从二维走向三维的计算机辅助建筑设计
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摘要
20世纪90年代进入数字时代以来,计算机的使用对建筑设计行业产生了巨大的影响,建筑专业的各个层面都渗透了数字化技术的身影。在建筑设计的过程中计算机发挥出了越来越大的潜力。
在我国的建筑设计行业中的计算机辅助建筑设计(Computer Aided Architectural Design,简称CAAD)领域,2D CAAD技术及其应用系统占据着主导地位,并形成了相应的建筑设计过程。然而随着建筑设计的日益复杂,这种二维的建筑设计环境已经无法满足信息化社会的需要。
日新月异的计算机技术和信息技术不仅给设计的精度和深度带来了更高的要求,也提供了更加先进的工具和方法。如何充分利用发达的软硬件技术,顺应CAAD领域的发展趋势,采用国际上最先进的技术手段和软件工具,提升我国的建筑设计水平,推动整个建筑业生产力的提高,从而提高社会经济效益,已成为一个亟待解决的问题。
尽管2D CAAD应用系统可以提高绘图效率几倍甚至几十倍,效益可观。但从设计行业本身来看,当今的社会正在飞速发展,需要用更短的时间做出更好的设计,以提高竞争力;从业主的角度出发,希望以最少的投资得到最高的回报;从社会的角度讲,建筑的功能将越来越复杂,综合性越来越强。因此,当前对建筑设计便有了更高的要求。
目前建筑设计行业出现的种种问题,是由于二维的工作环境已经不适合当前的建筑设计要求。而要解决这些问题,则需要改变建筑设计的工作环境。
在建筑设计中,基于“建筑信息模型”(Building Information Model,简称BIM)技术的应用系统为我们提供了实现三维设计的机会。“建筑信息模型”可以创建出包含大量真实建筑信息的虚拟建筑模型,该模型包含了大量建筑材料和建筑构造、工艺等信息,包含了建造一个建筑所需要的所有组成部分。
“建筑信息模型”为实现三维设计提供了技术上的基础,但要改变目前建筑设计行业中的困境,还需要深入了解三维设计对建筑设计产生的影响。本文从我国建筑设计的现状入手,深入分析了我国计算机辅助建筑设计存在的问题。结合当前建筑设计行业的先进技术,提出了我们要在三维环境下作设计。并对目前我国BIM的应用情况进行了思考,指出了阻碍BIM在中国发展的因素,提出了BIM的发展建议。
90 years of the 20th century into the digital era, computer use on the building design industry has a huge impact, building professionals at all levels of penetration of digital technology in the figure. In the course of computer architecture design play an increasing potential.
The architectural design industry in China in the computer aided architectural design (Computer Aided Architectural Design, referred to as CAAD) in the field, 2D CAAD technology and its applications, dominated, and the formation of the corresponding architectural design process. However, with the increasing complexity of architectural design, architectural design of this two-dimensional environment has been unable to meet the information needs of the community.
Advanced computer technology and information technology bring higher demands, offer more advanced tools and methods as well. Taking full advantage of the software and hardware technology, applying with the developmental trend, adopt the most advanced technology means and software tools to improve Chinese architectural design level and increase the industry productivity, Which is an urgently problem.
Although 2D CAAD applications can improve the efficiency of times and even drawing a few times, considerable benefits. But look at the design industry itself, the rapid development of today's society is, need shorter the time to make better designs, to enhance competitiveness; from the owners point of view, in hopes of investments are return; from social perspective, the building features will become increasingly complex and increasingly integrated. Therefore, the current design of the building will have a higher demand.
Current construction problems with the design industry is the result of two-dimensional work environment is no longer appropriate to the current building design requirements. In order to solve these problems, you need to change the architectural design of the work environment.
In architectural design, based on the "BIM" (Building Information Model, referred to as BIM) technology system provides us the opportunity to achieve three-dimensional design. "Building Information Model" to create a building that contains a lot of real information on the virtual building model, which contains a large number of building materials and building construction, technical and other information, including the construction of a building all the components needed.
"Building Information Model" for the realization of three-dimensional design of a technical basis, but to change the current plight of architectural design industry, also need to understand three-dimensional design of the building design impact. From the present situation of China's architectural design, in-depth analysis of our computer-aided architectural design problems. With the current building design industry's advanced technology, we proposed the design in three-dimensional environment behind. BIM and the application of our country were thinking, that hindered the development of BIM factors in China, put forward development proposals BIM.
