary effect about effecting temporal distance on evaluation of moral transgressions.
Study two:this study, through moral self evaluation questionnaire and emotional states primed, aimed to examine what role emotional states played between temporal distance and evaluation of moral transgressions, including Experiment2and3. Results:for high and low negative emotions, as well as high intensity of positive emotion, effect of temporal distance on evaluation of moral transgressions disappeared, while in neutral and low intensity of positive emotion, there were obviously differences. These results showed that the effects of temporal distance on evaluation of moral transgressions were mediated by emotional valence and intensity.
Study three:this study, through pro-social value questionnaire and moral self evaluation questionnaire and moral value orientation primed, aimed to examine what role moral value orientation played between temporal distance and evaluation of moral transgressions, including Experiment4,5and6. Results:the moral transgressions occurred in distant temporal distance, compared to near temporal distance, moral transgressions were judged as more stringent, but this phenomenon was only reflected in subjects with the prosocial value orientation. When priming individualistic value orientation, the effect of temporal distance to evaluation of moral transgressions disappeared. However, when priming prosocial traits, the effect still existed. These results showed that, moral value orientation mediated the effect of temporal distance on evaluation of moral transgressions.
研究一：旨在考察道德违规程度在时间距离与道德违规行为判断之间的作用,包括实验1。研究采用自编道德评定问卷的方法。结果发现：对于中度道德违规行为,发生在较远的时间距离(一年后)与较近时间距离(今天)相比,前者行为违规程度评定值更高；但是对于低度违规和高度违规行为,在不同时间距离上行为违规程度评定值差异不显著。研究结果在一定程度支持解释水平理论假说,同时也表明时间距离对道德违规行为判断的影响存在边界条件。
研究二：旨在考察道德判断主体的情绪状态在时间距离与道德违规行为判断之间的作用,包括实验2和3。研究采用情绪图片启动和自编道德评定问卷相结合的方法。结果发现：在高强度和低强度的负性情绪以及高强度的正性情绪的启动下,道德违规行为发生在较远的时间距离,相比在较近的时间距离,行为违规程度评定值没有差异；而在低强度正性情绪和中性情绪启动下,行为违规程度评定值有差异。研究结果表明,被试情绪状态不同,时间距离对道德违规行为判断的影响会不同；在负性情绪状态下,不论强度高低,时间距离对道德违规行为判断没有影响；在正性情绪状态下,对于低强度正性情绪,时间距离对道德违规行为判断有影响,而对于高强度正性情绪,则没有影响。
研究三：旨在考察个体道德价值取向在时间距离与道德违规行为判断之间的作用,包括实验4、5和6。研究采用大学生亲社会行为量表、道德价值取向启动和自编道德评定问卷相结合的方法。结果发现：道德违规行为发生在较远的时间距离,相比在较近的时间距离,前者行为违规程度评定值会更高,不过这种现象仅适用于亲社会价值取向的个体,而对于个人主义价值取向的个体,则没有差异；在个人主义价值取向启动下,道德违规行为发生在较远的时间距离,相比在较近的时间距离,行为违规程度评定值没有差异；在亲社会价值取向启动下,道德违规行为发生在较远的时间距离,相比在较近的时间距离,前者行为违规程度评定值更高。研究表明,在亲社会价值取向下,时间距离对道德违规行为判断有影响；而在个人主义价值取向下,时间距离对道德违规行为判断没有影响。
Moral judgment plays an important role in the study of social psychology. Moreover, it is the hot topic about studying moral transgressions in moral judgment. In recent years, construal level theory has been introduced to the field of moral judgment, and achieved fruitful results. Construal level theory holds that people responding to social events depend on the mental representation of events, with varying degrees of abstraction, of which depends on psychological distance on perception of people."The introduction of the concept of psychological distance", provides a new perspective to our understanding of a large number of social phenomena, and simpler, powerful explanation. Many studies have found that psychological distance had impact on Moral judgment, which have important value for theoretical development and practical application. However, there are some question. For example, what role some important characteristics about subject and object of moral judgment play between time distance and moral judgment? Such as, moral value orientation and emotional state of subject, and the degree of moral transgressions. Previous studies neglected analyzing degree of moral transgressions about experimental materials. In fact, we often face different degrees of moral transgressions in the daily life. Is effects of temporal distance on them the same? It is likely to lead to the inconsistent results among some studies because of neglecting the impact of this factor. In addition, moral value orientation of subjects is different, moral judgment is also different; and emotional state is different, moral judgment is also different. How do they affect the relationship between time distance and moral transgressions judgment? For these problems, based on construal level theory in this study, three studies were designed to explore effects of temporal distance to evaluation of moral transgressions and effect mechanism.
Study one:this study, through moral self evaluation questionnaire, aimed to examine what role different degree of moral transgressions played between temporal distance and evaluation of moral transgressions, including Experiment1. Results:near temporal distance (today), compared with distant temporal distance (next year), moral transgressions were judged as more stringent, but for the low and highly degree moral transgressions. The research results supported the hypothesis of construal level theory, but also showed that there was the boundary effect about effecting temporal distance on evaluation of moral transgressions.
Study two:this study, through moral self evaluation questionnaire and emotional states primed, aimed to examine what role emotional states played between temporal distance and evaluation of moral transgressions, including Experiment2and3. Results:for high and low negative emotions, as well as high intensity of positive emotion, effect of temporal distance on evaluation of moral transgressions disappeared, while in neutral and low intensity of positive emotion, there were obviously differences. These results showed that the effects of temporal distance on evaluation of moral transgressions were mediated by emotional valence and intensity.
Study three:this study, through pro-social value questionnaire and moral self evaluation questionnaire and moral value orientation primed, aimed to examine what role moral value orientation played between temporal distance and evaluation of moral transgressions, including Experiment4,5and6. Results:the moral transgressions occurred in distant temporal distance, compared to near temporal distance, moral transgressions were judged as more stringent, but this phenomenon was only reflected in subjects with the prosocial value orientation. When priming individualistic value orientation, the effect of temporal distance to evaluation of moral transgressions disappeared. However, when priming prosocial traits, the effect still existed. These results showed that, moral value orientation mediated the effect of temporal distance on evaluation of moral transgressions.
引文
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