母线设备多物理场耦合研究及应用
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摘要
母线设备在保证供电质量上起到举足轻重的作用。随着电力事业的发展,大容量电站的不断出现,传输电流不断加大,对供电质量的要求也越来越高,电网运行一定要保证供电的可靠性及安全性。母线发生故障,将造成发电厂和变电所停电,从而对电力系统的安全运行带来严重危害。
经过多年的实践应用,母线产品的电气性能和可靠性都获得了良好的市场反响,创造了较好的经济效益。但是,在此类母线设备正常运行过程中发现其工作噪声偏大,尤其当用电量增大时工作噪声也随之增大。从相关资料来看,单个母线设备周围的A计权声压级平均在70 dB以上。对于电站等许多场所,母线设备通常是多台平行排放,因而将会带来更大的噪声问题。强大的噪声使得许多用户在验收母线产品时拒绝接受,从而给企业造成了巨大的经济损失,并且削弱了产品的国际竞争力,阻碍了母线产品的国有化进程。
母线设备的噪声问题是多个物理场共同作用的过程。大电流母线周围强大的交变电磁场使母线与母线之间以及母线与箱体之间产生周期变化的电磁力,电磁力激励母线结构振动,并由箱体封板向外辐射噪声。在多个物理场的共同作用下母线设备的结构往往处于非线性和多物理场耦合的状态,此时描述系统行为的控制方程通常为耦合的非线性偏微分方程,解析解求解几乎不可能,必须采用数值分析技术。本文采用顺序耦合的方法对电磁场、结构振动及辐射声场进行了多物理场的分析计算并在此基础上提出了减振降噪的结构改进方案。在电磁场方面,采用棱边有限元求解大电流母线设备的电磁场问题。在振动噪声方面,采用有限元和边界元法结合的方法求解辐射声场。解决了电磁场、结构振动及辐射声场计算过程中FEM/BEM数据传递等一系列关键问题。
建立了大电流母线电磁、振动及声场多物理场计算的全三维数值模型。大电流母线桥是复杂的弹性结构。根据各物理场求解情况不同,分别建立了用于电磁场计算的棱边有限元模型,振动响应分析的节点母线设备在保证供电质量上起到举足轻重的作用。随着电力事业的发展,大容量电站的不断出现,传输电流不断加大,对供电质量的要求也越来越高,电网运行一定要保证供电的可靠性及安全性。母线发生故障,将造成发电厂和变电所停电,从而对电力系统的安全运行带来严重危害。
经过多年的实践应用,母线产品的电气性能和可靠性都获得了良好的市场反响,创造了较好的经济效益。但是,在此类母线设备正常运行过程中发现其工作噪声偏大,尤其当用电量增大时工作噪声也随之增大。从相关资料来看,单个母线设备周围的A计权声压级平均在70 dB以上。对于电站等许多场所,母线设备通常是多台平行排放,因而将会带来更大的噪声问题。强大的噪声使得许多用户在验收母线产品时拒绝接受,从而给企业造成了巨大的经济损失,并且削弱了产品的国际竞争力,阻碍了母线产品的国有化进程。
母线设备的噪声问题是多个物理场共同作用的过程。大电流母线周围强大的交变电磁场使母线与母线之间以及母线与箱体之间产生周期变化的电磁力,电磁力激励母线结构振动,并由箱体封板向外辐射噪声。在多个物理场的共同作用下母线设备的结构往往处于非线性和多物理场耦合的状态,此时描述系统行为的控制方程通常为耦合的非线性偏微分方程,解析解求解几乎不可能,必须采用数值分析技术。本文采用顺序耦合的方法对电磁场、结构振动及辐射声场进行了多物理场的分析计算并在此基础上提出了减振降噪的结构改进方案。在电磁场方面,采用棱边有限元求解大电流母线设备的电磁场问题。在振动噪声方面,采用有限元和边界元法结合的方法求解辐射声场。解决了电磁场、结构振动及辐射声场计算过程中FEM/BEM数据传递等一系列关键问题。
建立了大电流母线电磁、振动及声场多物理场计算的全三维数值模型。大电流母线桥是复杂的弹性结构。根据各物理场求解情况不同,分别建立了用于电磁场计算的棱边有限元模型,振动响应分析的节点
The low voltage and heavy current busbar bridge is a new type of transmission facility, which is widely applied to transmitting current and power in power plants, large and medium-sized enterprises as well as transformer substations. The electric performance and reliability of busbar bridge systems have gained a good market and brought considerable economic benefits. However, the working noise of such facilities is remarkable, especially when the power consumption increases.
