小兴安岭主要森林群落类型土壤有机碳库及其周转
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摘要
小兴安岭林区地处高纬度,是国家重点林区之一,也是中国天然林生态系统的核心区域之一,是温带北部以阔叶红松林为代表的针阔混交林区,在北温带森林类型中以其建群种独特、物种多样性而著称。小兴安岭地区植被和土壤的固碳功能潜力巨大,在中国森林碳汇中占有重要地位,可为温室气体碳库进行深入、细致的研究,获得科学、可靠的土壤碳储存能力与潜力清单具有重要的社减排提供重要保障。对小兴安岭森林生态系统的土壤会、政治、生态和经济意义。
本文选择小兴安岭地区12种主要森林群落类型土壤有机碳(SOC)为研究对象。采用群落类型法对小兴安岭地区主要森林群落类型SOC的组成、分布特征及其影响因子进行了分析。探讨该区主要森林群落类型下SOC的分配规律及其与各影响因子间的关系,并对小兴安岭地区土壤总有机碳库进行了估算。主要结论如下：
(1)采用环刀法测定土壤容重、持水量和孔隙度。小兴安岭地区土壤容重A层为0.30—0.82g/cm3,其中落叶松林为最高,阔叶红松林次之,云冷杉林最低；B层为0.67—1.33g/cm3,其中落叶松林最高,阔叶红松林次之,白桦林最低。A层和B层均为随着土层加深而增大。
(2)小兴安岭地区土壤毛管持水量A层为64.89%—211.03%,其中云冷杉林最高,阔叶红松林次之,落叶松林最低；B层为33.34—134.34%,同样为云冷杉林最高,阔叶红松林次之,落叶松林最低。饱和持水量A层为78.35%—276%,其中云冷杉林最高,阔叶红松林次之,落叶松林最低；B层为36.35%—147.95%,同样为云冷杉林最高,阔叶红松林次之,落叶松林最低。
(3)小兴安岭地区土壤毛管孔隙度A层为47.37%—59.53%,其中云冷杉林最高,枫桦次生林最低,阔叶红松林为51.90%；B层为40.52%—71.40%,同样为云冷杉林最高,枫桦次生林最低,阔叶红松林为52.35%。非毛管孔隙度A层为8.86—21.96%,其中枫桦次生林最高,针混杂木林最低,阔叶红松林为16.26%；B层为3.73—15.00%,其中枫桦次生林最高,落叶松林最低,阔叶红松林为12.77%。总孔隙度为A层为60.48%79.27%,其中云冷杉林最高,针混杂木林最低,阔叶红松林为68.16%；B层为47.08%79.20%,其中云冷杉林最高,落叶松林最低,阔叶红松林为65.11%。
(4)小兴安岭地区主要森林群落类型下的SOC含量,A层为69.60—164.28g/kg,其中白桦林最大(164.28g/kg),枫桦次生林最小(69.60g/kg),阔叶红松林为124.04g/kg；B层为26.18--134.83g/kg,其中白桦林最高(134.83g/kg),山杨次生林最低(26.18g/kg),阔叶红松林为84.00g/kg。SOC密度在A层为4.82--20.86kg/m2,其中落叶松林最高(20.86kg/m2),云冷杉林最低(4.82kg/m2),阔叶红松林为14.34kg/m2；B层为1.60-24.71kg/m2,其中落叶松林最高(24.71kg/m2),而山杨次生林最低(1.60kg/m2),阔叶红松林为8.81kg/m2。土壤碳氮比(SOC/TN)在A层为18.5425.84,其中云冷杉林最高,阔叶红松林次之,枫桦次生林最低；B层为17.05—26.43,其中白桦林最高,阔叶红松林次之,枫桦次生林最低。
(5) A层中,土壤活性碳、缓效性碳和惰性碳分别为0.65—1.84g/kg、27.78—62.44g/kg和37.14—111.82g/kg,分别占总有机碳的0.93—2.01%、22.5147.26%和50.72—76.24%。平均驻留时间分别为9—24天、4—41年和90年。B层中,土壤活性碳、缓效性碳和惰性碳分别为0.51—1.89g/kg、13.30—39.86g/kg和11.96—85.13g/kg,分别占总有机碳的0.86—3.51%、30.55—50.82%和45.67—67.83%,平均驻留时间分别为10—37天、10-28年和90年。
(6)影响小兴安岭地区主要森林群落类型SOC的因素主要为土壤容重,在我们的研究中,阔叶红松林,白桦林和其它五种群落类型的土壤容重均与SOC含量有相关关系,其中阔叶红松林相关性最大,R2=0.5995,白桦林次之,R2=0.4381,其它五种群落类型相关性较小,R2=0.2706。凋落物对不同群落类型的影响主要表现在对白桦林的影响较大,R2=0.3059,对其它群落类型的直接影响较小。海拔对SOC含量的影响较小。
(7)小兴安岭地区森林土壤总面积为285.84×104hm2,SOC总贮量为898.14×109t。其中混杂木林SOC贮量所占比例最大,达到了小兴安岭SOC总贮量的36.69%,山杨次生林SOC贮量所占比例最小,仅占SOC总贮量的0.21%。SOC贮量大小顺序与其在小兴安岭的分布面积大小顺序一致,为针混杂木林>白桦次生林>落叶松林>云冷杉林>枫桦次生林>阔叶红松林>山杨次生林。
Xiaoxing an'mountains area locates in high latitude, and is one of the key national forest and the core of the natural forest ecosystems in China, also is conifer-leaved-boad forests with Pinus koraiensis dominated in north temperate zone, and is famous as its unique constructive species and species diversity of in north temperate forest types. The potential of fixing carbon function of vegetation and soil is great, occupies an important position in the carbon sinks in China, and could provide important protection in carbon emission reduction. To study soil organic carbon pool of forest ecosystem in Xiaoxing an'mountains in-depth and carefully, and obtain scientific and dependable bill about soil carbon storage has important significant in society, politics, ecology and economy.
The soil organic carbon (SOC) under 12 main forest community types in Xiaoxing an' mountains were studied in the paper. Method of community type was chosed to analyze the fraction and distribution of SOC, and the control factoers under main forest community types in Xiaoxing an' mountains. The distribution of SOC and the relationships with the control factors under main forest community types in the area were studied, the total SOC storage of Xiaoxing an' mountains were estimated too. Major conclusions were summarized as follows:
