基于EPG的汉语普通话辅音的发音研究
摘要
语音的发音及其协同发音变化是言语产生研究中的重要课题，也是一个重要挑战。辅音的发音及其变化尤其复杂，涉及多个发音器官相互协调的快速动作。传统语音学依据辅音的发音部位和发音方法对普通话辅音进行了细致的描述，为我们认识辅音奠定了基础。但这些认识主要是依靠人们对语音的主观感知，对发音过程的描述也不尽精确。现代语音学提供的先进的声学和生理研究手段为我们细致而精确的研究辅音的发音过程提供了方便。本文试图利用动态腭位(EPG)观察汉语普通话辅音的发音部位，并考察其在不同元音语境下的协同发音变化。实验证明，传统语音学中依据人们的直观感受对辅音发音部位的描述是基本正确的，但和EPG数据显示的辅音发音部位的前后相比，在少数几个辅音的前后顺序上有一些差异；同时，辅音的发音姿态并不是一成不变的，在VCV序列中，辅音和元音之间存在相互影响，发音姿态在时域上叠加。根据试验，音段之间的影响总是后音段对前音段的影响比较大；发音姿态的叠加取决于两个姿态在空间上的叠加程度以及发音姿态的混合强度：如果两个姿态涉及不同发音器官的动作，说明两者在空间上的重叠程度低，发音时可以在时域上叠加；反之，如果两个姿态涉及同一个发音器官在不同方向上的动作，则说明两者在空间上高度重叠，在时域上的叠加程度小。另一方面，混和强度大的姿态不易受其它姿态的影响，相反会对其它姿态产生较大影响，反之亦然。
The research on the articulatory features of speech sounds and their variation is an important but also challenging project in the study of speech production. The articulatory processes of consonants are especially complicated, which involve the rapid and coordinated movements of various articulators. The present paper attempts to examine tentatively the articulatory processes of consonants in Standard Chinese by using EPG The major purposes are 1) to test the descriptions in traditional phonetic study about the place of articulation of consonants, and 2) to observe the way consonant articulation co-varies with adjacent vowels.
In the traditional phonetic study of Standard Chinese, researchers describe the consonants in terms of the place and manner of articulation, mainly depending on their subjective perception of speech sounds. Traditional phonetic study laid the foundation for our knowledge about consonants, but the descriptions about the articulatory processes may not be precise. Modern instruments of experimental phonetics allow experimental study of the acoustic and physiological properties of speech sounds. The physiological instruments like EPG (electropalatography) and EMA (electromagnetic articulography) make it possible to take an insight into the dynamic processes of speech articulation.
Since the 1930s, experimental study of phonetics has begun to flourish in Standard Chinese. Researchers examined the quality, intensity, pitch and duration of the consonants by means of acoustic approaches. As far as physiological studies are concerned, the voiced and aspirated features attracted the most attention in the early studies. When x-ray and palatography were applied to phonetic studies, researchers were able to take the images of the tongue configuration and the location and degree of tongue-palate contact in the articulation of sound segments. (For a review of the acoustic and articulatory studies of consonants in Standard Chinese, see Wu Zongji ( ), 1989)
Useful as they were, x-ray and palatography allowed only static examination of the articulation of sound segments in Standard Chinese. But consonant articulation, as we know, involves a rapidly moving progress of various articulators. No static approach can fully reveal its properties. As the development of modern science and technology, we now have more instruments, like EMA and EPG to record the dynamic progresses of consonant articulation.
Segments are produced in a continuum in natural speech, rather than orderly sequenced in distinct sounds as listeners perceive them. During speech the movements of different articulators for the production of successive phonetic segments overlap in time and interact with one another. As a consequence, the vocal tract configuration at any point in time is influenced by more than one segment. This is what the term "coarticulation" describes. In connected speech, the articulatory movements required for one gesture are often anticipated during the production of a preceding gesture (i.e., anticipatory coarticulation); likewise, the articulatory requirements of one gesture are often carried over during the production of the following gesture (i.e., carryover coarticulation). Traditional phonetic studies in Standard Chinese have noticed the variation in segmental articulation. For example, the /d/* in /wo#de/ ( )tend to be voiced; the /n/ in /mian#bao/ ( ) tend to be assimilated by /m/; etc. Experimental studies of segmental variation in Standard Chinese also appear in recent years ( , 1989; 2003; etc.). But systematic studies in this aspect are still to be carried out.
