交替隔沟灌溉技术与土壤水热高效利用研究
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摘要
于2008年4～10月在甘肃省张掖市国家重点灌溉试验站研究甜椒沟灌灌溉制度,研究了不同灌溉模式下甜椒生长动态、生理指标及产量效应。试验设计了三种不同的灌溉制度,在田间进行试验。试验结果表明:
(1)交替隔沟灌溉处理的灌溉定额较常规沟灌小,且由于交替隔沟灌溉处理的根系受到交替干旱胁迫的锻炼,所以根部的发育要较常规沟灌的好,综合起来考虑,交替隔沟灌溉对土壤容重的影响最小。
(2)灌水质量综合有效利用率(Ed/e)综合考虑了影响灌溉质量的各个因素:灌水有效利用率(Ea)、田间灌水贮存率(Es)和田间灌水均匀度(Ed)三个指标。利用灌水质量综合有效利用率(Ed/e)对灌溉质量进行评价,发现交替隔沟灌溉和固定隔沟灌溉的灌水有效利用率基本相当,值分别为42.01%和43.39%,而固定隔沟灌溉的灌水有效利用率较低,为39.21%。因此,交替隔沟灌溉在不影响田间灌溉质量的情况下,减小了灌水定额,可以达到节水的目的。
(3)各灌溉处理株高变化曲线都是苗期、花期快速增长,甜椒在果期以后株高逐渐变缓,采收期基本稳定。交替隔沟灌溉在处理开始前期,其株高的增长量小于常规沟灌处理,随着处理时间的推后,其增长量逐渐增加并且大于常规沟灌;各灌溉处理径粗变化曲线与株高的变化曲线相当,与株高不同的是交替隔沟灌溉处理的径粗在生育期的任何时候是最大的。茎基部直径测定结果表明,不同沟灌模式的茎杆基部直径有明显差异,交替隔沟灌溉能使茎杆明显变粗,可以使甜椒生长健壮防止倒伏。
(4)从整个生育期来看,干物质积累总量是持续增加的,虽然从果期之后,由于叶片的枯萎和病虫害对叶片的危害,使得各处理甜椒叶片部分的干物质量均有不同程度的下降,但是由于叶片部分的干物质积累量占地面上干物质积累量的比例很低,所以对干物质积累由小到大的变化趋势影响不大。
(5)交替隔沟灌溉,植物的根部一直遭受土壤干湿交替的胁迫锻炼,在早期,地上部会受到伤害,在伤害之前,植物会做出一些适应性反应,追逐有限的供水,根系到处延伸,追逐水源,根冠竞争碳水化合物,而为了避免水分胁迫,同化物向根系分配较多,促进根系生长,使得根冠比增大。而在后期发达的根系能够提供更多养分和水分供应,对作物抗旱增产具有重要意义。
(6)交替隔沟灌的灌水定额仅为常规沟灌的1/2,且有一半左右的地表面积处于相对干燥的状态,且根系层中为容纳水分备有较大的土壤库容,在降水和灌溉时,实施隔沟灌溉的地块将有更多的水分渗入到土壤中,而且使水分较多地储存在土壤剖面的根系层中。
(7)三种沟灌方式,甜椒生长期内,土壤棵间蒸发符合叶面积指数大,E/ET值小的变化规律,在土壤表面湿润的条件下甜椒生育期内E/ET与LAI的相关性较好,而在土壤表面干燥的条件下E/ET与LAI的相关性较差;土壤棵间蒸发的变化趋势与0～10cm土层土壤含水率变化趋势相似,土壤蒸发与表层土壤含水率关系较密切。
(8)交替隔沟灌溉由于侧渗的作用不仅在垂向上存在着较大的水势梯度,在水平方向上也存在着较为强大的入渗势,灌溉后水分入渗速度快,灌后湿润沟表层的土壤水分除一部分被蒸发掉外,还将有一部分在两个方向的水势梯度作用下继续下渗和侧渗,所以湿润沟表层的土壤变干的也比较快,从而减少了棵间蒸发总量。
(9)植物能够感受土壤干旱,并产生根源信号传递到地上部调节其生理过程,ABA的增加促使气孔开度减小,蒸腾失水减少,使气孔开度优化而提高蒸腾效率。
(10)在同一土壤水分水平下,处理AFI的产量高于CFI的产量,处理FFI的产量下降显著。从水分利用效率来看,处理AFI比CFI的水分利用效率高出46%。固定隔沟溉处理FFI由于干沟长期处于干旱状态,虽然耗水量较低,但是产量的增长大大受到限制,从而影响经济效益的提高,是不可取的。
The effects of irrigation schedule on growing trends, Physiological index and yield effect of capsicum were studied at key experimental station in an arid area of Northwest China(Zhang ye) during March to October in2008. Three kinds of irrigation schedule treatments were designed for Indigowoad Root in the field.
