基于全寿命理论的海工混凝土耐久性优化设计
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摘要
本文将以混凝土结构全寿命理论为指导,以建设期海工混凝土的耐久性劣化为主要研究对象,在混凝土原材料高性能化、混凝土结构耐久性检测以及混凝土配合比优化三方面进行研究：(1)针对细骨料级配特征对混凝土耐久性能影响进行研究,分析细骨料级配特征与混凝土抗氯盐侵蚀性能之间的关系；(2)分析混凝土抗氯盐侵蚀性能变化规律及各内因、外因的影响规律,对海工混凝土的耐久性设计提出要求；(3)基于耐久性和低碳绿色环保要求,对氯盐侵蚀环境中混凝土配合比的设计进行优化和改进,并编制设计软件。
具体研究内容如下：
1、将分形理论引入细骨料的级配特征的分析,提出用体积分形维数这一富含空隙率、骨料密度、级配特征等信息的参数来描述细骨料；并对砂浆和混凝土试件的抗氯离子扩散性能进行试验,提出细骨料体积分形维数和混凝土性能之间的对应关系。对骨料随机分布进行二维数值模拟,将骨料的不同级配转化为二维数值模拟时的骨料面积率,对骨料随机分布模型进行有限元计算,并结合混凝土试件氯盐侵蚀试验,分析不同骨料级配对混凝土抗氯盐侵蚀性能的影响。
2、通过①对浙江沿海港口、日本沿海部分港口的现场原位氯离子侵蚀检测,②对杭州湾大桥暴露试验站和日本港湾空港技术研究所(PARI, Port and Airport Research Insitute)暴露试验站内试件的氯离子侵蚀状态检测,③对进行室内加速试验的试件的氯离子侵蚀状态检测,以及④对文献资源的搜集整理,获得各类混凝土受到盐侵蚀后的耐久性检测原始检测数据；并通过收集整理相应的混凝土资料和必要的环境水文信息等资料,利用Web技术与Django技术编制了基于网络平台的数据库管理系统,配合使用MySQL技术进行数据库的操作设计和连接,完成数据库管理系统的编写,其中包括了混凝土材料信息、环境作用、结构服役年限、试验方法、检测方法完备的信息。通过分析这些不同来源的检测数据,得到影响沿海、近海混凝土结构耐久性劣化的关键因素及耐久性劣化规律,用作沿海及近海混凝土结构全寿命管理的重要信息来源和基础,并为评价混凝土抗氯盐侵蚀性能劣化规律提供重要的数据支持。
3、基于混凝土对氯离子侵蚀的抗力为耐久性能研究指标,对服役初期的混凝土在养护条件和服役环境耦合作用下的抗氯离子性能发展变化进行试验研究,分析养护条件和后期服役环境在混凝土抗氯盐侵蚀性能变化上的耦合效应。对服役初期的混凝土在养护条件和服役环境耦合作用下的抗氯离子性能发展变化进行试验研究,比较某一服役环境中氯离子扩散系数及稳态电迁移系数随早期养护龄期不同的变化规律,针对不同的后期服役环境的腐蚀特点对初期养护工艺提出要求。
4、基于已建立的服役海工混凝土结构氯离子侵蚀检测数据库,归纳整理采用不同试验方法获得的数据,对氯离子扩散系数的时变效应进行分析,结合混凝土配合比特征参数给出不同混凝土的氯离子扩散系数的时间衰减系数。根据我国《混凝土结构耐久性设计与施工指南》的建议,确定以28天基准龄期时的快速电迁移系数DRCM,28作为基于耐久性要求的混凝土设计时的抗力指标；基于数据库中丰富的检测数据及养护条件与暴露环境耦合作用的试验结果,讨论不同的混凝土氯离子抗力指标(D。和DRCM)间的联系和转换规律,并给出设计指标的材料影响(内因)系数kmaterial、环境影响(外因)系数ke等的经验公式或经验取值,为进行基于抗氯离子侵蚀性能要求的混凝土材料优化设计建立基础。
5、采用非线性分析方法建立混凝土的抗氯盐侵蚀性能指标与混凝土配合比设计参数之间的映射关系,确定基于混凝土材料组成的氯离子快速电迁移系数DRCM,28的预测模型。在传统混凝土配合比设计方法的基础上,将混凝土的抗氯离子扩散性能作为重要的判定依据引入设计流程,并结合节能减排的要求考虑混凝土建设期的CO2排放量,对海工混凝土的配合比设计进行优化计算,编写混凝土配合比优化设计的软件系统；综合考虑建设成本的经济性和延长混凝土使用寿命,获得混凝土优化设计后的经济效益和社会效。
本文得到国家重点工程科技专项课题“杭州湾跨海大桥混凝土结构耐久性长期性能研究”、国家自然科学基金重点课题“氯盐侵蚀环境的混凝土结构耐久性设计与评估基础理论研究”(50538070)、浙江省科技计划项目“港口与海岸工程防腐蚀关键技术与配套设备的开发应用”(编号：2006C13090),中日(NSFC/JSPS)国际合作项目“基于全寿命管理的混凝土结构耐久性设计理论”,浙江省科技项目“九堡大桥耐久性研究与监测技术子课题——新型组合结构桥梁的耐久性研究”等的资助,特此致谢。
Based on concrete structure life cycle theory, the marine concrete durability deterioration under the chloride attack is studied, with the discussion on concrete design and performance optimization and the life span analyzing that considers economic and social benefit. The principle of material choosing and application is proposed. A chloride investigation database is established by onsite detecting, exposure tests, artificial simulating tests and accelerated tests in and abroad. The chloride resistance paten of the detected marine concrete is discussed. Under the requests of concrete durability and CO2 emission limitation, a modified concrete design method which is in concern with the chloride resistance and energy saving of the marine concrete is suggested. Concrete mixture design software is developed.
The flow of this research is as follows.