Studies on the coarticulation of speech sounds in foreign languages are abundant, but there is no agreement in the theoretical account of coarticulation. Early studies attribute coarticulation to a purely physiological process due to mechanical inertia. Lindblom (1963) tried to explain vowel reduction by means of "principle of economy".
"Feature-spreading" and "coproduction" are two main perspectives proposed in the
' The slashes are use
The research on the articulatory features of speech sounds and their variation is an important but also challenging project in the study of speech production. The articulatory processes of consonants are especially complicated, which involve the rapid and coordinated movements of various articulators. The present paper attempts to examine tentatively the articulatory processes of consonants in Standard Chinese by using EPG The major purposes are 1) to test the descriptions in traditional phonetic study about the place of articulation of consonants, and 2) to observe the way consonant articulation co-varies with adjacent vowels.
In the traditional phonetic study of Standard Chinese, researchers describe the consonants in terms of the place and manner of articulation, mainly depending on their subjective perception of speech sounds. Traditional phonetic study laid the foundation for our knowledge about consonants, but the descriptions about the articulatory processes may not be precise. Modern instruments of experimental phonetics allow experimental study of the acoustic and physiological properties of speech sounds. The physiological instruments like EPG (electropalatography) and EMA (electromagnetic articulography) make it possible to take an insight into the dynamic processes of speech articulation.
Since the 1930s, experimental study of phonetics has begun to flourish in Standard Chinese. Researchers examined the quality, intensity, pitch and duration of the consonants by means of acoustic approaches. As far as physiological studies are concerned, the voiced and aspirated features attracted the most attention in the early studies. When x-ray and palatography were applied to phonetic studies, researchers were able to take the images of the tongue configuration and the location and degree of tongue-palate contact in the articulation of sound segments. (For a review of the acoustic and articulatory studies of consonants in Standard Chinese, see Wu Zongji ( ), 1989)
Useful as they were, x-ray and palatography allowed only static examination of the articulation of sound segments in Standard Chinese. But consonant articulation, as we know, involves a rapidly moving progress of various articulators. No static approach can fully reveal its properties. As the development of modern science and technology, we now have more instruments, like EMA and EPG to record the dynamic progresses of consonant articulation.
Segments are produced in a continuum in natural speech, rather than orderly sequenced in distinct sounds as listeners perceive them. During speech the movements of different articulators for the production of successive phonetic segments overlap in time and interact with one another. As a consequence, the vocal tract configuration at any point in time is influenced by more than one segment. This is what the term "coarticulation" describes. In connected speech, the articulatory movements required for one gesture are often anticipated during the production of a preceding gesture (i.e., anticipatory coarticulation); likewise, the articulatory requirements of one gesture are often carried over during the production of the following gesture (i.e., carryover coarticulation). Traditional phonetic studies in Standard Chinese have noticed the variation in segmental articulation. For example, the /d/* in /wo#de/ ( )tend to be voiced; the /n/ in /mian#bao/ ( ) tend to be assimilated by /m/; etc. Experimental studies of segmental variation in Standard Chinese also appear in recent years ( , 1989; 2003; etc.). But systematic studies in this aspect are still to be carried out.
Studies on the coarticulation of speech sounds in foreign languages are abundant, but there is no agreement in the theoretical account of coarticulation. Early studies attribute coarticulation to a purely physiological process due to mechanical inertia. Lindblom (1963) tried to explain vowel reduction by means of "principle of economy".