On-the-spot investigations show that the working noise is mainly composed of electromagnetic noise and ventilating noise, which have three possible generating sources: the vibration of busbars and steel boxes caused by the alternating electromagnetic force; the aeolian vibration caused by air convection when the temperature inside the bridge rises; the vibration of the magnetic components of the busbar bridge system caused by the magnetostrictive effect.
In order to understand the underlying mechanism, energy sources and propagation paths of the working noise, an analysis of the electromagnetic field for busbar bridge systems is required, so that the magnetic field distribution and the electromagnetic force on busbars and steel boxes can be obtained. The analysis is the basis of studying the working noise and it also plays an important role in optimizing the structure of busbar bridge systems. To study the causes and propagation paths of the noise of busbar bridge system requires knowledge as diverse as Electromagnetics, Mechanics, and Acoustics. In this paper, steps for analyzing the noise field outside the bridge are establised. In the first place, edge finite element method is used to calculate the distribution of electromagnetic force in the system. Then, node electromagnetic forces are applied as "body force" loads in the subsequent vibration analysis. Afterwards, node displacements are used as boundary condition to solve acoustic problem.
Three-dimensional simulation models are established according to the solid one. In vibration analysis, busbars as well as epoxy resin insulators are meshed with solid hexahedral elements and the rest are meshed with shell elements due to the small thickness of steel plates. At the same time, the finite element models used in electromagnetic and vibration analysis are not exactly the same. In electromagnetic field analysis, it is necessary to build finite element model for the air inside or outside the bridge, whereas this is not needed in structural vibration analysis. The boundary element model is created by taking out the surface of the structural vibration finite element model.
Electromagnetic force is in direct proportion to the operating currents. This is because the skin effect and proximity effect will strengthen with the increase of operating current. The node forces on left and upper box plates are much bigger than that of the right and lower ones. With the increase of current, the noise of the system rises accordingly. Numerous DOFs of the system lead to the intensive distribution of natural frequency, so the mode shapes changed obviously when the natural frequency has small variation. The relative deformation of the steel box is much bigger than that of other parts because the box is made of large and thin plates, whose stiffness is small. Therefore, resonance occurs more easily on the box. More noise is generated by box plates than by busbars because the stiffness of these large-thin plates is much smaller than that of busbars. The sound pressure level is of symmetric distribution along z direction, and the sound field is stronger in the middle of the bridge. The sound pressure level of right side plates is much higher than that of the left side-plates because the distribution of electromagnetic force on side plates of both sides is asymmetric. In vertical direction the sound field beneath the busbar bridge is much stronger than that of the above.
Box plates are the strongest radiated noise source. The vibrations of these plates come from the vibration of box plates themselves caused by electromagnetic force and from the vibration that is transferred from busbars to box plates through epoxy resin insulators. Hence, the noise can be reduced in two aspects. On one hand, improve the distribution of eddy current field in the system. On the other hand, change the structural form and geometric parameters of the main acoustic radiation components.
A series of experiments have been carried out in the laboratory in order to verify the reliability of the simulation models and the validity of the noise reduction methods. Five experimental schemes are worked out at last, and they are: (1) experiment for the original model; (2) experiment for the model of moving all busbars upward by 30 mm; (3) experiment for the model of increasing vents on box plates; (4) experiment for the model of pressing grooves on box plates; (5) experiment for the model of riveting L-shaped corner plates on the box.
These proposed methods could reduce the noise to some degree. Comprehensively evaluating these methods, we can conclude that the method of moving all three-phase busbars upwards by 30 mm is not a very good one because of the consequent system mode change. Among these methods, the method of increasing vents on box plates has a satisfying noise reduction effect, for the A-weighted sound level can be reduced almost 7 dB compared with the original design, and people in the laboratory can feel the reduction of the noise obviously. This method will not add process, and the general structure of the busbar bridge system has few changes. At the same time, this method can also improve the ventilation of the system, and therefore it is one of the advisable methods to reduce the noise.
The paper proposed an effective method to analyze the radiated noise of busbar bridge system. That is using the edge finite element method to calculate three-dimensional eddy current field and the combined finite element and boundary element method to solve the radiated sound field. Through the comparison between calculated results and measured ones, the reliability of the calculation is validated. Based on the analysis of vibration and sound field, the noise reduction methods are put forward, and numerical simulations and experiments study are performed on every improving method. The study shows that the improving methods can reduce the noise at different levels, among which the method of increasing vents on box plates is a better way to reduce it. The proposed methods can be applied in other type busbar equipments.