1. The fractal theory is introduced into the analysis of fine aggregates particles distribution. The mass and volume fractal dimensions of aggregates piles are deduced. Experiment is designed to detect the relationship between fine aggregates grading and concrete performance. Numerical study is adopted too. A two-dimension circle aggregate distribution model is set up. The aggregates volume fraction is transformed into circle aggregate area volume in the finite element computerization. The experiment results metchs with the numerical computering results.
2. A chloride investigating database is established. It contains different data from:①etecting the chloride resistance of the marine concrete structures on the specific ports in Zhejiang province and Japan;②xposure testing in Hangzhou Bay Bridge and Port and Airport Research Institute, Japan;③accelerated tests of artificial environments simulating tests and the electrical accelerated tests. The database also collects the material, climate and environmental information. Web technology combined with Django software is introduced to setup a database managing system. MySQL is planted in the system to manipulate the database system. This database is an important information source for the life cycle theory-based concrete durability research and to support the evaluation of the marine concrete structures chloride resistance.
3. The co-effect of initial curing condition and exposure environments on concrete chloride resistance is discussed by experiment. Two methods of exposure testing and steady state migration tests are adopted. The chloride transportation model in unsaturated concrete is used to simulate the chloride movement characters in longer term's exposure. The curing effect coefficient kc on chloride resistance of concrete is suggested for different service environments. The different initial curing conditions are advised for the concrete to use in different environments too.
4. Based on the established database, the time dependent reducing parameters of the chloride diffusion coefficients Da and the migration coefficients DRCM are worked out. The empirical expressions of these two parameters are given. By considering the suggestion in, the migration coefficient DRCM,28 at 28d age is determined as the durability design index of concrete material. By introducing the multi-environmental time similarity (METS), the relationship between Da and DRCM is studied. The material effect coefficient Kmateriai and environment effect coefficient ke are also studied. Their values in specific conditions are suggested.
5. The relationship between concrete mixture design indexes and the chloride resistance is developed by using nonlinear analysis methods. The nonlinear and neural network predicting models are established to estimate the DRCM,28 values from the concrete mixtures. The predicting models are introduced into the traditional concrete mixture design process. In addition, the CO2 emission of marine concrete material manufacturing, transportation and construction are considered. A piece of designing software is developed. The benefits of the optimized concrete on economy, energy saving and service life expending are obtained.