在我国的建筑设计行业中的计算机辅助建筑设计(Computer Aided Architectural Design,简称CAAD)领域,2D CAAD技术及其应用系统占据着主导地位,并形成了相应的建筑设计过程。然而随着建筑设计的日益复杂,这种二维的建筑设计环境已经无法满足信息化社会的需要。
日新月异的计算机技术和信息技术不仅给设计的精度和深度带来了更高的要求,也提供了更加先进的工具和方法。如何充分利用发达的软硬件技术,顺应CAAD领域的发展趋势,采用国际上最先进的技术手段和软件工具,提升我国的建筑设计水平,推动整个建筑业生产力的提高,从而提高社会经济效益,已成为一个亟待解决的问题。
尽管2D CAAD应用系统可以提高绘图效率几倍甚至几十倍,效益可观。但从设计行业本身来看,当今的社会正在飞速发展,需要用更短的时间做出更好的设计,以提高竞争力;从业主的角度出发,希望以最少的投资得到最高的回报;从社会的角度讲,建筑的功能将越来越复杂,综合性越来越强。因此,当前对建筑设计便有了更高的要求。
目前建筑设计行业出现的种种问题,是由于二维的工作环境已经不适合当前的建筑设计要求。而要解决这些问题,则需要改变建筑设计的工作环境。
在建筑设计中,基于“建筑信息模型”(Building Information Model,简称BIM)技术的应用系统为我们提供了实现三维设计的机会。“建筑信息模型”可以创建出包含大量真实建筑信息的虚拟建筑模型,该模型包含了大量建筑材料和建筑构造、工艺等信息,包含了建造一个建筑所需要的所有组成部分。
“建筑信息模型”为实现三维设计提供了技术上的基础,但要改变目前建筑设计行业中的困境,还需要深入了解三维设计对建筑设计产生的影响。本文从我国建筑设计的现状入手,深入分析了我国计算机辅助建筑设计存在的问题。结合当前建筑设计行业的先进技术,提出了我们要在三维环境下作设计。并对目前我国BIM的应用情况进行了思考,指出了阻碍BIM在中国发展的因素,提出了BIM的发展建议。
90 years of the 20th century into the digital era, computer use on the building design industry has a huge impact, building professionals at all levels of penetration of digital technology in the figure. In the course of computer architecture design play an increasing potential.
The architectural design industry in China in the computer aided architectural design (Computer Aided Architectural Design, referred to as CAAD) in the field, 2D CAAD technology and its applications, dominated, and the formation of the corresponding architectural design process. However, with the increasing complexity of architectural design, architectural design of this two-dimensional environment has been unable to meet the information needs of the community.
Advanced computer technology and information technology bring higher demands, offer more advanced tools and methods as well. Taking full advantage of the software and hardware technology, applying with the developmental trend, adopt the most advanced technology means and software tools to improve Chinese architectural design level and increase the industry productivity, Which is an urgently problem.
Although 2D CAAD applications can improve the efficiency of times and even drawing a few times, considerable benefits. But look at the design industry itself, the rapid development of today's society is, need shorter the time to make better designs, to enhance competitiveness; from the owners point of view, in hopes of investments are return; from social perspective, the building features will become increasingly complex and increasingly integrated. Therefore, the current design of the building will have a higher demand.
Current construction problems with the design industry is the result of two-dimensional work environment is no longer appropriate to the current building design requirements. In order to solve these problems, you need to change the architectural design of the work environment.
In architectural design, based on the "BIM" (Building Information Model, referred to as BIM) technology system provides us the opportunity to achieve three-dimensional design. "Building Information Model" to create a building that contains a lot of real information on the virtual building model, which contains a large number of building materials and building construction, technical and other information, including the construction of a building all the components needed.
"Building Information Model" for the realization of three-dimensional design of a technical basis, but to change the current plight of architectural design industry, also need to understand three-dimensional design of the building design impact. From the present situation of China's architectural design, in-depth analysis of our computer-aided architectural design problems. With the current building design industry's advanced technology, we proposed the design in three-dimensional environment behind. BIM and the application of our country were thinking, that hindered the development of BIM factors in China, put forward development proposals BIM.