"Feature-spreading" and "coproduction" are two main perspectives proposed in the
' The slashes are use
引文
Bell-Berti, F. & Harris, K. S. (1981). A temporal model of speech production. Phonetica, 8, 9-20.
Bladon, R. A. W. & Al-Bamerni, A. (1976). Coarticulation resistance in English/1/. Journal of Phonetics, 4, 2, 137-150.
Browman, C. P. & Goldstein, L. M. (1986). Toward an articulatory phonology. In Ewan, C. & Anderson, J. (eds.), Phonology Yearbook, 3, 219-252. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
Browman, C. P. & Goldstein, L. M. (1989). Articulatory gestures as phonological units. Phonology, 6, 201-251.
Browman, C. P. & Goldstein, L. M. (1990). Gestural specification using dynamically-defined articulatory structures. Journal of Phonetics, 18, 299-320.
Browman, C. P. & Goldstein, L. M. (1992). Articulatory phonology: an overview. Phonetica, 49, 155-180.
Butcher, A. & Weiher, E. (1976). An electropalatographic investigation of coarticulation in VCV sequences. Journal of Phonetics, 4, 59-74.
Corneaau, C. (1999). An EPG study of palatalization in French. ICPHS99, 61-64. San Francisco.
Daniloff, R. & Hammarberg, R. (1973). On defining coarticulation. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 11, 707-721.
Ericsdotter, C. (1999). Modeling lingual coarticulation in coronal stops. Master Thesis, Department of Linguistics, Stockholm University.
Farnetani, E. (1990). V-C-V lingual coarticulation and its spatio-temporal domain. In Hardcastle, W. J. & Marchal, A. (eds.), Speech Production and Speech Modeling, 93-130. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Farnetani, E. (1997). Coarticulation and connected speech processes. In Hardcastle, W. J. & Laver, J. (eds.) The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences, 371-404. Oxford: Blackwell publisher.
Farnetani, E., Hardcastle, W. J. & Marchal, A. (1989). Cross-language investigation of
lingual coarticulatory processes using EPG. In Tubach, J. P. & Mariani, J. J. (eds.), Eurospeech'89, 429-432. Paris: European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology.
Farnetani, E. & Recasens, D. (1993). Anticipatory consonant-to-vowel coarticulatory in the production of VCV sequences in Italian. Language and Speech, 36, 279-302
Fletcher, S. G. (1982). Seeing speech in real time. IEEE Spectrum, 19, 42-45.
Fletcher, S. G. (1992). Articulation: a physiological approach. California: Singular Publishing Group, Inc.
Fontdevila, J., Pallares, M. D. & Recasens, D. (1994). The contact index method of electropalatographic data reduction. Journal of Phonetics, 22, 141-154.
Fowler, C. (1977). Timing control in speech production. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club.
Fowler, C. (1980). Coarticulation and theories of extrinsic timing. Journal of Phonetics 8, 1, 113-133.
Fowler, C. (1985). Current perceptives on language and speech production: a critical overview. In Danilioo, R. G. (ed.), Speech Science, 193-278. London: Taylor and Frances.
Fowler, C. & Saltzman, E. (1993). Coordination and coarticulation in speech production. Language and Speech, 36, 171-195.
Fugii, I. (1970). Phoneme identification with dynamic palatography. Annual Bullitin (Research Institute of Logopedics and Phoniatrics, University of Tokyo), 4, 67-73.
Gay, T. (1978). The effect of speaking rate on vowel formant movements. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 63, 223-230.
Hammarberg, R. (1976). The methaphysics of coarticulation. Journal of Phonetics, 4, 353-363.
Hardcastle, W. J. & Hewlett, N. (2000). Coarticulation: Theory, Data and Techniques. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hardcastle, W., Jones, W., Knight, C., Trudgeon, A. & Calder, G., (1989). New
developments in electropalatography: a state-of-art report. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 3, 1-38.
Hardcastle W. J. & Machal, A. (1990). EUR—ACCOR: A multi-lingual articulatory and acoustic database, ICSLP90, 2, 458-461. Japan: Kobe.