(1)Scale irrigation of Alternate furrow irrigation is smaller than Conventional furrow irrigation, and as a result, the root system of Alternate furrow irrigation is exercised by alternate drought stress, so the development of the roots is better than Conventional furrow irrigation together to consider, Alternate furrow irrigation is the smallest to the effects of soil bulk density.
(2)The various factors which impact on the quality of irrigation are considered by comprehensive and effective utilization of water quality: effective utilization of irrigation、the storage rate and uniformity of field irrigation, respectively. Using the Comprehensive and effective utilization of water quality to evaluate the quality of irrigation, finding the effective utilization of water of Alternate furrow irrigation and Fixed furrow irrigation are equal, 43.39% and 42.01%, respectively. And the effective utilization of water is 39.21% for Fixed furrow irrigation. therefore, under the Alternate furrow irrigation does not affect the quality of field irrigation, reducing the scale of irrigation can achieve the purpose of water-saving.
(3)The plant height curves of the irrigation are rapid growth in seedling stage and flowering, the plant heights of capsicum are gradually slowing down after the fruit period and basically stable in harvest time. The growth of plant height to Alternate furrow irrigation is smaller than Conventional furrow irrigation in earlier stage of beginning to process. As time pushed back, Its growth rate is gradually increase and larger than Conventional furrow irrigation; The drive rough curves and the plant height curves of the irrigation are match, With the plant height difference is that rough track of Alternate furrow irrigation is the biggest in the reproductive age at any time. Stem-base diameter measured results show that the Stem-base diameter of different furrow irrigation model have significant difference, Stem become significantly large by Alternate furrow irrigation, thus it could make capsicum robust growth and prevent lodging.
(4)Judging from the entire growth period, total dry matter accumulation is a continuous increase. From the fruit period, as the leaves wither and the plant diseases and insect pests to the leaves, the amount of dry matter to some of the capsicum leaves of processing have declined in vary degrees. However, due to the accumulation of dry matter in leaves accounted for part of the groundland and the proportion is very low, there are Little effect to dry matter accumulation about tendency from small to big.
(5)To Alternate furrow irrigation, the roots of plants have been subjected to the stress hardening of alternating wet and dry soil. In the early days, the department on the ground would be harmed. Before the injury, plant will make some adaptive response: chasing a limited supply、extension of the root system around、chasing water、root and crown will compete carbohydrates. In order to avoid water stress, the allocation of more assimilates to root, promoting root growth and making the ratio of root and crown increase. while in the late, well-developed root system can provide more nutrients and water supply, it is important to crop drought and production.
(6)Irrigation fixed of Alternative furrow irrigation is only a half of the Conventional furrow irrigation, and there is about half the surface area lie in a relatively dry state. Root layer is a larger storage capacity of soil to accommodate available water. When precipitation and irrigation, the land of Furrow irrigation will make more water into the soil, and more water will be stored in the root layer of the soil profile.
(7)Three furrow irrigation methods, in growth period of capsicum, Soil between trees evaporation are conform to the changs which leaf area index is large and E/ET is small.In the wet soil surface conditions, there is a better correlation in E / Et with LAI in reproductive period of capsicum, and in the dry soil surface conditions, it is the opposite; The changs of Soil between trees evaporation with 0～10cm soil moisture content of soil are similar, soil evaporation and surface soil moisture content have relatively close relationship.
(8)Alternate furrow irrigation has not only a large gradient of water potential in the vertical direction but also a strong Infiltration potential in the horizontal direction. Water infiltration speed is fast after irrigation, Soil moisture of moist surface groove was evaporated except a part, in addition there will be a part continued to filter down and lateral seepage under the water potential gradient in both directions, therefore, the soil of moist groove surface are relatively fast drying and reduce the total evaporation between trees.
(9)Plants can feel the soil drought, and producing source signal and sending it to the shoot for adjusting their physiological processes, the increase in ABA can induce to reduction of stomatal aperture and transpiration loss, so achieving optimization of stomatal aperture to improve transpiration efficiency.
(10)In the same soil moisture level, the output of AFI are higher than CFI's, FFI are significant decline in production. Judging from the water use efficiency, the water use efficiency of AFI are higher than CFI's, the value is 46%.To Fixed furrow irrigation(FFI): because of long-term drought status, although water consumption is lower, the growth of output are greatly affected, thus affecting the improvement of economic efficiency, it is not desirable.