引文
[1]白静,于华.数字化技术与建筑发展[J].华中建筑,2002,02(20) :45~46.
[2]李振宇,谢振宇.CAD-.建筑师的双刃剑[J].建筑学报.1998(12):32.
[3]蔡珏.建筑协同设计初探;〔硕士学位论文〕.武汉;华中科技大学,2005:55
[4]韩冬青.浅析建筑设计活动的程序机制[J].同济大学学报,Vol.24(5),1996,10:89.
[5]秦佑国、韩慧卿、俞传匕.计算机集成建筑制造(CIB S)的构想.建筑学报,2003/8:41 ~43
[6]中国大百科全书?建筑、园林、城市规划卷[M].北京;中国大百科全书出版社,1986:241~242
[7] [美]罗伯特?文丘里.周卜颐译.建筑的复杂性与矛盾性[M].北京;中国建筑工业出版社,1991:1, 7, 19
[8] T?Heath. Method in Architecture[M]. Queensland Institute of Technology, 1984:133。
[9] [英]尼占拉斯?佩夫斯纳、詹姆斯?理查兹、丹尼斯?夏普编著.邓敬、土俊、杨矫、崔布、邓鸿成等译.反理性主义者与理性主义者[M].北京;中国建筑工业出版社出版,2003:45
[10]沈克宁.设计方法论并非设计方法[J].华中建筑,1996. V OL, 14,No2:44
[11]「德」约狄克.冯纪忠、杨公侠译.建筑设计方法论[M].武汉;华中工学院出版社,1983:67
[12]张茂军.虚拟现实系统[M],科学出版社,2001年9月第一版:110
[13]李怡、李树涛.虚拟工业设计[M].电子工业出版社2003,06:36 -38
[14] H Edward Goldberg, The Building Information Model[M], CADalyst. Eugene, Nov2004. Vol. 21:56-58
[15] Dianne Davis.BIM(Building Information Modeling)Update.AEC Infosystems.www.aia.org,AIA Article,September 2003(Internet Resource) :23
[16]赵昂.BIM技术在计算机辅助建筑设计中的应用初探;〔硕士学位论文〕.重庆;重庆大学,2006:25
[17]赵红红,信息化建筑设计——Autodesk Revit[M],北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005. 10:26 -27
[18] Deke Smith, United States Building Information Model Standard[M], Building Connections; The 2nd Congress on Digital Collaboration in the Building Industry, 2005.11:44 -45
[19]牟茗.四维建筑信息模型技术研究;〔硕士学位论文〕.北京;北京林业大学,2009:42
[20]邱奎宁.IFC标准在中国的应用前景分析.建筑科学.Vol 19.2003.4:29
[21] Q.Z.Yang, Design knowledge modeling and software implementation for building code compliance checking[M], Building and Environment 39(2004) :689~698
[22]张利.信息时代的建筑与建筑设计[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2002:35 -36
[23]吴良镛,北京宪章(稿),北京宪章分题报告[M].北京;中国建筑工业出版社,1999:19
[24]仇保兴.推行绿色建筑,加快资源节约型社会建设.2010-02-05 [EB/OL].http://www.arting365.com/vision/discourse/2006-03-26/content.1143361865d121535.html
[25]《建设科技》编辑部.从能源国情看建筑节能[J].建设科技2004,28(5):65
[26]赵家荣司长在全国节能宣传周新闻发布会上的讲话(摘要).2010-04-05 [EB/ OL].http://www.zjjmw.gov.cn/gyjj/xhjj/nyzs/xgxx/2004/06/07/79715.shtml
[27]国家技术前瞻研究组.中国技术前瞻报告[M].北京;科技文献出版社,2004:56
[28]曾旭东,赵昂.绿色建筑设计中的CAD技术[J].《智能与绿色建筑文集2》收录.北京:中国建筑工业出版社.2006年3月
[29]毛晶慧.中国BIM时代即将开启?.2010-04-08 [EB/OL].http://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/20100408/08487709226.shtml
[30]真实案例为BIM洗刷“罪名”,给以正解.2010-03-17 [EB/ OL].http://www.chinabim.com/school/whatisbim/2009-05-04/182.html
[31] AIA ,Rick Rundell.The Five Fallacies of BIM.2007-11-01 [EB/0 OL].http://www.cadalyst.com/aec/the-five-fallacies-bim-part-1-1-2-3-revit- tutorial-3688
[2]李振宇,谢振宇.CAD-.建筑师的双刃剑[J].建筑学报.1998(12):32.