Hool, P., Ziegler, W., Hartmann, E. & Hardcastle, W. (1989). Parallel electropalatographic and acoustic measures of fricatives. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 3, 59-69.
Jonson, K. (1969). Mapping the movements of the human tongue. The Atom, 6, 12-16.
Kelso, J. A. S., Saltzman, E. & Truller, B. (1986). The dynamic perspective on speech production: data and theory. Journal of Phonetics, 14, 29-59.
Kent, R. D. & Moll, K. L. (1972).“Cinefluorographic analysises of selected lingual consonants”. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 15, 453-473.
Kuehn, D. P. & Moll, K. L. (1976).“A cineradiographic study of VC and CV articulatory velocities”. Journal of Phonetics, 4, 303-320.
Lindblom, B. (1963). Spectrographic study of vowel reduction. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 35, 11, 1773-1781.
Lindblom, B. (1983). Economy of speech gestures. In MacNeilage, P. F. (ed.), The Production of Speech, 217-245. New York: Springer Verlag.
Lfqvist, A. (1990). Speech as audible gestures. In Hardcastle, William J. & Marchal, Alain (eds.), Speech Production and Speech Modeling, 289-322. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Nord, L. (1986). Acoustic studies of vowel reduction in Swedish. Quarterly Progress and Status Report, Department of Speech Communication, STL-KTH Stockholm, 19-36.
ǒhman, S. (1966). Coarticulation in VCV sequences. Journal of Acoustic Society of America, 39, 151-168.
ǒhman, S. (1968). Studies in articulatory coordination. Speech research laboratory, KTH. Perkell, J. S. (1997). Articulatory processes. In Hardcastle, W. J. & Laver, J. (eds.) The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences, 333-370. Oxford: Blackwell
publisher.
Recasens, D. (1984). V-to-C coarticulation in Catalan VCV sequences: an articulatory and acoustical study. Journal of Phonetics 12, 1, 61-74.
Recasens, D. (1987). An acoustic analysis of V-to-C and V-to-V coarticulatory effects in Catalan and Spanish VCV sequences. Journal of Phonetics 15, 4, 299-312.
Recasens, D., Pallarés, M. D. & Fontdevila, J. (1997). A model of lingual coarticulation based on articulatory constraints. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 102, 1, 544-561.
Recasens, D., Pallare's, M. D. & Fontdevila, J. (1997). A model of lingual coarticulation based on articulatory constraints. Acoustic Society of America, 102, 1, 544-561.
Scobbie, J. M. & Wrench, A. A. (2003), An articulatory investigation of word final/1/and/1/-sandhi in three dialects of English. 15th ICPHS, 1871-1874. Barcelona.
鲍怀翘，郑玉玲 (2001)，普通话动态腭位图数据统计分析初探，第五届现代语音学学术会议论文集《新世纪的现代语音学》，9-17。北京：清华大学出版社。
陈嘉猷，鲍怀翘 (2003)，基于EPG的普通话塞音、塞擦音发音过程的研究，《第六届现代语音学学术会议论文集》，1-6。天津：天津大学。
林焘，王理嘉 (1992)，《语音学教程》。北京：北京大学出版社。
吴宗济，林茂灿 (1989)，《实验语音学概要》。北京：高等教育出版社。
徐世荣 (1999)，《普通话语音常识》。北京：语文出版社。
许毅 (1986)，普通话音联的声学语音学特征，《中国语文》，5，352-360。
杨顺安 (1989)，普通话音节间的协同调音现象及其模拟，《中文信息学报》，4，4，9-27。
郑玉玲，朱思俞 (2001)，普通话语音动态腭位数据库及研究平台，《声学与电子工程》，3-13。
郑玉玲，鲍怀翘 (2003)，论普通话／-N_1C_2／的协同发音，《第六届现代语音学学术会议论文集》，37-43。天津：天津大学。
周殿福，吴宗济 (1963)，普通话发音图谱。北京：商务印书馆。
Bladon, R. A. W. & Al-Bamerni, A. (1976). Coarticulation resistance in English/1/. Journal of Phonetics, 4, 2, 137-150.
