汉英报纸新闻语篇中转述言语的比较研究
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摘要
作为言语交际中一种重要的语言现象,转述言语在新闻语篇中大量存在,是新闻话语最显著的特征之一。然而,学界鲜有对汉英新闻语篇中的转述言语进行系统的比较研究。本研究从转述类型、转述动词和消息来源3个方面对汉英报纸新闻语篇中的转述言语进行定量和定性的比较分析,获得了一些有意义的发现,具体如下：
第一,汉英报纸中转述类型的比较。经过对标注后汉英报纸中的各转述形式的出现频率进行统计发现,在汉英报纸中,间接转述的出现频率均为最高,其次是直接转述,而其他3类,即自由间接转述、自由直接转述和言语行为的叙述性转述都相对较少。但是,在间接转述的使用上,汉语报纸中所占的百分比远远高于英语报纸,而直接转述却在英语中占很大比例,这与英语报纸的资本主义商业化运作模式有关。而且,英语报纸还使用了数量不少的自由直接转述。另外,汉语中警示引语的使用频率特别高,远远多于英语报纸。间接言语是汉语和英语报纸标题中最常使用的转述形式,但是汉语标题中使用的间接言语似乎都是“统一模式”,几乎都是主语+转述动词+被转述句形式,连文字编排都一致,即引导句和被转述句列成两行放在标题位置。汉语标题中频繁使用警示引语,数量最多。虽然自由间接言语、自由直接言语更具表达性和独立性,但是它们很少出现在汉语政治新闻报道中,而言语行为的叙述性转述在汉英报纸中仅有少量使用。在对汉英消息体裁的对比中,我们发现,英语中使用最多的是间接言语,其次是直接言语和自由直接言语；而汉语中使用最多的是间接言语,其次是言语行为的叙述性转述,然后是警示引语。通过对汉英特写体裁的对比发现,在间接言语的使用上,汉语和英语均为最多。不同的是英语特写中使用第二多的是直接言语,第三多是自由直接言语；而汉语特写中使用第二多的是警示引语,第三多是直接言语。对于汉英评论体裁的对比,通过分析数据,英语评论中使用最多的是间接言语,其次是警示引语,然后是言语行为的叙述性转述,接着是直接言语：而汉语评论中使用最多的是警示引语,从数量上占绝对优势,其他转述形式则很少使用。
第二,汉英报纸中转述动词的比较。新闻语篇中的转述动词具有多样性的特征,经过对成对汉英语料库中的转述动词进行识别和人工标注,然后进行词频统计,发现从总体上英语报纸中出现的转述动词从数量上占绝对优势,二者存在显著性差异。数据显示,英汉语报纸中的中性转述动词、心理转述动词和言语行为转述动词均存在显著差异,也就是说,英语报纸中这3类转述动词的出现频率均高于汉语。与汉语相比,英语中的言语行为转述动词更为丰富多样,而汉语较单一。心理转述动词在汉英报纸中的使用频数均最少,这与其自身的主观性、认知本质及新闻追求真实性的特点相关,英语报纸中使用最多的是中性转述动词,而汉语中使用最多的是言语行为转述动词.研究发现,转述动词“say”是英语中最常用的无标记转述动词,且"I think"词块凸显程度高。汉语中使用最多的心理转述动词是“认为”,它表达对人或事物的某种看法,这种判断是经过分析思考后的认识和肯定性的主张。汉语报纸的另一特点是大量使用言语行为转述动词。除去少数几个中性和心理转述动词,使用频率最高的是言语行为转述动词,如“表示”、“强调”、“指出”、“提出”、“要求”等。我们发现,汉语标题中偏爱使用“强调”这个词,并且这个转述动词的逻辑主语几乎都指称国家领导人,这使本来非常普通的一个转述动词具有了“权力”的特性。
第三,汉英报纸中转述来源的比较。我们尝试把转述来源分为党政机关、记者媒体、专家学者、社会团体、企业、一般民众6类。研究发现,仅有记者媒体和社会团体消息来源不存在显著性差异,其余四类,即政府机关、专家学者、商业、普通民众,均存在显著性差异。除政府消息来源,使用频率第二多的是专家学者。但是,与英语相比,汉语报纸中使用的专家学者消息来源并不是很多。英语报纸中对专家学者消息来源的引用都非常明确。商业性质的消息来源一般很少作为主要消息来源使用。但是我们发现,倘若商业消息来源与政治产生了某种联系,那么它很容易变成主要消息来源。根据消息来源的明确度,消息来源还可以分为明确的、非明确的和不能辨明出处的3类。经过对这3类消息来源进行语料标注和统计分析后,我们发现明确的和非明确的消息来源在汉英报纸中的使用频率均为最高。对于无法辨明出处的消息来源,汉英报纸中的使用频率均为最少,不存在显著性差异。本研究认为,对于新闻报道中较为重要的转述言语,应该尽量提供其具体的、明确的消息来源,少用模糊性的表达方式。最后,我们力图回归巴赫金的对话理论,探讨汉英报纸中由消息来源建构的不同对话模式。我们发现,汉语较多使用竹型对话模式,而英语较多使用网型对话模式。这两种模式在增强新闻语篇的对话性与提高新闻报道的实际效果上各有所长,具有很好的互补性。
本研究在理论、方法和实践方面均有一定的启示。
在理论上,本研究将语言学、批评话语分析、传播学等理论应用于汉英报纸新闻语篇中转述言语的比较。这不仅有助于加深我们对转述言语的认识,而且可以拓宽英汉对比研究领域,体现了语言学与其他人文科学间的跨学科融合趋势。
在方法上,本研究所选择的语料均来自于真实的报纸新闻,并将语料库技术运用到汉英报纸中转述言语的对比分析。我们分别针对不同的章节自建汉英报纸的成对语料库,从转述形式、转述动词和消息来源3个维度进行了定量统计和定性分析。这一方法丰富了转述言语的研究视角,同时拓展了批评话语分析的研究空间。
在实践上,本研究有助于人们更好地理解中美新闻话语的特点及其社会语用功能,而且对广大英语和对外汉语教师的教学也有参考作用。同时,本研究对于增强我国媒体运用话语策略的能力与提高对外宣传的有效性均具有重要的启发意义。
As an important linguistic phenomenon, language reports occur frequently in newspapers, and have become an striking feature of news discourse. However, There's no systematic comparative study on language reports between English and Chinese news discourse. This dissertation makes a comparative analysis of the use of language reports between Chinese and English newspapers in order to explore the reasons behind the similarities and differences, in hope of increasing people's understanding of language reports and improving their abilities to read and write news discourse.