经过多年的实践应用,母线产品的电气性能和可靠性都获得了良好的市场反响,创造了较好的经济效益。但是,在此类母线设备正常运行过程中发现其工作噪声偏大,尤其当用电量增大时工作噪声也随之增大。从相关资料来看,单个母线设备周围的A计权声压级平均在70 dB以上。对于电站等许多场所,母线设备通常是多台平行排放,因而将会带来更大的噪声问题。强大的噪声使得许多用户在验收母线产品时拒绝接受,从而给企业造成了巨大的经济损失,并且削弱了产品的国际竞争力,阻碍了母线产品的国有化进程。
母线设备的噪声问题是多个物理场共同作用的过程。大电流母线周围强大的交变电磁场使母线与母线之间以及母线与箱体之间产生周期变化的电磁力,电磁力激励母线结构振动,并由箱体封板向外辐射噪声。在多个物理场的共同作用下母线设备的结构往往处于非线性和多物理场耦合的状态,此时描述系统行为的控制方程通常为耦合的非线性偏微分方程,解析解求解几乎不可能,必须采用数值分析技术。本文采用顺序耦合的方法对电磁场、结构振动及辐射声场进行了多物理场的分析计算并在此基础上提出了减振降噪的结构改进方案。在电磁场方面,采用棱边有限元求解大电流母线设备的电磁场问题。在振动噪声方面,采用有限元和边界元法结合的方法求解辐射声场。解决了电磁场、结构振动及辐射声场计算过程中FEM/BEM数据传递等一系列关键问题。
建立了大电流母线电磁、振动及声场多物理场计算的全三维数值模型。大电流母线桥是复杂的弹性结构。根据各物理场求解情况不同,分别建立了用于电磁场计算的棱边有限元模型,振动响应分析的节点母线设备在保证供电质量上起到举足轻重的作用。随着电力事业的发展,大容量电站的不断出现,传输电流不断加大,对供电质量的要求也越来越高,电网运行一定要保证供电的可靠性及安全性。母线发生故障,将造成发电厂和变电所停电,从而对电力系统的安全运行带来严重危害。
经过多年的实践应用,母线产品的电气性能和可靠性都获得了良好的市场反响,创造了较好的经济效益。但是,在此类母线设备正常运行过程中发现其工作噪声偏大,尤其当用电量增大时工作噪声也随之增大。从相关资料来看,单个母线设备周围的A计权声压级平均在70 dB以上。对于电站等许多场所,母线设备通常是多台平行排放,因而将会带来更大的噪声问题。强大的噪声使得许多用户在验收母线产品时拒绝接受,从而给企业造成了巨大的经济损失,并且削弱了产品的国际竞争力,阻碍了母线产品的国有化进程。
母线设备的噪声问题是多个物理场共同作用的过程。大电流母线周围强大的交变电磁场使母线与母线之间以及母线与箱体之间产生周期变化的电磁力,电磁力激励母线结构振动,并由箱体封板向外辐射噪声。在多个物理场的共同作用下母线设备的结构往往处于非线性和多物理场耦合的状态,此时描述系统行为的控制方程通常为耦合的非线性偏微分方程,解析解求解几乎不可能,必须采用数值分析技术。本文采用顺序耦合的方法对电磁场、结构振动及辐射声场进行了多物理场的分析计算并在此基础上提出了减振降噪的结构改进方案。在电磁场方面,采用棱边有限元求解大电流母线设备的电磁场问题。在振动噪声方面,采用有限元和边界元法结合的方法求解辐射声场。解决了电磁场、结构振动及辐射声场计算过程中FEM/BEM数据传递等一系列关键问题。
建立了大电流母线电磁、振动及声场多物理场计算的全三维数值模型。大电流母线桥是复杂的弹性结构。根据各物理场求解情况不同,分别建立了用于电磁场计算的棱边有限元模型,振动响应分析的节点
The low voltage and heavy current busbar bridge is a new type of transmission facility, which is widely applied to transmitting current and power in power plants, large and medium-sized enterprises as well as transformer substations. The electric performance and reliability of busbar bridge systems have gained a good market and brought considerable economic benefits. However, the working noise of such facilities is remarkable, especially when the power consumption increases.
