道德判断中的亲属偏见
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摘要
在人类的交往和认知活动中,不可避免地受到亲疏程度的影响,其中,亲属关系是亲疏程度的集中体现。日常经验和已往研究提示我们,远近亲疏不同的亲属对个体的认知活动、生存适应的影响不同,对于进化繁衍、基因传递作用亦不一样。
本研究主要考察个体在道德评判时,对亲疏不同的亲属是否在外显判断和内隐态度上存在亲属偏见,亲属偏见在具体道德情境中又是如何体现的,亲属偏见是否可以通过认知干预进行操纵或变化等方面的加工特点和神经机制进行探讨。研究包括1个行为学实验和4个ERP实验。得出如下结论：个体在道德判断中存在亲属偏见,与亲密程度低的其他亲属、熟人或陌生人相比,个体对亲密程度高的直系亲属加工更敏感、更精细。该影响不光表现在早期认知加工阶段,如注意指向和觉察阶段(P2),对于晚期高级认知加工阶段(LPC)同样存在亲属偏见。个体的亲属偏见具有稳定性,但通过对观点采择的干预可以影响对陌生人的偏见。具体研究结果如下：
研究一采用GNAT内隐研究范式,考察个体在内隐层面对直系亲属和近亲的态度偏见。结果表明个体在道德判断上存在亲属偏见,相比叔伯而言,个体更倾向于将亲密程度更高的父母与积极道德属性相联系,存在对不同亲属的差序偏见。在实验的回忆环节中还证实了记忆加工阶段存在亲属偏见,相比叔伯而言,个体倾向于将积极道德属性词与父母相联系,表现出对父母的正面偏见。
研究二采用是／否判断范式,考察个体在外显层面对直系亲属、近亲和远亲的道德判断偏见及其时间特征。结果表明,由于负性信息对个体的生存适应性意义更为重要,存在亲属偏见。即：相比近亲(叔父)、远亲(堂叔父)而言,人脑对亲密程度高的直系亲属(父亲)作负性道德判断时,诱发了更大的P2和LPC,对直系亲属更敏感,加工更精细,消耗的认知资源也更多。而对不同亲属的正性道德判断不敏感。
研究三进一步考察亲属偏见效应在道德两难情境中的具体体现。探讨亲属偏见在道德两难情境中的加工特征及神经机制。结果表明,在道德两难情境中,同样体现了亲属偏见。即：直系亲属刺激比近亲和远亲得到更优的加工,个体表现出对直系亲属更为敏感和关注,而对血缘关系相对较弱的近亲和远亲的敏感程度和分配的认知资源显著降低。
研究四探讨了亲属偏见是否可以干预或改变。研究通过观点采择的指导语操纵个体与陌生人的角色关系,考察观点采择对亲属偏见的影响。结果表明,与认知干预前的陌生人相比,人脑对认知干预后的“自己”加工更敏感,说明亲密程度低的“外圈层”对象易受认知干预的影响。
When we communicate with others, it is inevitable to influence by relatedness. Anecdotal experience suggests that the distance and closeness play a main role in individual adaption and survivalization, and have different impact on human life and cognitive processes.
This dissertation mainly investigated the processing characteristics of distance and closeness differences among different kins in implicit attitude, recall level, moral judgment and cognitive intervention through4experiments. The results were as follows:Different intimate degree relatives have different effect on the processing of individual moral judgment. The processing of moral judgment to lineal relatives was significantly larger than the other relatives of low degree of intimacy. This effect not only exists in the early awareness and attention stage, also exists in the late response selection stage. Differetial bias effect on individual relatives has stability, but not on strangers that can be influenced through cognitive intervention. The specific results are as follows:
Study1investigated human implicit attitude bias and memory differences to their lineal relatives and closed relatives using the GNAT task. Kinship bias exists in moral implicit attitudes. Compared with uncles, individuals are more likely to contact positive things or properties with parents. In our self-schema, the parents' moral implicit attitude is more positive than other relatives.
Study2investigated the neural mechanisms of moral judgments to lineal relatives, closed relatives and distant relatives using Yes/No judgment paradigm. The results show that, we are insensitive to positive moral judgment relatively, while sensitive to the negative moral judgment and have differential bias to different relatives. That is to say:we are high sensitive to the negative moral information about lineal relatives for their important survival fitness value.
Study3further investigated the neural mechanisms of kinship bias in moral dilemmas about lineal relatives, closed relatives and distant relatives. The results show that we also have differential bias to different relatives. Compared with closed relatives and distant relatives, we are more sensitive and pay more attention or cognitive resources to lineal relatives. But this bias only appeared in negative moral judgement for its biological significance; we are inertia in positive moral judgement.
