适于小动物研究的μCT系统开发研制
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摘要
医学成像技术是医学图像处理技术和医学图像临床应用技术的基础。该论文是一套医学成像设备的研制。微型CT相对于普通医用CT设备,具有更高的空间分辨率、更低的辐射剂量以及更精确的重建算法。
该论文是以平板探测器为核心部件,搭建了一套适于活体小动物研究的微型CT系统。与大多数微型CT的区别是在图像采集过程中,该系统的光源和探测器是运动的,而样本保持静止。样本由一个水平位移台托着,固定在旋转中心。整个系统的运行都是通过控制中心控制,控制中心控制光源的开关,负责探测器的数据采集,并向电机驱动器发送控制指令,驱动光源和探测器围绕样本运动。重建算法用的是经典的锥形光束逆投影算法,即FDK算法。
为了能够更精确地重建样本,新创了一种确定点光源相对探测器平面的空间坐标方法:该方法是通过拍摄同一个标准样本不同方位的投影图,根据立体几何基本定理建立方程,联立多个方程解多个未知数,其中三个未知数就是光源相对探测器的空间坐标。
为了解决CT拍摄过程中由于射线硬化效应带来的“杯状”伪迹,新创了一种简便的修正方法。结果表明该修正方法的误差不到常用的二阶多项式拟合法的1/3。该硬化效应校正法比经典的多项式拟合法更简便,更容易计算,相对误差更小,能够有效地消除重建时的“杯状”伪迹。
为了能够全自动提取地提取出样本的外轮廓,提出了一个新的行之有效的方法,通过投影图的分割以及逆投影相乘来实现。解决了直接在切片图里进行分割时,由于切片图模糊而难以自动处理的问题。从仿真和样本实验中都可以看出这是一种有效的CT轮廓提取方法,不但可以节省人力节约时间,还可以节省存储器的空间。
该系统放大倍率为2.2倍,空间分辨率达到了58微米,有效重建区域为一个直径和高度均为55毫米的圆柱体,旋转系统复位精度达到了0.005度,拍摄步进角为1.8度。用该系统对海螺和SD大鼠进行拍摄和重建,展示了CT在骨结构成像方面的优势。
Medical imaging technology is the foundation of image processing technology and clinical application technology. The thesis is about the development of medical imaging equipment. Micro-CT imaging is an oncoming CT technology. With micron spatial resolution, it can get complex internal structure of the 3D information by completely nondestructive method with lower radiation and more exact reconstruction algorithm.
The thesis uses Varian flat panel detector PaxScan1313 as the key component to build vivo micro-CT system for small animals. X-ray source and detector are fixed on a rack, which rotates with the electromotor when sampling. And still sample is put on a horizontal table fixed in the center of rotation. The operation of the whole system is controlled by the control center, a workstation. Control Centre controls the X-ray source, the data acquisition of detector. It also sends instructions to the motor driver, driving the X-ray source and detector rotating around the sample. FDK algorithm is utilized to reconstruct the image of specimens.
In order to determine the relative coordinate between the point x-ray source and the detector plane, we invend a new method: the first step is to facture a tri-cone with transparent material, whose vertex is fixed with a metal ball. The second step is to rotate and to move the sample. So we can get several different projection images. According to each projection, we can list two equations. Through all the projections, we could have enough simultaneous equations including unknown numbers. And three unknowns determine the coordinate in space from the point x-ray source to the detector plane.
In order to eliminate the cup-like artifacts caused by the effects of beam hardening in CT reconstruction, we find a new method of exponential fitting. The error of the exponential fitting is no more than 1/3 of the traditional two order polynomial fitting. We conclude that this method is more simple and precise than former classical fitting method.
A new algorithm is presented for contour extraction in fan-beam CT reconstruction based on projection segmentation and backprojection. In most work on this problem, researchers segment two-dimensional slice images directly. Reconstructed slices are fuzzy, especially on the edges. Further segmentations operate on these fuzzy slices to get the contour results in more errors. The advantage of the new algorithm is its simplicity in segmenting projections. The results of simulation and experimental show its accuracy. This contour extraction method can save not only time and manpower, but also memory space.
The amplification ratio of this micro-CT system is 2.2, so the special resolution is 58 micron. It can reconstruct the volume of a column with the diameter of 55mm and the height of 55mm. The repeat positioning accuracy is 0.005 degree. The step angle of rotation is 1.8 degree. We have used this micro-CT system to sample and reconstruct a trumpet shell and a Sprague Dawley rat. Three-dimensional rendering of results shows the system’s utility.