This research was supported by the project of National Natural Science Fund "Fundamental Research on Durability Design and Assessment of Concrete Structures in Chloride Erosive Environment" (50538070), the science and technology project of Zhejiang Province "Key Anti-corrosion Techniques of Harbor and Costal Engineering and Development and Application of Supporting Facilities" (2006C13090), the agreement project of Chinese and Japanese (NSFC/JSPS) "Durability design theory of concrete structure based on Life-Cycle Cost Management Technique", the science and technology project of Zhejiang Province "Durability Research and Monitory Technique on Jiubao Project-Durability Study on the Composite Structural Bridge". Their support is gratefully acknowledged.
具体研究内容如下：
1、将分形理论引入细骨料的级配特征的分析,提出用体积分形维数这一富含空隙率、骨料密度、级配特征等信息的参数来描述细骨料；并对砂浆和混凝土试件的抗氯离子扩散性能进行试验,提出细骨料体积分形维数和混凝土性能之间的对应关系。对骨料随机分布进行二维数值模拟,将骨料的不同级配转化为二维数值模拟时的骨料面积率,对骨料随机分布模型进行有限元计算,并结合混凝土试件氯盐侵蚀试验,分析不同骨料级配对混凝土抗氯盐侵蚀性能的影响。
2、通过①对浙江沿海港口、日本沿海部分港口的现场原位氯离子侵蚀检测,②对杭州湾大桥暴露试验站和日本港湾空港技术研究所(PARI, Port and Airport Research Insitute)暴露试验站内试件的氯离子侵蚀状态检测,③对进行室内加速试验的试件的氯离子侵蚀状态检测,以及④对文献资源的搜集整理,获得各类混凝土受到盐侵蚀后的耐久性检测原始检测数据；并通过收集整理相应的混凝土资料和必要的环境水文信息等资料,利用Web技术与Django技术编制了基于网络平台的数据库管理系统,配合使用MySQL技术进行数据库的操作设计和连接,完成数据库管理系统的编写,其中包括了混凝土材料信息、环境作用、结构服役年限、试验方法、检测方法完备的信息。通过分析这些不同来源的检测数据,得到影响沿海、近海混凝土结构耐久性劣化的关键因素及耐久性劣化规律,用作沿海及近海混凝土结构全寿命管理的重要信息来源和基础,并为评价混凝土抗氯盐侵蚀性能劣化规律提供重要的数据支持。
3、基于混凝土对氯离子侵蚀的抗力为耐久性能研究指标,对服役初期的混凝土在养护条件和服役环境耦合作用下的抗氯离子性能发展变化进行试验研究,分析养护条件和后期服役环境在混凝土抗氯盐侵蚀性能变化上的耦合效应。对服役初期的混凝土在养护条件和服役环境耦合作用下的抗氯离子性能发展变化进行试验研究,比较某一服役环境中氯离子扩散系数及稳态电迁移系数随早期养护龄期不同的变化规律,针对不同的后期服役环境的腐蚀特点对初期养护工艺提出要求。
4、基于已建立的服役海工混凝土结构氯离子侵蚀检测数据库,归纳整理采用不同试验方法获得的数据,对氯离子扩散系数的时变效应进行分析,结合混凝土配合比特征参数给出不同混凝土的氯离子扩散系数的时间衰减系数。根据我国《混凝土结构耐久性设计与施工指南》的建议,确定以28天基准龄期时的快速电迁移系数DRCM,28作为基于耐久性要求的混凝土设计时的抗力指标；基于数据库中丰富的检测数据及养护条件与暴露环境耦合作用的试验结果,讨论不同的混凝土氯离子抗力指标(D。和DRCM)间的联系和转换规律,并给出设计指标的材料影响(内因)系数kmaterial、环境影响(外因)系数ke等的经验公式或经验取值,为进行基于抗氯离子侵蚀性能要求的混凝土材料优化设计建立基础。
5、采用非线性分析方法建立混凝土的抗氯盐侵蚀性能指标与混凝土配合比设计参数之间的映射关系,确定基于混凝土材料组成的氯离子快速电迁移系数DRCM,28的预测模型。在传统混凝土配合比设计方法的基础上,将混凝土的抗氯离子扩散性能作为重要的判定依据引入设计流程,并结合节能减排的要求考虑混凝土建设期的CO2排放量,对海工混凝土的配合比设计进行优化计算,编写混凝土配合比优化设计的软件系统；综合考虑建设成本的经济性和延长混凝土使用寿命,获得混凝土优化设计后的经济效益和社会效。
本文得到国家重点工程科技专项课题“杭州湾跨海大桥混凝土结构耐久性长期性能研究”、国家自然科学基金重点课题“氯盐侵蚀环境的混凝土结构耐久性设计与评估基础理论研究”(50538070)、浙江省科技计划项目“港口与海岸工程防腐蚀关键技术与配套设备的开发应用”(编号：2006C13090),中日(NSFC/JSPS)国际合作项目“基于全寿命管理的混凝土结构耐久性设计理论”,浙江省科技项目“九堡大桥耐久性研究与监测技术子课题——新型组合结构桥梁的耐久性研究”等的资助,特此致谢。
Based on concrete structure life cycle theory, the marine concrete durability deterioration under the chloride attack is studied, with the discussion on concrete design and performance optimization and the life span analyzing that considers economic and social benefit. The principle of material choosing and application is proposed. A chloride investigation database is established by onsite detecting, exposure tests, artificial simulating tests and accelerated tests in and abroad. The chloride resistance paten of the detected marine concrete is discussed. Under the requests of concrete durability and CO2 emission limitation, a modified concrete design method which is in concern with the chloride resistance and energy saving of the marine concrete is suggested. Concrete mixture design software is developed.
The flow of this research is as follows.