Study4further investigated the neural mechanisms of cognitive intervention about differential bias. The results show that, compared with the stranger before cognitive intervention, we are more sensitive to the stranger after cognitive intervention. The moral judgments to outer layer people are easily affected by the intervention of cognition; while inner layer kinship, for its intimacy, have stability.
本研究主要考察个体在道德评判时,对亲疏不同的亲属是否在外显判断和内隐态度上存在亲属偏见,亲属偏见在具体道德情境中又是如何体现的,亲属偏见是否可以通过认知干预进行操纵或变化等方面的加工特点和神经机制进行探讨。研究包括1个行为学实验和4个ERP实验。得出如下结论：个体在道德判断中存在亲属偏见,与亲密程度低的其他亲属、熟人或陌生人相比,个体对亲密程度高的直系亲属加工更敏感、更精细。该影响不光表现在早期认知加工阶段,如注意指向和觉察阶段(P2),对于晚期高级认知加工阶段(LPC)同样存在亲属偏见。个体的亲属偏见具有稳定性,但通过对观点采择的干预可以影响对陌生人的偏见。具体研究结果如下：
研究一采用GNAT内隐研究范式,考察个体在内隐层面对直系亲属和近亲的态度偏见。结果表明个体在道德判断上存在亲属偏见,相比叔伯而言,个体更倾向于将亲密程度更高的父母与积极道德属性相联系,存在对不同亲属的差序偏见。在实验的回忆环节中还证实了记忆加工阶段存在亲属偏见,相比叔伯而言,个体倾向于将积极道德属性词与父母相联系,表现出对父母的正面偏见。
研究二采用是／否判断范式,考察个体在外显层面对直系亲属、近亲和远亲的道德判断偏见及其时间特征。结果表明,由于负性信息对个体的生存适应性意义更为重要,存在亲属偏见。即：相比近亲(叔父)、远亲(堂叔父)而言,人脑对亲密程度高的直系亲属(父亲)作负性道德判断时,诱发了更大的P2和LPC,对直系亲属更敏感,加工更精细,消耗的认知资源也更多。而对不同亲属的正性道德判断不敏感。
研究三进一步考察亲属偏见效应在道德两难情境中的具体体现。探讨亲属偏见在道德两难情境中的加工特征及神经机制。结果表明,在道德两难情境中,同样体现了亲属偏见。即：直系亲属刺激比近亲和远亲得到更优的加工,个体表现出对直系亲属更为敏感和关注,而对血缘关系相对较弱的近亲和远亲的敏感程度和分配的认知资源显著降低。
研究四探讨了亲属偏见是否可以干预或改变。研究通过观点采择的指导语操纵个体与陌生人的角色关系,考察观点采择对亲属偏见的影响。结果表明,与认知干预前的陌生人相比,人脑对认知干预后的“自己”加工更敏感,说明亲密程度低的“外圈层”对象易受认知干预的影响。
When we communicate with others, it is inevitable to influence by relatedness. Anecdotal experience suggests that the distance and closeness play a main role in individual adaption and survivalization, and have different impact on human life and cognitive processes.
This dissertation mainly investigated the processing characteristics of distance and closeness differences among different kins in implicit attitude, recall level, moral judgment and cognitive intervention through4experiments. The results were as follows:Different intimate degree relatives have different effect on the processing of individual moral judgment. The processing of moral judgment to lineal relatives was significantly larger than the other relatives of low degree of intimacy. This effect not only exists in the early awareness and attention stage, also exists in the late response selection stage. Differetial bias effect on individual relatives has stability, but not on strangers that can be influenced through cognitive intervention. The specific results are as follows:
Study1investigated human implicit attitude bias and memory differences to their lineal relatives and closed relatives using the GNAT task. Kinship bias exists in moral implicit attitudes. Compared with uncles, individuals are more likely to contact positive things or properties with parents. In our self-schema, the parents' moral implicit attitude is more positive than other relatives.
Study2investigated the neural mechanisms of moral judgments to lineal relatives, closed relatives and distant relatives using Yes/No judgment paradigm. The results show that, we are insensitive to positive moral judgment relatively, while sensitive to the negative moral judgment and have differential bias to different relatives. That is to say:we are high sensitive to the negative moral information about lineal relatives for their important survival fitness value.
Study3further investigated the neural mechanisms of kinship bias in moral dilemmas about lineal relatives, closed relatives and distant relatives. The results show that we also have differential bias to different relatives. Compared with closed relatives and distant relatives, we are more sensitive and pay more attention or cognitive resources to lineal relatives. But this bias only appeared in negative moral judgement for its biological significance; we are inertia in positive moral judgement.
Study4further investigated the neural mechanisms of cognitive intervention about differential bias. The results show that, compared with the stranger before cognitive intervention, we are more sensitive to the stranger after cognitive intervention. The moral judgments to outer layer people are easily affected by the intervention of cognition; while inner layer kinship, for its intimacy, have stability.
引文
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