Browman, C. P. & Goldstein, L. M. (1986). Toward an articulatory phonology. In Ewan, C. & Anderson, J. (eds.), Phonology Yearbook, 3, 219-252. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
Browman, C. P. & Goldstein, L. M. (1989). Articulatory gestures as phonological units. Phonology, 6, 201-251.
Browman, C. P. & Goldstein, L. M. (1990). Gestural specification using dynamically-defined articulatory structures. Journal of Phonetics, 18, 299-320.
Browman, C. P. & Goldstein, L. M. (1992). Articulatory phonology: an overview. Phonetica, 49, 155-180.
Butcher, A. & Weiher, E. (1976). An electropalatographic investigation of coarticulation in VCV sequences. Journal of Phonetics, 4, 59-74.
Corneaau, C. (1999). An EPG study of palatalization in French. ICPHS99, 61-64. San Francisco.
Daniloff, R. & Hammarberg, R. (1973). On defining coarticulation. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 11, 707-721.
Ericsdotter, C. (1999). Modeling lingual coarticulation in coronal stops. Master Thesis, Department of Linguistics, Stockholm University.
Farnetani, E. (1990). V-C-V lingual coarticulation and its spatio-temporal domain. In Hardcastle, W. J. & Marchal, A. (eds.), Speech Production and Speech Modeling, 93-130. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Farnetani, E. (1997). Coarticulation and connected speech processes. In Hardcastle, W. J. & Laver, J. (eds.) The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences, 371-404. Oxford: Blackwell publisher.
Farnetani, E., Hardcastle, W. J. & Marchal, A. (1989). Cross-language investigation of
lingual coarticulatory processes using EPG. In Tubach, J. P. & Mariani, J. J. (eds.), Eurospeech'89, 429-432. Paris: European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology.
Farnetani, E. & Recasens, D. (1993). Anticipatory consonant-to-vowel coarticulatory in the production of VCV sequences in Italian. Language and Speech, 36, 279-302
Fletcher, S. G. (1982). Seeing speech in real time. IEEE Spectrum, 19, 42-45.
Fletcher, S. G. (1992). Articulation: a physiological approach. California: Singular Publishing Group, Inc.
Fontdevila, J., Pallares, M. D. & Recasens, D. (1994). The contact index method of electropalatographic data reduction. Journal of Phonetics, 22, 141-154.
Fowler, C. (1977). Timing control in speech production. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club.
Fowler, C. (1980). Coarticulation and theories of extrinsic timing. Journal of Phonetics 8, 1, 113-133.
Fowler, C. (1985). Current perceptives on language and speech production: a critical overview. In Danilioo, R. G. (ed.), Speech Science, 193-278. London: Taylor and Frances.
Fowler, C. & Saltzman, E. (1993). Coordination and coarticulation in speech production. Language and Speech, 36, 171-195.
Fugii, I. (1970). Phoneme identification with dynamic palatography. Annual Bullitin (Research Institute of Logopedics and Phoniatrics, University of Tokyo), 4, 67-73.
Gay, T. (1978). The effect of speaking rate on vowel formant movements. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 63, 223-230.
Hammarberg, R. (1976). The methaphysics of coarticulation. Journal of Phonetics, 4, 353-363.
Hardcastle, W. J. & Hewlett, N. (2000). Coarticulation: Theory, Data and Techniques. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hardcastle, W., Jones, W., Knight, C., Trudgeon, A. & Calder, G., (1989). New
developments in electropalatography: a state-of-art report. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 3, 1-38.
Hardcastle W. J. & Machal, A. (1990). EUR—ACCOR: A multi-lingual articulatory and acoustic database, ICSLP90, 2, 458-461. Japan: Kobe.
