应对研究的挑战性问题与新方向
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摘要
应激和应对是现代心理学研究中最广泛的一个主题。应对不是一个独立的现象，它是一个复杂、动态的过程中，涉及人、环境以及他们之间的关系，并与个体身心健康密切相关。
首先对应对的国内外研究动态作了详细总结，以期对这一领域的研究现状和基本问题能够进行全面的了解。关于应对的研究可以追溯到1966年Lazarus《心理应激与应对发展过程》这本书的出版。在Freud的防御机制理论和Selye的应激学说的基础上，在认知革命的背景下，Lazarus的过程理论诞生了，将应对定义为不断改变认知和行为，管理个体内部和外部的紧张状态，以对付心理压力。到20世纪80年代前后逐渐成为一个独特的研究领域。量表的产生和使用有力促进了应对的研究进展，因此对应对常用测量工具进行总结，适用于一般人群的量表有WCQ（Ways of Coping Questionnaire）、CSI（Coping StrategiesInventory）、COPE（Coping Orientations to Problems Experienced）、CISS（CopingInventory for Stressful Situations）等，还包括倾向于应对过程的认知测量的问卷、倾向于应对能力和效能的问卷、倾向于特殊人群的对的问卷，最后介绍了Stone等人用于日常应对测量的问卷。
几十年来应对领域的研究取得了大量丰富的成果，基本集中在以下几点：应对具有多种功能，包括但不仅限于对困境的调控和解决造成苦恼的问题；强调认知评价，对压力情境的特点的评价影响应对；应对是受个性特征影响的如乐观性、神经质、外向性等；应对受个体的社会资源影响。但同时，学者们早已意识到，应对领域的研究面临着瓶颈期，需要质的突破。早在1999年Lazarus就曾指出，应激与应对的研究数量与其研究质量是不相称的。大量对应对研究的批评和质疑指向研究设计和测量工具（清单方法）方面。应对的研究需要纵向的动态的设计，需要多种测量方法的结合，需要对一些新的课题进行深入研究。针对各种不同的声音，学者们不断的思考并积极的探索，研究呈现出多样化，涌现了很多非常有价值的成果，但一些急需的研究设计和研究内容迄今尚未得到足够的重视。
国内应对研究的类别主要体现在以下几个方面：基于应对的特质理论、情境特征理论和过程理论的各类实证研究，应对与心理健康及相关因素的关系研究，各类应对量表的编制研究，应对的人口学变量研究，应对的干预研究等。虽然国内应对的研究取得了大量成果，目前也出现了一些对新问题、新方向的探索，但是相对于国外来说进展仍较慢，那些批评和质疑的声音正可以用来形容当前国内研究的现状，国内研究对突破和创新的需要更为迫切。
如何才能实现研究上的突破和创新？关于这一问题可以从两个方向进行深入探讨，首先是对应对现有研究中所存在的具有挑战性的问题进行研究，这是一种纵向性的探索。其次是对应对领域新的研究方向进行研究，这是一种横向性的扩展。
应对的研究设计、测量、类别和模型建构四方面是应对领域备受关注的问题，但同时也是具有挑战性的问题，是需要深入研究的问题。在关于研究设计的部分，首先挖掘了几十年来应对领域研究的生态学思想，并进一步指出，提高研究的生态学效度是当代科学研究对真实性的追求，是建立有效的临床干预模式的前提，因此，在应对的研究中，提倡纵向的动态设计，注重动态交互作用，关注各类情境变量。在测量方面，基于前面所述的纵向动态的研究设计，提倡加大对应对的生态瞬时评估方法、叙事方法的使用和研究，且一定注意要遵循根据研究内容的需要选择合适的研究方法的原则。生态瞬时评估这个名词是1994被创造的，这种研究模式强调生态学意义上的正确观察，强调对现实生活中表露出来的行为进行研究、评估、和观察，对研究对象现实评估数据的收集是EMA研究的共性和重点。对生态瞬时评估方法的特点、历史发展、研究设计、使用前景以及使用中需要注意的问题做了详细介绍。在应对类别研究方面要注重对意义应对的深入研究，在意义应对类型中认知策略被积极使用，并且与应对过程中的积极情绪的产生密切相关，因此意义应对具有很大的适应意义。应对的模型建构方面，首先介绍了一些各具特色的理论模型，包括经验应对模型、社会问题解决模式、基于临床治疗的综合性框架模型、应激应对（不）匹配假说、情感建模涉及到的应对模型等。在前期研究基础上进一步构建了应对的生态学模型，此模型重点考虑各类环境因素、认知与情绪的交互作用、应对反应类别、应对导致的后果、整体动态交互作用等几个方面，并指出要进一步完善生态学模型的建构，进一步探明初级评价和次级评价与情绪的交互作用的机制，并在此模型的指导下开展相应的实证研究，即应对的生态瞬时评估和生态瞬时干预研究。研究者也可以根据研究内容的需要采用其他一些有价值的模型进行理论指导。
应对领域未来的新的研究方向主要包括应激过程的防护方面、二元交互模式的应对、应对与积极情绪三个方面。应激过程的防护是应对研究领域一个新的发展方向，它是指人们提前进行适应以阻止或削弱潜在的压力事件的影响，应激过程的防护主要注重心理复原力的概念和面向未来的主动应对的探讨；二元交互模式的应对主要是指夫妻间的共同应对，在应对的过程中认知、行为、情绪等方面的动态交互和相互影响对个体应对有何种影响；应对与积极情绪的研究则开辟了应对研究的一个新途径，研究者们观察到应对过程中积极情绪与消极情绪是共生的，而积极情绪有重要的适应性意义并且这些情绪的生成是通过可识别的应对过程，积极情绪的产生基于个体的评估，因此也与意义指向的应对策略密切相关，通过进一步研究Folkman等人将意义指向的应对策略分为利益发现、利益提醒、适应性的目标过程、改变优先权、为普通事物注入积极意义五种类型。应对领域新的研究方向的探讨都是为了使个体进行更好的应对，从不同角度努力减少应激性事件所带来的困扰。
文章结语部分明确指出了研究不足以及后续的研究，即应对生态学模型的进一步完善，应对生态学研究路向所涉及到的相关概念的界定和区分，生态学模型指导下相应实证研究的开展，关于应对新研究方向的具体研究内容等。虽然应对的研究存在着固有的局限性，但是困难与希望是并存的。在应对领域未来的研中，理论探索与临床实践应该进行更好的结合，对于这个问题提出了一些具体可行的方法。理论与实践的完美结合，这是应对领域的研究者们一直努力的方向。