(1) The method of ring was chosed to study the soil bulk density, water holding capacity and the porosity. In Xiaoxing an' mountains, the soil bulk density of A layer was 0.30-0.82g/cm3, and the value was the largest under larch forest, the second under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest, and the lowest under Picea sp.—Abies nephlolepis forest; The soil bulk density of B layer was 0.67-1.33g/cm3, and the value was the largest under larch forest, the second under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest, and the lowest under birch forest. The soil bulk density of A and B layers were all larger with the soil were deeper.
(2) In Xiaoxing an' mountains, the soil capillary water holding capacity of A layer was 64.89%-211.03%, and the value was the largest under Picea sp.—Abies nephlolepis forest, the second under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest, and the lowest under larch forest; The soil capillary water holding capacity of B layer was 33.34-134.34%, and also the value was the largest under Picea sp.—Abies nephlolepis forest, the second under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest, and the lowest under larch forest. The saturated water holding capacity of A layer was 78.35%-276%, and the value was the largest under Picea sp.—Abies nephlolepis forest, the second under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest, and the lowest under larch forest; The saturated water holding capacity of B layer was 36.35%-147.95%, and also the value was the largest under Picea sp.—Abies nephlolepis forest, the second under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest, and the lowest under larch forest.
(3) In Xiaoxing an' mountains, the soil capillary porosity of A layer was 47.37%-59.53%, and the value was the largest under Picea sp.—Abies nephlolepis forest, the second under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest, and the lowest under secondary Betula costata forest; The soil capillary porosity of B layer was 40.52%-71.40%, and also the value was the largest under Picea sp.—Abies nephlolepis forest, the second under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest, and the lowest under secondary Betula costata forest. The soil uncapillary porosity of A layer was 8.86-21.96%, and the value was the largest under secondary Betula costata forest, the second under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest, and the lowest under secondary coniferous forest; The soil uncapillary porosity of B layer was 3.73-15.00%, and the value was the largest under secondary Betula costata forest, the second under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest, and the lowest under larch forest. The soil total porosity of A layer was 60.48%-79.27%, and the value was the largest under Picea sp.—Abies nephlolepis forest, the second under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest, and the lowest under secondary coniferous forest; the soil total porosity of B layer was 47.08%-79.20%, and the value was the largest under Picea sp.—Abies nephlolepis forest, the second under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest, and the lowest under larch forest.