(1)交替隔沟灌溉处理的灌溉定额较常规沟灌小,且由于交替隔沟灌溉处理的根系受到交替干旱胁迫的锻炼,所以根部的发育要较常规沟灌的好,综合起来考虑,交替隔沟灌溉对土壤容重的影响最小。
(2)灌水质量综合有效利用率(Ed/e)综合考虑了影响灌溉质量的各个因素:灌水有效利用率(Ea)、田间灌水贮存率(Es)和田间灌水均匀度(Ed)三个指标。利用灌水质量综合有效利用率(Ed/e)对灌溉质量进行评价,发现交替隔沟灌溉和固定隔沟灌溉的灌水有效利用率基本相当,值分别为42.01%和43.39%,而固定隔沟灌溉的灌水有效利用率较低,为39.21%。因此,交替隔沟灌溉在不影响田间灌溉质量的情况下,减小了灌水定额,可以达到节水的目的。
(3)各灌溉处理株高变化曲线都是苗期、花期快速增长,甜椒在果期以后株高逐渐变缓,采收期基本稳定。交替隔沟灌溉在处理开始前期,其株高的增长量小于常规沟灌处理,随着处理时间的推后,其增长量逐渐增加并且大于常规沟灌;各灌溉处理径粗变化曲线与株高的变化曲线相当,与株高不同的是交替隔沟灌溉处理的径粗在生育期的任何时候是最大的。茎基部直径测定结果表明,不同沟灌模式的茎杆基部直径有明显差异,交替隔沟灌溉能使茎杆明显变粗,可以使甜椒生长健壮防止倒伏。
(4)从整个生育期来看,干物质积累总量是持续增加的,虽然从果期之后,由于叶片的枯萎和病虫害对叶片的危害,使得各处理甜椒叶片部分的干物质量均有不同程度的下降,但是由于叶片部分的干物质积累量占地面上干物质积累量的比例很低,所以对干物质积累由小到大的变化趋势影响不大。
(5)交替隔沟灌溉,植物的根部一直遭受土壤干湿交替的胁迫锻炼,在早期,地上部会受到伤害,在伤害之前,植物会做出一些适应性反应,追逐有限的供水,根系到处延伸,追逐水源,根冠竞争碳水化合物,而为了避免水分胁迫,同化物向根系分配较多,促进根系生长,使得根冠比增大。而在后期发达的根系能够提供更多养分和水分供应,对作物抗旱增产具有重要意义。
(6)交替隔沟灌的灌水定额仅为常规沟灌的1/2,且有一半左右的地表面积处于相对干燥的状态,且根系层中为容纳水分备有较大的土壤库容,在降水和灌溉时,实施隔沟灌溉的地块将有更多的水分渗入到土壤中,而且使水分较多地储存在土壤剖面的根系层中。
(7)三种沟灌方式,甜椒生长期内,土壤棵间蒸发符合叶面积指数大,E/ET值小的变化规律,在土壤表面湿润的条件下甜椒生育期内E/ET与LAI的相关性较好,而在土壤表面干燥的条件下E/ET与LAI的相关性较差;土壤棵间蒸发的变化趋势与0～10cm土层土壤含水率变化趋势相似,土壤蒸发与表层土壤含水率关系较密切。
(8)交替隔沟灌溉由于侧渗的作用不仅在垂向上存在着较大的水势梯度,在水平方向上也存在着较为强大的入渗势,灌溉后水分入渗速度快,灌后湿润沟表层的土壤水分除一部分被蒸发掉外,还将有一部分在两个方向的水势梯度作用下继续下渗和侧渗,所以湿润沟表层的土壤变干的也比较快,从而减少了棵间蒸发总量。
(9)植物能够感受土壤干旱,并产生根源信号传递到地上部调节其生理过程,ABA的增加促使气孔开度减小,蒸腾失水减少,使气孔开度优化而提高蒸腾效率。
(10)在同一土壤水分水平下,处理AFI的产量高于CFI的产量,处理FFI的产量下降显著。从水分利用效率来看,处理AFI比CFI的水分利用效率高出46%。固定隔沟溉处理FFI由于干沟长期处于干旱状态,虽然耗水量较低,但是产量的增长大大受到限制,从而影响经济效益的提高,是不可取的。
The effects of irrigation schedule on growing trends, Physiological index and yield effect of capsicum were studied at key experimental station in an arid area of Northwest China(Zhang ye) during March to October in2008. Three kinds of irrigation schedule treatments were designed for Indigowoad Root in the field.