Hool, P., Ziegler, W., Hartmann, E. & Hardcastle, W. (1989). Parallel electropalatographic and acoustic measures of fricatives. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 3, 59-69.
Jonson, K. (1969). Mapping the movements of the human tongue. The Atom, 6, 12-16.
Kelso, J. A. S., Saltzman, E. & Truller, B. (1986). The dynamic perspective on speech production: data and theory. Journal of Phonetics, 14, 29-59.
Kent, R. D. & Moll, K. L. (1972).“Cinefluorographic analysises of selected lingual consonants”. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 15, 453-473.
Kuehn, D. P. & Moll, K. L. (1976).“A cineradiographic study of VC and CV articulatory velocities”. Journal of Phonetics, 4, 303-320.
Lindblom, B. (1963). Spectrographic study of vowel reduction. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 35, 11, 1773-1781.
Lindblom, B. (1983). Economy of speech gestures. In MacNeilage, P. F. (ed.), The Production of Speech, 217-245. New York: Springer Verlag.
Lfqvist, A. (1990). Speech as audible gestures. In Hardcastle, William J. & Marchal, Alain (eds.), Speech Production and Speech Modeling, 289-322. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Nord, L. (1986). Acoustic studies of vowel reduction in Swedish. Quarterly Progress and Status Report, Department of Speech Communication, STL-KTH Stockholm, 19-36.
ǒhman, S. (1966). Coarticulation in VCV sequences. Journal of Acoustic Society of America, 39, 151-168.
ǒhman, S. (1968). Studies in articulatory coordination. Speech research laboratory, KTH. Perkell, J. S. (1997). Articulatory processes. In Hardcastle, W. J. & Laver, J. (eds.) The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences, 333-370. Oxford: Blackwell
publisher.
Recasens, D. (1984). V-to-C coarticulation in Catalan VCV sequences: an articulatory and acoustical study. Journal of Phonetics 12, 1, 61-74.
Recasens, D. (1987). An acoustic analysis of V-to-C and V-to-V coarticulatory effects in Catalan and Spanish VCV sequences. Journal of Phonetics 15, 4, 299-312.
Recasens, D., Pallarés, M. D. & Fontdevila, J. (1997). A model of lingual coarticulation based on articulatory constraints. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 102, 1, 544-561.
Recasens, D., Pallare's, M. D. & Fontdevila, J. (1997). A model of lingual coarticulation based on articulatory constraints. Acoustic Society of America, 102, 1, 544-561.
Scobbie, J. M. & Wrench, A. A. (2003), An articulatory investigation of word final/1/and/1/-sandhi in three dialects of English. 15th ICPHS, 1871-1874. Barcelona.
鲍怀翘，郑玉玲 (2001)，普通话动态腭位图数据统计分析初探，第五届现代语音学学术会议论文集《新世纪的现代语音学》，9-17。北京：清华大学出版社。
陈嘉猷，鲍怀翘 (2003)，基于EPG的普通话塞音、塞擦音发音过程的研究，《第六届现代语音学学术会议论文集》，1-6。天津：天津大学。
林焘，王理嘉 (1992)，《语音学教程》。北京：北京大学出版社。
吴宗济，林茂灿 (1989)，《实验语音学概要》。北京：高等教育出版社。
徐世荣 (1999)，《普通话语音常识》。北京：语文出版社。
许毅 (1986)，普通话音联的声学语音学特征，《中国语文》，5，352-360。
杨顺安 (1989)，普通话音节间的协同调音现象及其模拟，《中文信息学报》，4，4，9-27。
郑玉玲，朱思俞 (2001)，普通话语音动态腭位数据库及研究平台，《声学与电子工程》，3-13。
郑玉玲，鲍怀翘 (2003)，论普通话／-N_1C_2／的协同发音，《第六届现代语音学学术会议论文集》，37-43。天津：天津大学。
周殿福，吴宗济 (1963)，普通话发音图谱。北京：商务印书馆。