(4) In Xiaoxing an' mountains, the SOC content under main forest community type in A layer was 69.60-164.28g/kg, and the value was the largest under birch forest (164.28g/kg) and the lowest under secondary Betula costata forest (69.60g/kg), and was 124.04g/kg under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest; The SOC content of B layer was 26.18-134.83g/kg, and the value was the largest under birch forest (134.83g/kg) and the lowest under secondary Populus forest (26.18g/kg), and was 84.00g/kg under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest. The SOC density of A layer was 4.82-20.86kg/m2, and the value was the largest under larch forest (20.86kg/m2) and the lowest under Picea sp.—Abies nephlolepis forest (4.82kg/m2), and was 14.34kg/m2 under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest; the SOC density in B layer was 1.60-24.71kg/m2, and the value was the largest under larch forest (24.71kg/m2) and the lowest under secondary Populus forest (1.60kg/m2), and was 8.81kg/m2 under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest; the soil organic carbon/total nitrogen (SOC/TN) of A layer was 18.54-25.84, and the largest under Picea sp.—Abies nephlolepis forest, the second under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest, and the lowest under secondary Betula costata forest; SOC/TN of B layer was 17.05-26.43, and the largest under birch forest, the second under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest, and the lowest under secondary Betula costata forest.
(5) The contents of active SOC (Ca), slow SOC (Cs) and resistant SOC (Cr) of A layer were 0.65-1.84g/kg,27.78-62.44g/kg and 37.14-111.82g/kg, and respectively accounts to 0.93-2.01%,22.51-47.26% and 50.72-76.24%, and the mean residue time is 9-24 days,4-41 years and 90 years. The contents of Ca, Cs and Cr of B layer were 0.51-1.89g/kg,13.30-39.86g/kg and 11.96-85.13g/kg, and respecitively accounts to 0.86-3.51%,30.55-50.82% and 45.67-67.83%, and the mean residue time is 10-37 days,10-28 years and 90 years.
(6) The control factor that influence SOC of main forest community type in Xiaoxing an'mountains was soil bulk density, the soil bulk density under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest, birch forest and five other community types were all related with SOC contents, and the relationship was the largest under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest (R2= 0.2706), that was the second under birch forest (R2= 0.4381), and that was the lowest under five other community types (R2= 0.3059). Litter had more influencing on the birch forest (R2= 0.3059), but had less direct influencing on other community types. The attitude had less influencing on SOC content.
(7) The total area of the forest soil was 285.84×104hm2 in Xiaoxing an'mountains, the total SOC stotage was 898.14×109t. The secondary coniferous forest accounts to the largest proportion of of the total SOC storage in Xiaoxing an'mountains area with 36.69%, and secondary Populus forest accounts to the lowest with 0.21%. The order of SOC storage was the same to the distribution area, was secondary coniferous forest> secondary birch forest> larch forest> Picea sp.—Abies nephlolepis forest> secondary Betula costata forest> broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest> secondary Populus forest.
本文选择小兴安岭地区12种主要森林群落类型土壤有机碳(SOC)为研究对象。采用群落类型法对小兴安岭地区主要森林群落类型SOC的组成、分布特征及其影响因子进行了分析。探讨该区主要森林群落类型下SOC的分配规律及其与各影响因子间的关系,并对小兴安岭地区土壤总有机碳库进行了估算。主要结论如下：
(1)采用环刀法测定土壤容重、持水量和孔隙度。小兴安岭地区土壤容重A层为0.30—0.82g/cm3,其中落叶松林为最高,阔叶红松林次之,云冷杉林最低；B层为0.67—1.33g/cm3,其中落叶松林最高,阔叶红松林次之,白桦林最低。A层和B层均为随着土层加深而增大。