Firstly, for reporting modes, we found that the most frequently used mode is indirect reporting, followed by direct reporting, free direct reporting, free indirect reporting and narrative report of speech acts. In comparison with Chinese newspapers, English newspapers use much more direct speeches and free direct speeches, which are relevant to the capitalistic nature of the Western world, and also manifest the commercialization of the newspaper industry. However, Chinese newspapers use a lot of indirect speeches, which are related to the official nature of Chinese newspapers. The most frequently used mode in Chinese and English newspaper headlines is indirect speech, which has gradually formed a special and fixed writing style, especially in Chinese newspapers. For the genre of news, the most frequently used modes in English are indirect speech, direct speech, and then free direct speech, but in Chinese are indirect speech, narrative report of speech acts, and then scare quotes. For the genre of features, the most frequently used modes in English are indirect speech, direct speech and free direct speech, while in Chinese are indirect speech, scare quotes, and direct speech. For comments, indirect speech is the most frequently used mode in English newspapers, followed by scare quotes, narrative report of speech acts and direct speech. However, surprisingly, in Chinese newspaper comments, the most frequently used mode is scare quote, while other modes are rarely used.
Secondly, a variety of reporting verbs are used in news reporting. It is found that English newspapers use much more reporting verbs, including neutral reporting verbs, mental reporting verbs and speech act reporting verbs, compared with Chinese newspapers. We discovered that the most frequently used reporting verbs in English newspapers are the neutral reporting ones, while in Chinese newspaper speech act reporting verbs are most frequently used. Among the neutral reporting verbs,"say" is most frequently used in English, while in Chinese it is "shuo". For mental reporting verbs, the most frequently used in English is "think", but in Chinese it is "ren wei ", which is widely used by people expressing their opinions. Moreover, there are a great number of speech act reporing verbs in Chinese news reporting, such as "biao shi","qiang diao","zhi chu","ti chu","yao qiu", etc. Besides, it is interesting that the reporting verb "qiang diao" is widely used in the presidential reports in China, and now it has become a powerful verb.
Thirdly, news sources would be divided into six classes:government, media, expert, organization, company, and common people. It is found that the most frequently used source is government both in Chinese and English newspapers. In contrast with English newspapers, Chinese newspapers use fewer expert sources, which are mostly written in vagueness. According to the linguistic features of language report, news sources can also be divided into three:specified source, unspecified source and unspecifiable source. It is showed that specified source is the most popular both in Chinese and English newspapers, which is then followed by unspecified source and unspecifiable source in frequency. What's more, we also explore the different dialogic patterns of Chinese and English newspapers:Chinese newspapers prefer a "bamboo" pattern, while English newspapers tend to employ a "net" pattern.