Stress and coping is a most widely subject of modern psychology，Coping is notan independent phenomenon, but a complex, dynamic process, involving therelationship between people, the environment and their interrelationship, which isclosely related to individual physical and psychological health.
This paper gave a detailed summary about coping in China and the whole worldin order to conduct a comprehensive understanding on the research status and basicproblems in this area. The study on coping originated from the book PsychologicalStress and Coping Process by Lazarus in1966. On the basis of Freud’s theory ofdefense mechanisms and Selye’s stress theory, process theory of Lazarus wasestablished in the context of the cognitive revolution, being defined as the changingcognition and behavior, managing intra-individual and external tension to deal withthe psychological pressure. Until1980s it became a unique research field gradually.Generation and use of scale had a strong impetus to the research progress of coping.In brief, the common measurement tools of coping applicable to the generalpopulation include WCQ (Ways of Coping Questionnaire), CSI (Coping StrategiesInventory), COPE (Coping Orientationsto Problems Experienced), CISS (Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations), etc., and some other questionnaires tending tocognitive measures in coping process, coping capacity and performance and specialpopulations coping, as well as the questionnaire concerning about daily copingmeasurement of Stone and other researchers.
Coping research has already gained fruitful achievements for decades. Despitethese variations, research based on contextual approaches converges on the followingpoints: Coping has multiple functions, including but not limited to the regulation ofdistress and the management of problems causing the distress; Coping is influencedby the appraised characteristics of the stressful context, including its controllability;Coping is influenced by personality dispositions including optimism, neuroticism,and extraversion; Coping is influenced by social resources. many scholars haverealized that the current research in this filed are stagnant, experiencing a bottleneckperiod. In1999Lazarus pointed out that the research number and quality of stressand coping are disproportionate. A lot of criticism and questions on coping focusedon the study design and measurement tools (list). The research of coping needslongitudinal dynamic design, a combination of several measuring methods andin-depth study of some new issues. For a variety of different voices, scholars thoughtconstantly and explored actively, their research showing a diversification and the emergence of a lot of valuable results, but still lack of sufficient attention for someurgent research design and content.