[3]蔡珏.建筑协同设计初探;〔硕士学位论文〕.武汉;华中科技大学,2005:55
[4]韩冬青.浅析建筑设计活动的程序机制[J].同济大学学报,Vol.24(5),1996,10:89.
[5]秦佑国、韩慧卿、俞传匕.计算机集成建筑制造(CIB S)的构想.建筑学报,2003/8:41 ~43
[6]中国大百科全书?建筑、园林、城市规划卷[M].北京;中国大百科全书出版社,1986:241~242
[7] [美]罗伯特?文丘里.周卜颐译.建筑的复杂性与矛盾性[M].北京;中国建筑工业出版社,1991:1, 7, 19
[8] T?Heath. Method in Architecture[M]. Queensland Institute of Technology, 1984:133。
[9] [英]尼占拉斯?佩夫斯纳、詹姆斯?理查兹、丹尼斯?夏普编著.邓敬、土俊、杨矫、崔布、邓鸿成等译.反理性主义者与理性主义者[M].北京;中国建筑工业出版社出版,2003:45
[10]沈克宁.设计方法论并非设计方法[J].华中建筑,1996. V OL, 14,No2:44
[11]「德」约狄克.冯纪忠、杨公侠译.建筑设计方法论[M].武汉;华中工学院出版社,1983:67
[12]张茂军.虚拟现实系统[M],科学出版社,2001年9月第一版:110
[13]李怡、李树涛.虚拟工业设计[M].电子工业出版社2003,06:36 -38
[14] H Edward Goldberg, The Building Information Model[M], CADalyst. Eugene, Nov2004. Vol. 21:56-58
[15] Dianne Davis.BIM(Building Information Modeling)Update.AEC Infosystems.www.aia.org,AIA Article,September 2003(Internet Resource) :23
[16]赵昂.BIM技术在计算机辅助建筑设计中的应用初探;〔硕士学位论文〕.重庆;重庆大学,2006:25
[17]赵红红,信息化建筑设计——Autodesk Revit[M],北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005. 10:26 -27
[18] Deke Smith, United States Building Information Model Standard[M], Building Connections; The 2nd Congress on Digital Collaboration in the Building Industry, 2005.11:44 -45
[19]牟茗.四维建筑信息模型技术研究;〔硕士学位论文〕.北京;北京林业大学,2009:42
[20]邱奎宁.IFC标准在中国的应用前景分析.建筑科学.Vol 19.2003.4:29
[21] Q.Z.Yang, Design knowledge modeling and software implementation for building code compliance checking[M], Building and Environment 39(2004) :689~698
[22]张利.信息时代的建筑与建筑设计[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2002:35 -36
[23]吴良镛,北京宪章(稿),北京宪章分题报告[M].北京;中国建筑工业出版社,1999:19
[24]仇保兴.推行绿色建筑,加快资源节约型社会建设.2010-02-05 [EB/OL].http://www.arting365.com/vision/discourse/2006-03-26/content.1143361865d121535.html
[25]《建设科技》编辑部.从能源国情看建筑节能[J].建设科技2004,28(5):65
[26]赵家荣司长在全国节能宣传周新闻发布会上的讲话(摘要).2010-04-05 [EB/ OL].http://www.zjjmw.gov.cn/gyjj/xhjj/nyzs/xgxx/2004/06/07/79715.shtml
[27]国家技术前瞻研究组.中国技术前瞻报告[M].北京;科技文献出版社,2004:56
[28]曾旭东,赵昂.绿色建筑设计中的CAD技术[J].《智能与绿色建筑文集2》收录.北京:中国建筑工业出版社.2006年3月
[29]毛晶慧.中国BIM时代即将开启?.2010-04-08 [EB/OL].http://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/20100408/08487709226.shtml
[30]真实案例为BIM洗刷“罪名”,给以正解.2010-03-17 [EB/ OL].http://www.chinabim.com/school/whatisbim/2009-05-04/182.html
[31] AIA ,Rick Rundell.The Five Fallacies of BIM.2007-11-01 [EB/0 OL].http://www.cadalyst.com/aec/the-five-fallacies-bim-part-1-1-2-3-revit- tutorial-3688