该论文是以平板探测器为核心部件,搭建了一套适于活体小动物研究的微型CT系统。与大多数微型CT的区别是在图像采集过程中,该系统的光源和探测器是运动的,而样本保持静止。样本由一个水平位移台托着,固定在旋转中心。整个系统的运行都是通过控制中心控制,控制中心控制光源的开关,负责探测器的数据采集,并向电机驱动器发送控制指令,驱动光源和探测器围绕样本运动。重建算法用的是经典的锥形光束逆投影算法,即FDK算法。
为了能够更精确地重建样本,新创了一种确定点光源相对探测器平面的空间坐标方法:该方法是通过拍摄同一个标准样本不同方位的投影图,根据立体几何基本定理建立方程,联立多个方程解多个未知数,其中三个未知数就是光源相对探测器的空间坐标。
为了解决CT拍摄过程中由于射线硬化效应带来的“杯状”伪迹,新创了一种简便的修正方法。结果表明该修正方法的误差不到常用的二阶多项式拟合法的1/3。该硬化效应校正法比经典的多项式拟合法更简便,更容易计算,相对误差更小,能够有效地消除重建时的“杯状”伪迹。
为了能够全自动提取地提取出样本的外轮廓,提出了一个新的行之有效的方法,通过投影图的分割以及逆投影相乘来实现。解决了直接在切片图里进行分割时,由于切片图模糊而难以自动处理的问题。从仿真和样本实验中都可以看出这是一种有效的CT轮廓提取方法,不但可以节省人力节约时间,还可以节省存储器的空间。
该系统放大倍率为2.2倍,空间分辨率达到了58微米,有效重建区域为一个直径和高度均为55毫米的圆柱体,旋转系统复位精度达到了0.005度,拍摄步进角为1.8度。用该系统对海螺和SD大鼠进行拍摄和重建,展示了CT在骨结构成像方面的优势。
Medical imaging technology is the foundation of image processing technology and clinical application technology. The thesis is about the development of medical imaging equipment. Micro-CT imaging is an oncoming CT technology. With micron spatial resolution, it can get complex internal structure of the 3D information by completely nondestructive method with lower radiation and more exact reconstruction algorithm.
The thesis uses Varian flat panel detector PaxScan1313 as the key component to build vivo micro-CT system for small animals. X-ray source and detector are fixed on a rack, which rotates with the electromotor when sampling. And still sample is put on a horizontal table fixed in the center of rotation. The operation of the whole system is controlled by the control center, a workstation. Control Centre controls the X-ray source, the data acquisition of detector. It also sends instructions to the motor driver, driving the X-ray source and detector rotating around the sample. FDK algorithm is utilized to reconstruct the image of specimens.
In order to determine the relative coordinate between the point x-ray source and the detector plane, we invend a new method: the first step is to facture a tri-cone with transparent material, whose vertex is fixed with a metal ball. The second step is to rotate and to move the sample. So we can get several different projection images. According to each projection, we can list two equations. Through all the projections, we could have enough simultaneous equations including unknown numbers. And three unknowns determine the coordinate in space from the point x-ray source to the detector plane.
In order to eliminate the cup-like artifacts caused by the effects of beam hardening in CT reconstruction, we find a new method of exponential fitting. The error of the exponential fitting is no more than 1/3 of the traditional two order polynomial fitting. We conclude that this method is more simple and precise than former classical fitting method.
A new algorithm is presented for contour extraction in fan-beam CT reconstruction based on projection segmentation and backprojection. In most work on this problem, researchers segment two-dimensional slice images directly. Reconstructed slices are fuzzy, especially on the edges. Further segmentations operate on these fuzzy slices to get the contour results in more errors. The advantage of the new algorithm is its simplicity in segmenting projections. The results of simulation and experimental show its accuracy. This contour extraction method can save not only time and manpower, but also memory space.
The amplification ratio of this micro-CT system is 2.2, so the special resolution is 58 micron. It can reconstruct the volume of a column with the diameter of 55mm and the height of 55mm. The repeat positioning accuracy is 0.005 degree. The step angle of rotation is 1.8 degree. We have used this micro-CT system to sample and reconstruct a trumpet shell and a Sprague Dawley rat. Three-dimensional rendering of results shows the system’s utility.
引文
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