Domestic the research types of coping are mainly reflected in the followingaspects: trait theory based on coping, various types of empirical research on contextcharacteristics theory and process theory, the relationship research between coping,mental health and related factors, all kinds of designing and making of coping scale,demographic variables and intervention research of coping. Although the domesticstudy of coping has already had large number of achievements, there are still somenew problems to solve and new direction to explore. Compared with abroad, ourcoping research progress is still slow and the voice of those who criticize andquestion can be used to describe the current domestic research status, showing theurgent need for breakthroughs and innovations in this field.
How to confront with this situation and carry on the research? With respect tothis question, we can deeply explore from current research problems and newresearch directions of coping,that is longitudinal exploration and transverseextension, to promote research development of coping.
The challenging problems in existing research of coping include research design,measurement, classification and modeling of coping. In the study design section,first,this paper review the ecological thinking of coping research field in decades.Then the article point out thatimproving the ecological validity of the study is the pursuit of contemporary study on theauthenticity.Therefore,we advocate longitudinal dynamic design, focus on the dynamicinteraction and concern situational variables in the studies of coping. In the aspect ofmeasurement,this paper promote the resarch on Ecological Momentary Assessment(EMA) andnarrative approaches based on longitudinal dynamic design and choose the appropriate methodaccording to the research content. Although Ecological momentary assessment（EMA）wascreated in1994,the research about EMA have been active for decades abroad. EMA is not asingle research method, but a paradigm. It emphasizes the research, evaluation, and observationof individuals’ mind and behavior in the real life. EMA breaks through the limitations ofretrospective recall. It emphasizes the real-time data collection and repeated assessment of thereal world, and illustrates the relationship between the natural exist and change in variables. Thusmaximizing ecological validity. The article describes the characteristics, historical development,study design and the issues needed to notice of EMA. The classification of coping should focuson the further research of meaning-focused coping. Cognitive strategies inmeaning-focused coping is positively used and closely related to the generation ofpositive emotions in the coping process, and therefore meaning-focused coping hasgreat adaptive significance. In terms of the modeling of coping,we introuduced some distinctive theoretical model,for example, Experiential Coping Model, Social Problem SolvingCoping Model, Integrative Framework based on the clinical, Stress-coping (mis)matchhypothesis,and emotion modeling involved coping model.On the basis of preliminary studies, thearticle further to construct the ecological models of coping and focus to consider the followingaspects:a various of environmental factors, the interaction of cognition and emotion,the categoryof coping response, the consequences of coping, the overall dynamic interaction,and so on.Moreover, the article propose the need of further improving the construction of ecology model,further proving interaction mechanism between appraisals and secondary appraisalwith emotion，and carrying out the research under the guidance of this model, ecologicalmomentary assessment and ecological momentary interventions of coping。Some othervaluable model for theoretical guidance can also be used according to the needs of the researchcontent.
The new directions of coping include Protective Aspects of the Stress Process,Coping at the Dyadic Level, coping and positive emotions. Protective Aspects of theStress Process is a new direction of coping research, referring to that people inadvance adapt in order to prevent or diminish the potential impact of stressful events,Pay attention to the concept of mental resilience and the exploration offuture-oriented proactive coping in Protective Aspects of the Stress Process； Coping at the Dyadic Level mainly means common coping between couples, mutualeffects and actions, what kind of impacts dynamic interaction and mutual influenceof cognition, behavior, emotion and other aspects have on individual coping incoping process；Interest in positive emotion in the stress process has opened a newavenue for coping research. Scholars have observed that positive emotions andnegative emotions are symbiotic in the process of coping, positive emotions arebased on individual assessment, therefore are closely related to meaning-focus.Meaning-focused coping includes benefit finding, benefit reminding, adaptive goalprocesses, reordering priorities and infusing ordinary events with positive meaning.New research in the field of coping contributes to the better coping of individual,reducing the nuisance caused by the stress event from different angles.
The last part of this paper clearly points out weak points of research andfollow-up studies, which includes the further improvement of the coping ecologicalmodel, the definition and distinction of related concepts involved in copingecological studies, the corresponding empirical research carried out under theguidance of ecological models and specific studies to new research direction ofcoping. Although there are inherent limitations in coping research, it is believed thatdifficulties and hopes coexist. In future research of this field theoretical research and clinical practice should be better combined in the future and researcher can make anumber of specific and feasible approaches to this problem. The close integration oftheory and practice will always be the direction for researchers in the coping field.