(1)Scale irrigation of Alternate furrow irrigation is smaller than Conventional furrow irrigation, and as a result, the root system of Alternate furrow irrigation is exercised by alternate drought stress, so the development of the roots is better than Conventional furrow irrigation together to consider, Alternate furrow irrigation is the smallest to the effects of soil bulk density.
(2)The various factors which impact on the quality of irrigation are considered by comprehensive and effective utilization of water quality: effective utilization of irrigation、the storage rate and uniformity of field irrigation, respectively. Using the Comprehensive and effective utilization of water quality to evaluate the quality of irrigation, finding the effective utilization of water of Alternate furrow irrigation and Fixed furrow irrigation are equal, 43.39% and 42.01%, respectively. And the effective utilization of water is 39.21% for Fixed furrow irrigation. therefore, under the Alternate furrow irrigation does not affect the quality of field irrigation, reducing the scale of irrigation can achieve the purpose of water-saving.
(3)The plant height curves of the irrigation are rapid growth in seedling stage and flowering, the plant heights of capsicum are gradually slowing down after the fruit period and basically stable in harvest time. The growth of plant height to Alternate furrow irrigation is smaller than Conventional furrow irrigation in earlier stage of beginning to process. As time pushed back, Its growth rate is gradually increase and larger than Conventional furrow irrigation; The drive rough curves and the plant height curves of the irrigation are match, With the plant height difference is that rough track of Alternate furrow irrigation is the biggest in the reproductive age at any time. Stem-base diameter measured results show that the Stem-base diameter of different furrow irrigation model have significant difference, Stem become significantly large by Alternate furrow irrigation, thus it could make capsicum robust growth and prevent lodging.
(4)Judging from the entire growth period, total dry matter accumulation is a continuous increase. From the fruit period, as the leaves wither and the plant diseases and insect pests to the leaves, the amount of dry matter to some of the capsicum leaves of processing have declined in vary degrees. However, due to the accumulation of dry matter in leaves accounted for part of the groundland and the proportion is very low, there are Little effect to dry matter accumulation about tendency from small to big.
(5)To Alternate furrow irrigation, the roots of plants have been subjected to the stress hardening of alternating wet and dry soil. In the early days, the department on the ground would be harmed. Before the injury, plant will make some adaptive response: chasing a limited supply、extension of the root system around、chasing water、root and crown will compete carbohydrates. In order to avoid water stress, the allocation of more assimilates to root, promoting root growth and making the ratio of root and crown increase. while in the late, well-developed root system can provide more nutrients and water supply, it is important to crop drought and production.
(6)Irrigation fixed of Alternative furrow irrigation is only a half of the Conventional furrow irrigation, and there is about half the surface area lie in a relatively dry state. Root layer is a larger storage capacity of soil to accommodate available water. When precipitation and irrigation, the land of Furrow irrigation will make more water into the soil, and more water will be stored in the root layer of the soil profile.
(7)Three furrow irrigation methods, in growth period of capsicum, Soil between trees evaporation are conform to the changs which leaf area index is large and E/ET is small.In the wet soil surface conditions, there is a better correlation in E / Et with LAI in reproductive period of capsicum, and in the dry soil surface conditions, it is the opposite; The changs of Soil between trees evaporation with 0～10cm soil moisture content of soil are similar, soil evaporation and surface soil moisture content have relatively close relationship.
(8)Alternate furrow irrigation has not only a large gradient of water potential in the vertical direction but also a strong Infiltration potential in the horizontal direction. Water infiltration speed is fast after irrigation, Soil moisture of moist surface groove was evaporated except a part, in addition there will be a part continued to filter down and lateral seepage under the water potential gradient in both directions, therefore, the soil of moist groove surface are relatively fast drying and reduce the total evaporation between trees.
(9)Plants can feel the soil drought, and producing source signal and sending it to the shoot for adjusting their physiological processes, the increase in ABA can induce to reduction of stomatal aperture and transpiration loss, so achieving optimization of stomatal aperture to improve transpiration efficiency.
(10)In the same soil moisture level, the output of AFI are higher than CFI's, FFI are significant decline in production. Judging from the water use efficiency, the water use efficiency of AFI are higher than CFI's, the value is 46%.To Fixed furrow irrigation(FFI): because of long-term drought status, although water consumption is lower, the growth of output are greatly affected, thus affecting the improvement of economic efficiency, it is not desirable.
引文
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