(2)小兴安岭地区土壤毛管持水量A层为64.89%—211.03%,其中云冷杉林最高,阔叶红松林次之,落叶松林最低；B层为33.34—134.34%,同样为云冷杉林最高,阔叶红松林次之,落叶松林最低。饱和持水量A层为78.35%—276%,其中云冷杉林最高,阔叶红松林次之,落叶松林最低；B层为36.35%—147.95%,同样为云冷杉林最高,阔叶红松林次之,落叶松林最低。
(3)小兴安岭地区土壤毛管孔隙度A层为47.37%—59.53%,其中云冷杉林最高,枫桦次生林最低,阔叶红松林为51.90%；B层为40.52%—71.40%,同样为云冷杉林最高,枫桦次生林最低,阔叶红松林为52.35%。非毛管孔隙度A层为8.86—21.96%,其中枫桦次生林最高,针混杂木林最低,阔叶红松林为16.26%；B层为3.73—15.00%,其中枫桦次生林最高,落叶松林最低,阔叶红松林为12.77%。总孔隙度为A层为60.48%79.27%,其中云冷杉林最高,针混杂木林最低,阔叶红松林为68.16%；B层为47.08%79.20%,其中云冷杉林最高,落叶松林最低,阔叶红松林为65.11%。
(4)小兴安岭地区主要森林群落类型下的SOC含量,A层为69.60—164.28g/kg,其中白桦林最大(164.28g/kg),枫桦次生林最小(69.60g/kg),阔叶红松林为124.04g/kg；B层为26.18--134.83g/kg,其中白桦林最高(134.83g/kg),山杨次生林最低(26.18g/kg),阔叶红松林为84.00g/kg。SOC密度在A层为4.82--20.86kg/m2,其中落叶松林最高(20.86kg/m2),云冷杉林最低(4.82kg/m2),阔叶红松林为14.34kg/m2；B层为1.60-24.71kg/m2,其中落叶松林最高(24.71kg/m2),而山杨次生林最低(1.60kg/m2),阔叶红松林为8.81kg/m2。土壤碳氮比(SOC/TN)在A层为18.5425.84,其中云冷杉林最高,阔叶红松林次之,枫桦次生林最低；B层为17.05—26.43,其中白桦林最高,阔叶红松林次之,枫桦次生林最低。
(5) A层中,土壤活性碳、缓效性碳和惰性碳分别为0.65—1.84g/kg、27.78—62.44g/kg和37.14—111.82g/kg,分别占总有机碳的0.93—2.01%、22.5147.26%和50.72—76.24%。平均驻留时间分别为9—24天、4—41年和90年。B层中,土壤活性碳、缓效性碳和惰性碳分别为0.51—1.89g/kg、13.30—39.86g/kg和11.96—85.13g/kg,分别占总有机碳的0.86—3.51%、30.55—50.82%和45.67—67.83%,平均驻留时间分别为10—37天、10-28年和90年。
(6)影响小兴安岭地区主要森林群落类型SOC的因素主要为土壤容重,在我们的研究中,阔叶红松林,白桦林和其它五种群落类型的土壤容重均与SOC含量有相关关系,其中阔叶红松林相关性最大,R2=0.5995,白桦林次之,R2=0.4381,其它五种群落类型相关性较小,R2=0.2706。凋落物对不同群落类型的影响主要表现在对白桦林的影响较大,R2=0.3059,对其它群落类型的直接影响较小。海拔对SOC含量的影响较小。
(7)小兴安岭地区森林土壤总面积为285.84×104hm2,SOC总贮量为898.14×109t。其中混杂木林SOC贮量所占比例最大,达到了小兴安岭SOC总贮量的36.69%,山杨次生林SOC贮量所占比例最小,仅占SOC总贮量的0.21%。SOC贮量大小顺序与其在小兴安岭的分布面积大小顺序一致,为针混杂木林>白桦次生林>落叶松林>云冷杉林>枫桦次生林>阔叶红松林>山杨次生林。
Xiaoxing an'mountains area locates in high latitude, and is one of the key national forest and the core of the natural forest ecosystems in China, also is conifer-leaved-boad forests with Pinus koraiensis dominated in north temperate zone, and is famous as its unique constructive species and species diversity of in north temperate forest types. The potential of fixing carbon function of vegetation and soil is great, occupies an important position in the carbon sinks in China, and could provide important protection in carbon emission reduction. To study soil organic carbon pool of forest ecosystem in Xiaoxing an'mountains in-depth and carefully, and obtain scientific and dependable bill about soil carbon storage has important significant in society, politics, ecology and economy.
The soil organic carbon (SOC) under 12 main forest community types in Xiaoxing an' mountains were studied in the paper. Method of community type was chosed to analyze the fraction and distribution of SOC, and the control factoers under main forest community types in Xiaoxing an' mountains. The distribution of SOC and the relationships with the control factors under main forest community types in the area were studied, the total SOC storage of Xiaoxing an' mountains were estimated too. Major conclusions were summarized as follows:
(1) The method of ring was chosed to study the soil bulk density, water holding capacity and the porosity. In Xiaoxing an' mountains, the soil bulk density of A layer was 0.30-0.82g/cm3, and the value was the largest under larch forest, the second under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest, and the lowest under Picea sp.—Abies nephlolepis forest; The soil bulk density of B layer was 0.67-1.33g/cm3, and the value was the largest under larch forest, the second under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest, and the lowest under birch forest. The soil bulk density of A and B layers were all larger with the soil were deeper.