首先对应对的国内外研究动态作了详细总结，以期对这一领域的研究现状和基本问题能够进行全面的了解。关于应对的研究可以追溯到1966年Lazarus《心理应激与应对发展过程》这本书的出版。在Freud的防御机制理论和Selye的应激学说的基础上，在认知革命的背景下，Lazarus的过程理论诞生了，将应对定义为不断改变认知和行为，管理个体内部和外部的紧张状态，以对付心理压力。到20世纪80年代前后逐渐成为一个独特的研究领域。量表的产生和使用有力促进了应对的研究进展，因此对应对常用测量工具进行总结，适用于一般人群的量表有WCQ（Ways of Coping Questionnaire）、CSI（Coping StrategiesInventory）、COPE（Coping Orientations to Problems Experienced）、CISS（CopingInventory for Stressful Situations）等，还包括倾向于应对过程的认知测量的问卷、倾向于应对能力和效能的问卷、倾向于特殊人群的对的问卷，最后介绍了Stone等人用于日常应对测量的问卷。
几十年来应对领域的研究取得了大量丰富的成果，基本集中在以下几点：应对具有多种功能，包括但不仅限于对困境的调控和解决造成苦恼的问题；强调认知评价，对压力情境的特点的评价影响应对；应对是受个性特征影响的如乐观性、神经质、外向性等；应对受个体的社会资源影响。但同时，学者们早已意识到，应对领域的研究面临着瓶颈期，需要质的突破。早在1999年Lazarus就曾指出，应激与应对的研究数量与其研究质量是不相称的。大量对应对研究的批评和质疑指向研究设计和测量工具（清单方法）方面。应对的研究需要纵向的动态的设计，需要多种测量方法的结合，需要对一些新的课题进行深入研究。针对各种不同的声音，学者们不断的思考并积极的探索，研究呈现出多样化，涌现了很多非常有价值的成果，但一些急需的研究设计和研究内容迄今尚未得到足够的重视。
国内应对研究的类别主要体现在以下几个方面：基于应对的特质理论、情境特征理论和过程理论的各类实证研究，应对与心理健康及相关因素的关系研究，各类应对量表的编制研究，应对的人口学变量研究，应对的干预研究等。虽然国内应对的研究取得了大量成果，目前也出现了一些对新问题、新方向的探索，但是相对于国外来说进展仍较慢，那些批评和质疑的声音正可以用来形容当前国内研究的现状，国内研究对突破和创新的需要更为迫切。
如何才能实现研究上的突破和创新？关于这一问题可以从两个方向进行深入探讨，首先是对应对现有研究中所存在的具有挑战性的问题进行研究，这是一种纵向性的探索。其次是对应对领域新的研究方向进行研究，这是一种横向性的扩展。
应对的研究设计、测量、类别和模型建构四方面是应对领域备受关注的问题，但同时也是具有挑战性的问题，是需要深入研究的问题。在关于研究设计的部分，首先挖掘了几十年来应对领域研究的生态学思想，并进一步指出，提高研究的生态学效度是当代科学研究对真实性的追求，是建立有效的临床干预模式的前提，因此，在应对的研究中，提倡纵向的动态设计，注重动态交互作用，关注各类情境变量。在测量方面，基于前面所述的纵向动态的研究设计，提倡加大对应对的生态瞬时评估方法、叙事方法的使用和研究，且一定注意要遵循根据研究内容的需要选择合适的研究方法的原则。生态瞬时评估这个名词是1994被创造的，这种研究模式强调生态学意义上的正确观察，强调对现实生活中表露出来的行为进行研究、评估、和观察，对研究对象现实评估数据的收集是EMA研究的共性和重点。对生态瞬时评估方法的特点、历史发展、研究设计、使用前景以及使用中需要注意的问题做了详细介绍。在应对类别研究方面要注重对意义应对的深入研究，在意义应对类型中认知策略被积极使用，并且与应对过程中的积极情绪的产生密切相关，因此意义应对具有很大的适应意义。应对的模型建构方面，首先介绍了一些各具特色的理论模型，包括经验应对模型、社会问题解决模式、基于临床治疗的综合性框架模型、应激应对（不）匹配假说、情感建模涉及到的应对模型等。在前期研究基础上进一步构建了应对的生态学模型，此模型重点考虑各类环境因素、认知与情绪的交互作用、应对反应类别、应对导致的后果、整体动态交互作用等几个方面，并指出要进一步完善生态学模型的建构，进一步探明初级评价和次级评价与情绪的交互作用的机制，并在此模型的指导下开展相应的实证研究，即应对的生态瞬时评估和生态瞬时干预研究。研究者也可以根据研究内容的需要采用其他一些有价值的模型进行理论指导。
应对领域未来的新的研究方向主要包括应激过程的防护方面、二元交互模式的应对、应对与积极情绪三个方面。应激过程的防护是应对研究领域一个新的发展方向，它是指人们提前进行适应以阻止或削弱潜在的压力事件的影响，应激过程的防护主要注重心理复原力的概念和面向未来的主动应对的探讨；二元交互模式的应对主要是指夫妻间的共同应对，在应对的过程中认知、行为、情绪等方面的动态交互和相互影响对个体应对有何种影响；应对与积极情绪的研究则开辟了应对研究的一个新途径，研究者们观察到应对过程中积极情绪与消极情绪是共生的，而积极情绪有重要的适应性意义并且这些情绪的生成是通过可识别的应对过程，积极情绪的产生基于个体的评估，因此也与意义指向的应对策略密切相关，通过进一步研究Folkman等人将意义指向的应对策略分为利益发现、利益提醒、适应性的目标过程、改变优先权、为普通事物注入积极意义五种类型。应对领域新的研究方向的探讨都是为了使个体进行更好的应对，从不同角度努力减少应激性事件所带来的困扰。
文章结语部分明确指出了研究不足以及后续的研究，即应对生态学模型的进一步完善，应对生态学研究路向所涉及到的相关概念的界定和区分，生态学模型指导下相应实证研究的开展，关于应对新研究方向的具体研究内容等。虽然应对的研究存在着固有的局限性，但是困难与希望是并存的。在应对领域未来的研中，理论探索与临床实践应该进行更好的结合，对于这个问题提出了一些具体可行的方法。理论与实践的完美结合，这是应对领域的研究者们一直努力的方向。