The research has important theoretical, methodological and pedagogical implications. Theoretically, this study will deepen the understanding of speech reporting, and widen the scope of CDA, manifesting the interdisciplinary trend between linguistic and other social fields. Methodologically, this study applies a series of techniques of corpus linguistics which are combined with CDA in the comparative analysis between English and Chinese newspapers. Pedagogically, it suggests that teachers should avoid the mechanical transformation from direct speech into indirect speech, in order to improve their teaching language reports through the real language data. Finally, this study also contributes to developing the ability to use discursive strategies in foreign affairs and intercultural communication for Chinese media.
第一,汉英报纸中转述类型的比较。经过对标注后汉英报纸中的各转述形式的出现频率进行统计发现,在汉英报纸中,间接转述的出现频率均为最高,其次是直接转述,而其他3类,即自由间接转述、自由直接转述和言语行为的叙述性转述都相对较少。但是,在间接转述的使用上,汉语报纸中所占的百分比远远高于英语报纸,而直接转述却在英语中占很大比例,这与英语报纸的资本主义商业化运作模式有关。而且,英语报纸还使用了数量不少的自由直接转述。另外,汉语中警示引语的使用频率特别高,远远多于英语报纸。间接言语是汉语和英语报纸标题中最常使用的转述形式,但是汉语标题中使用的间接言语似乎都是“统一模式”,几乎都是主语+转述动词+被转述句形式,连文字编排都一致,即引导句和被转述句列成两行放在标题位置。汉语标题中频繁使用警示引语,数量最多。虽然自由间接言语、自由直接言语更具表达性和独立性,但是它们很少出现在汉语政治新闻报道中,而言语行为的叙述性转述在汉英报纸中仅有少量使用。在对汉英消息体裁的对比中,我们发现,英语中使用最多的是间接言语,其次是直接言语和自由直接言语；而汉语中使用最多的是间接言语,其次是言语行为的叙述性转述,然后是警示引语。通过对汉英特写体裁的对比发现,在间接言语的使用上,汉语和英语均为最多。不同的是英语特写中使用第二多的是直接言语,第三多是自由直接言语；而汉语特写中使用第二多的是警示引语,第三多是直接言语。对于汉英评论体裁的对比,通过分析数据,英语评论中使用最多的是间接言语,其次是警示引语,然后是言语行为的叙述性转述,接着是直接言语：而汉语评论中使用最多的是警示引语,从数量上占绝对优势,其他转述形式则很少使用。
第二,汉英报纸中转述动词的比较。新闻语篇中的转述动词具有多样性的特征,经过对成对汉英语料库中的转述动词进行识别和人工标注,然后进行词频统计,发现从总体上英语报纸中出现的转述动词从数量上占绝对优势,二者存在显著性差异。数据显示,英汉语报纸中的中性转述动词、心理转述动词和言语行为转述动词均存在显著差异,也就是说,英语报纸中这3类转述动词的出现频率均高于汉语。与汉语相比,英语中的言语行为转述动词更为丰富多样,而汉语较单一。心理转述动词在汉英报纸中的使用频数均最少,这与其自身的主观性、认知本质及新闻追求真实性的特点相关,英语报纸中使用最多的是中性转述动词,而汉语中使用最多的是言语行为转述动词.研究发现,转述动词“say”是英语中最常用的无标记转述动词,且"I think"词块凸显程度高。汉语中使用最多的心理转述动词是“认为”,它表达对人或事物的某种看法,这种判断是经过分析思考后的认识和肯定性的主张。汉语报纸的另一特点是大量使用言语行为转述动词。除去少数几个中性和心理转述动词,使用频率最高的是言语行为转述动词,如“表示”、“强调”、“指出”、“提出”、“要求”等。我们发现,汉语标题中偏爱使用“强调”这个词,并且这个转述动词的逻辑主语几乎都指称国家领导人,这使本来非常普通的一个转述动词具有了“权力”的特性。
第三,汉英报纸中转述来源的比较。我们尝试把转述来源分为党政机关、记者媒体、专家学者、社会团体、企业、一般民众6类。研究发现,仅有记者媒体和社会团体消息来源不存在显著性差异,其余四类,即政府机关、专家学者、商业、普通民众,均存在显著性差异。除政府消息来源,使用频率第二多的是专家学者。但是,与英语相比,汉语报纸中使用的专家学者消息来源并不是很多。英语报纸中对专家学者消息来源的引用都非常明确。商业性质的消息来源一般很少作为主要消息来源使用。但是我们发现,倘若商业消息来源与政治产生了某种联系,那么它很容易变成主要消息来源。根据消息来源的明确度,消息来源还可以分为明确的、非明确的和不能辨明出处的3类。经过对这3类消息来源进行语料标注和统计分析后,我们发现明确的和非明确的消息来源在汉英报纸中的使用频率均为最高。对于无法辨明出处的消息来源,汉英报纸中的使用频率均为最少,不存在显著性差异。本研究认为,对于新闻报道中较为重要的转述言语,应该尽量提供其具体的、明确的消息来源,少用模糊性的表达方式。最后,我们力图回归巴赫金的对话理论,探讨汉英报纸中由消息来源建构的不同对话模式。我们发现,汉语较多使用竹型对话模式,而英语较多使用网型对话模式。这两种模式在增强新闻语篇的对话性与提高新闻报道的实际效果上各有所长,具有很好的互补性。
本研究在理论、方法和实践方面均有一定的启示。
在理论上,本研究将语言学、批评话语分析、传播学等理论应用于汉英报纸新闻语篇中转述言语的比较。这不仅有助于加深我们对转述言语的认识,而且可以拓宽英汉对比研究领域,体现了语言学与其他人文科学间的跨学科融合趋势。
在方法上,本研究所选择的语料均来自于真实的报纸新闻,并将语料库技术运用到汉英报纸中转述言语的对比分析。我们分别针对不同的章节自建汉英报纸的成对语料库,从转述形式、转述动词和消息来源3个维度进行了定量统计和定性分析。这一方法丰富了转述言语的研究视角,同时拓展了批评话语分析的研究空间。
在实践上,本研究有助于人们更好地理解中美新闻话语的特点及其社会语用功能,而且对广大英语和对外汉语教师的教学也有参考作用。同时,本研究对于增强我国媒体运用话语策略的能力与提高对外宣传的有效性均具有重要的启发意义。