(2) In Xiaoxing an' mountains, the soil capillary water holding capacity of A layer was 64.89%-211.03%, and the value was the largest under Picea sp.—Abies nephlolepis forest, the second under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest, and the lowest under larch forest; The soil capillary water holding capacity of B layer was 33.34-134.34%, and also the value was the largest under Picea sp.—Abies nephlolepis forest, the second under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest, and the lowest under larch forest. The saturated water holding capacity of A layer was 78.35%-276%, and the value was the largest under Picea sp.—Abies nephlolepis forest, the second under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest, and the lowest under larch forest; The saturated water holding capacity of B layer was 36.35%-147.95%, and also the value was the largest under Picea sp.—Abies nephlolepis forest, the second under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest, and the lowest under larch forest.
(3) In Xiaoxing an' mountains, the soil capillary porosity of A layer was 47.37%-59.53%, and the value was the largest under Picea sp.—Abies nephlolepis forest, the second under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest, and the lowest under secondary Betula costata forest; The soil capillary porosity of B layer was 40.52%-71.40%, and also the value was the largest under Picea sp.—Abies nephlolepis forest, the second under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest, and the lowest under secondary Betula costata forest. The soil uncapillary porosity of A layer was 8.86-21.96%, and the value was the largest under secondary Betula costata forest, the second under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest, and the lowest under secondary coniferous forest; The soil uncapillary porosity of B layer was 3.73-15.00%, and the value was the largest under secondary Betula costata forest, the second under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest, and the lowest under larch forest. The soil total porosity of A layer was 60.48%-79.27%, and the value was the largest under Picea sp.—Abies nephlolepis forest, the second under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest, and the lowest under secondary coniferous forest; the soil total porosity of B layer was 47.08%-79.20%, and the value was the largest under Picea sp.—Abies nephlolepis forest, the second under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest, and the lowest under larch forest.
(4) In Xiaoxing an' mountains, the SOC content under main forest community type in A layer was 69.60-164.28g/kg, and the value was the largest under birch forest (164.28g/kg) and the lowest under secondary Betula costata forest (69.60g/kg), and was 124.04g/kg under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest; The SOC content of B layer was 26.18-134.83g/kg, and the value was the largest under birch forest (134.83g/kg) and the lowest under secondary Populus forest (26.18g/kg), and was 84.00g/kg under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest. The SOC density of A layer was 4.82-20.86kg/m2, and the value was the largest under larch forest (20.86kg/m2) and the lowest under Picea sp.—Abies nephlolepis forest (4.82kg/m2), and was 14.34kg/m2 under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest; the SOC density in B layer was 1.60-24.71kg/m2, and the value was the largest under larch forest (24.71kg/m2) and the lowest under secondary Populus forest (1.60kg/m2), and was 8.81kg/m2 under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest; the soil organic carbon/total nitrogen (SOC/TN) of A layer was 18.54-25.84, and the largest under Picea sp.—Abies nephlolepis forest, the second under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest, and the lowest under secondary Betula costata forest; SOC/TN of B layer was 17.05-26.43, and the largest under birch forest, the second under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest, and the lowest under secondary Betula costata forest.
(5) The contents of active SOC (Ca), slow SOC (Cs) and resistant SOC (Cr) of A layer were 0.65-1.84g/kg,27.78-62.44g/kg and 37.14-111.82g/kg, and respectively accounts to 0.93-2.01%,22.51-47.26% and 50.72-76.24%, and the mean residue time is 9-24 days,4-41 years and 90 years. The contents of Ca, Cs and Cr of B layer were 0.51-1.89g/kg,13.30-39.86g/kg and 11.96-85.13g/kg, and respecitively accounts to 0.86-3.51%,30.55-50.82% and 45.67-67.83%, and the mean residue time is 10-37 days,10-28 years and 90 years.
(6) The control factor that influence SOC of main forest community type in Xiaoxing an'mountains was soil bulk density, the soil bulk density under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest, birch forest and five other community types were all related with SOC contents, and the relationship was the largest under broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest (R2= 0.2706), that was the second under birch forest (R2= 0.4381), and that was the lowest under five other community types (R2= 0.3059). Litter had more influencing on the birch forest (R2= 0.3059), but had less direct influencing on other community types. The attitude had less influencing on SOC content.
(7) The total area of the forest soil was 285.84×104hm2 in Xiaoxing an'mountains, the total SOC stotage was 898.14×109t. The secondary coniferous forest accounts to the largest proportion of of the total SOC storage in Xiaoxing an'mountains area with 36.69%, and secondary Populus forest accounts to the lowest with 0.21%. The order of SOC storage was the same to the distribution area, was secondary coniferous forest> secondary birch forest> larch forest> Picea sp.—Abies nephlolepis forest> secondary Betula costata forest> broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest> secondary Populus forest.
引文
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