Stress and coping is a most widely subject of modern psychology，Coping is notan independent phenomenon, but a complex, dynamic process, involving therelationship between people, the environment and their interrelationship, which isclosely related to individual physical and psychological health.
This paper gave a detailed summary about coping in China and the whole worldin order to conduct a comprehensive understanding on the research status and basicproblems in this area. The study on coping originated from the book PsychologicalStress and Coping Process by Lazarus in1966. On the basis of Freud’s theory ofdefense mechanisms and Selye’s stress theory, process theory of Lazarus wasestablished in the context of the cognitive revolution, being defined as the changingcognition and behavior, managing intra-individual and external tension to deal withthe psychological pressure. Until1980s it became a unique research field gradually.Generation and use of scale had a strong impetus to the research progress of coping.In brief, the common measurement tools of coping applicable to the generalpopulation include WCQ (Ways of Coping Questionnaire), CSI (Coping StrategiesInventory), COPE (Coping Orientationsto Problems Experienced), CISS (Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations), etc., and some other questionnaires tending tocognitive measures in coping process, coping capacity and performance and specialpopulations coping, as well as the questionnaire concerning about daily copingmeasurement of Stone and other researchers.
Coping research has already gained fruitful achievements for decades. Despitethese variations, research based on contextual approaches converges on the followingpoints: Coping has multiple functions, including but not limited to the regulation ofdistress and the management of problems causing the distress; Coping is influencedby the appraised characteristics of the stressful context, including its controllability;Coping is influenced by personality dispositions including optimism, neuroticism,and extraversion; Coping is influenced by social resources. many scholars haverealized that the current research in this filed are stagnant, experiencing a bottleneckperiod. In1999Lazarus pointed out that the research number and quality of stressand coping are disproportionate. A lot of criticism and questions on coping focusedon the study design and measurement tools (list). The research of coping needslongitudinal dynamic design, a combination of several measuring methods andin-depth study of some new issues. For a variety of different voices, scholars thoughtconstantly and explored actively, their research showing a diversification and the emergence of a lot of valuable results, but still lack of sufficient attention for someurgent research design and content.