On-the-spot investigations show that the working noise is mainly composed of electromagnetic noise and ventilating noise, which have three possible generating sources: the vibration of busbars and steel boxes caused by the alternating electromagnetic force; the aeolian vibration caused by air convection when the temperature inside the bridge rises; the vibration of the magnetic components of the busbar bridge system caused by the magnetostrictive effect.
In order to understand the underlying mechanism, energy sources and propagation paths of the working noise, an analysis of the electromagnetic field for busbar bridge systems is required, so that the magnetic field distribution and the electromagnetic force on busbars and steel boxes can be obtained. The analysis is the basis of studying the working noise and it also plays an important role in optimizing the structure of busbar bridge systems. To study the causes and propagation paths of the noise of busbar bridge system requires knowledge as diverse as Electromagnetics, Mechanics, and Acoustics. In this paper, steps for analyzing the noise field outside the bridge are establised. In the first place, edge finite element method is used to calculate the distribution of electromagnetic force in the system. Then, node electromagnetic forces are applied as "body force" loads in the subsequent vibration analysis. Afterwards, node displacements are used as boundary condition to solve acoustic problem.
Three-dimensional simulation models are established according to the solid one. In vibration analysis, busbars as well as epoxy resin insulators are meshed with solid hexahedral elements and the rest are meshed with shell elements due to the small thickness of steel plates. At the same time, the finite element models used in electromagnetic and vibration analysis are not exactly the same. In electromagnetic field analysis, it is necessary to build finite element model for the air inside or outside the bridge, whereas this is not needed in structural vibration analysis. The boundary element model is created by taking out the surface of the structural vibration finite element model.
Electromagnetic force is in direct proportion to the operating currents. This is because the skin effect and proximity effect will strengthen with the increase of operating current. The node forces on left and upper box plates are much bigger than that of the right and lower ones. With the increase of current, the noise of the system rises accordingly. Numerous DOFs of the system lead to the intensive distribution of natural frequency, so the mode shapes changed obviously when the natural frequency has small variation. The relative deformation of the steel box is much bigger than that of other parts because the box is made of large and thin plates, whose stiffness is small. Therefore, resonance occurs more easily on the box. More noise is generated by box plates than by busbars because the stiffness of these large-thin plates is much smaller than that of busbars. The sound pressure level is of symmetric distribution along z direction, and the sound field is stronger in the middle of the bridge. The sound pressure level of right side plates is much higher than that of the left side-plates because the distribution of electromagnetic force on side plates of both sides is asymmetric. In vertical direction the sound field beneath the busbar bridge is much stronger than that of the above.
Box plates are the strongest radiated noise source. The vibrations of these plates come from the vibration of box plates themselves caused by electromagnetic force and from the vibration that is transferred from busbars to box plates through epoxy resin insulators. Hence, the noise can be reduced in two aspects. On one hand, improve the distribution of eddy current field in the system. On the other hand, change the structural form and geometric parameters of the main acoustic radiation components.
A series of experiments have been carried out in the laboratory in order to verify the reliability of the simulation models and the validity of the noise reduction methods. Five experimental schemes are worked out at last, and they are: (1) experiment for the original model; (2) experiment for the model of moving all busbars upward by 30 mm; (3) experiment for the model of increasing vents on box plates; (4) experiment for the model of pressing grooves on box plates; (5) experiment for the model of riveting L-shaped corner plates on the box.
These proposed methods could reduce the noise to some degree. Comprehensively evaluating these methods, we can conclude that the method of moving all three-phase busbars upwards by 30 mm is not a very good one because of the consequent system mode change. Among these methods, the method of increasing vents on box plates has a satisfying noise reduction effect, for the A-weighted sound level can be reduced almost 7 dB compared with the original design, and people in the laboratory can feel the reduction of the noise obviously. This method will not add process, and the general structure of the busbar bridge system has few changes. At the same time, this method can also improve the ventilation of the system, and therefore it is one of the advisable methods to reduce the noise.
The paper proposed an effective method to analyze the radiated noise of busbar bridge system. That is using the edge finite element method to calculate three-dimensional eddy current field and the combined finite element and boundary element method to solve the radiated sound field. Through the comparison between calculated results and measured ones, the reliability of the calculation is validated. Based on the analysis of vibration and sound field, the noise reduction methods are put forward, and numerical simulations and experiments study are performed on every improving method. The study shows that the improving methods can reduce the noise at different levels, among which the method of increasing vents on box plates is a better way to reduce it. The proposed methods can be applied in other type busbar equipments.
引文
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