1. The fractal theory is introduced into the analysis of fine aggregates particles distribution. The mass and volume fractal dimensions of aggregates piles are deduced. Experiment is designed to detect the relationship between fine aggregates grading and concrete performance. Numerical study is adopted too. A two-dimension circle aggregate distribution model is set up. The aggregates volume fraction is transformed into circle aggregate area volume in the finite element computerization. The experiment results metchs with the numerical computering results.
2. A chloride investigating database is established. It contains different data from:①etecting the chloride resistance of the marine concrete structures on the specific ports in Zhejiang province and Japan;②xposure testing in Hangzhou Bay Bridge and Port and Airport Research Institute, Japan;③accelerated tests of artificial environments simulating tests and the electrical accelerated tests. The database also collects the material, climate and environmental information. Web technology combined with Django software is introduced to setup a database managing system. MySQL is planted in the system to manipulate the database system. This database is an important information source for the life cycle theory-based concrete durability research and to support the evaluation of the marine concrete structures chloride resistance.
3. The co-effect of initial curing condition and exposure environments on concrete chloride resistance is discussed by experiment. Two methods of exposure testing and steady state migration tests are adopted. The chloride transportation model in unsaturated concrete is used to simulate the chloride movement characters in longer term's exposure. The curing effect coefficient kc on chloride resistance of concrete is suggested for different service environments. The different initial curing conditions are advised for the concrete to use in different environments too.
4. Based on the established database, the time dependent reducing parameters of the chloride diffusion coefficients Da and the migration coefficients DRCM are worked out. The empirical expressions of these two parameters are given. By considering the suggestion in
5. The relationship between concrete mixture design indexes and the chloride resistance is developed by using nonlinear analysis methods. The nonlinear and neural network predicting models are established to estimate the DRCM,28 values from the concrete mixtures. The predicting models are introduced into the traditional concrete mixture design process. In addition, the CO2 emission of marine concrete material manufacturing, transportation and construction are considered. A piece of designing software is developed. The benefits of the optimized concrete on economy, energy saving and service life expending are obtained.
This research was supported by the project of National Natural Science Fund "Fundamental Research on Durability Design and Assessment of Concrete Structures in Chloride Erosive Environment" (50538070), the science and technology project of Zhejiang Province "Key Anti-corrosion Techniques of Harbor and Costal Engineering and Development and Application of Supporting Facilities" (2006C13090), the agreement project of Chinese and Japanese (NSFC/JSPS) "Durability design theory of concrete structure based on Life-Cycle Cost Management Technique", the science and technology project of Zhejiang Province "Durability Research and Monitory Technique on Jiubao Project-Durability Study on the Composite Structural Bridge". Their support is gratefully acknowledged.
引文
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