Domestic the research types of coping are mainly reflected in the followingaspects: trait theory based on coping, various types of empirical research on contextcharacteristics theory and process theory, the relationship research between coping,mental health and related factors, all kinds of designing and making of coping scale,demographic variables and intervention research of coping. Although the domesticstudy of coping has already had large number of achievements, there are still somenew problems to solve and new direction to explore. Compared with abroad, ourcoping research progress is still slow and the voice of those who criticize andquestion can be used to describe the current domestic research status, showing theurgent need for breakthroughs and innovations in this field.
How to confront with this situation and carry on the research? With respect tothis question, we can deeply explore from current research problems and newresearch directions of coping,that is longitudinal exploration and transverseextension, to promote research development of coping.
The challenging problems in existing research of coping include research design,measurement, classification and modeling of coping. In the study design section,first,this paper review the ecological thinking of coping research field in decades.Then the article point out thatimproving the ecological validity of the study is the pursuit of contemporary study on theauthenticity.Therefore,we advocate longitudinal dynamic design, focus on the dynamicinteraction and concern situational variables in the studies of coping. In the aspect ofmeasurement,this paper promote the resarch on Ecological Momentary Assessment(EMA) andnarrative approaches based on longitudinal dynamic design and choose the appropriate methodaccording to the research content. Although Ecological momentary assessment（EMA）wascreated in1994,the research about EMA have been active for decades abroad. EMA is not asingle research method, but a paradigm. It emphasizes the research, evaluation, and observationof individuals’ mind and behavior in the real life. EMA breaks through the limitations ofretrospective recall. It emphasizes the real-time data collection and repeated assessment of thereal world, and illustrates the relationship between the natural exist and change in variables. Thusmaximizing ecological validity. The article describes the characteristics, historical development,study design and the issues needed to notice of EMA. The classification of coping should focuson the further research of meaning-focused coping. Cognitive strategies inmeaning-focused coping is positively used and closely related to the generation ofpositive emotions in the coping process, and therefore meaning-focused coping hasgreat adaptive significance. In terms of the modeling of coping,we introuduced some distinctive theoretical model,for example, Experiential Coping Model, Social Problem SolvingCoping Model, Integrative Framework based on the clinical, Stress-coping (mis)matchhypothesis,and emotion modeling involved coping model.On the basis of preliminary studies, thearticle further to construct the ecological models of coping and focus to consider the followingaspects:a various of environmental factors, the interaction of cognition and emotion,the categoryof coping response, the consequences of coping, the overall dynamic interaction,and so on.Moreover, the article propose the need of further improving the construction of ecology model,further proving interaction mechanism between appraisals and secondary appraisalwith emotion，and carrying out the research under the guidance of this model, ecologicalmomentary assessment and ecological momentary interventions of coping。Some othervaluable model for theoretical guidance can also be used according to the needs of the researchcontent.
The new directions of coping include Protective Aspects of the Stress Process,Coping at the Dyadic Level, coping and positive emotions. Protective Aspects of theStress Process is a new direction of coping research, referring to that people inadvance adapt in order to prevent or diminish the potential impact of stressful events,Pay attention to the concept of mental resilience and the exploration offuture-oriented proactive coping in Protective Aspects of the Stress Process； Coping at the Dyadic Level mainly means common coping between couples, mutualeffects and actions, what kind of impacts dynamic interaction and mutual influenceof cognition, behavior, emotion and other aspects have on individual coping incoping process；Interest in positive emotion in the stress process has opened a newavenue for coping research. Scholars have observed that positive emotions andnegative emotions are symbiotic in the process of coping, positive emotions arebased on individual assessment, therefore are closely related to meaning-focus.Meaning-focused coping includes benefit finding, benefit reminding, adaptive goalprocesses, reordering priorities and infusing ordinary events with positive meaning.New research in the field of coping contributes to the better coping of individual,reducing the nuisance caused by the stress event from different angles.
The last part of this paper clearly points out weak points of research andfollow-up studies, which includes the further improvement of the coping ecologicalmodel, the definition and distinction of related concepts involved in copingecological studies, the corresponding empirical research carried out under theguidance of ecological models and specific studies to new research direction ofcoping. Although there are inherent limitations in coping research, it is believed thatdifficulties and hopes coexist. In future research of this field theoretical research and clinical practice should be better combined in the future and researcher can make anumber of specific and feasible approaches to this problem. The close integration oftheory and practice will always be the direction for researchers in the coping field.
引文
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