As an important linguistic phenomenon, language reports occur frequently in newspapers, and have become an striking feature of news discourse. However, There's no systematic comparative study on language reports between English and Chinese news discourse. This dissertation makes a comparative analysis of the use of language reports between Chinese and English newspapers in order to explore the reasons behind the similarities and differences, in hope of increasing people's understanding of language reports and improving their abilities to read and write news discourse.
Firstly, for reporting modes, we found that the most frequently used mode is indirect reporting, followed by direct reporting, free direct reporting, free indirect reporting and narrative report of speech acts. In comparison with Chinese newspapers, English newspapers use much more direct speeches and free direct speeches, which are relevant to the capitalistic nature of the Western world, and also manifest the commercialization of the newspaper industry. However, Chinese newspapers use a lot of indirect speeches, which are related to the official nature of Chinese newspapers. The most frequently used mode in Chinese and English newspaper headlines is indirect speech, which has gradually formed a special and fixed writing style, especially in Chinese newspapers. For the genre of news, the most frequently used modes in English are indirect speech, direct speech, and then free direct speech, but in Chinese are indirect speech, narrative report of speech acts, and then scare quotes. For the genre of features, the most frequently used modes in English are indirect speech, direct speech and free direct speech, while in Chinese are indirect speech, scare quotes, and direct speech. For comments, indirect speech is the most frequently used mode in English newspapers, followed by scare quotes, narrative report of speech acts and direct speech. However, surprisingly, in Chinese newspaper comments, the most frequently used mode is scare quote, while other modes are rarely used.
Secondly, a variety of reporting verbs are used in news reporting. It is found that English newspapers use much more reporting verbs, including neutral reporting verbs, mental reporting verbs and speech act reporting verbs, compared with Chinese newspapers. We discovered that the most frequently used reporting verbs in English newspapers are the neutral reporting ones, while in Chinese newspaper speech act reporting verbs are most frequently used. Among the neutral reporting verbs,"say" is most frequently used in English, while in Chinese it is "shuo". For mental reporting verbs, the most frequently used in English is "think", but in Chinese it is "ren wei ", which is widely used by people expressing their opinions. Moreover, there are a great number of speech act reporing verbs in Chinese news reporting, such as "biao shi","qiang diao","zhi chu","ti chu","yao qiu", etc. Besides, it is interesting that the reporting verb "qiang diao" is widely used in the presidential reports in China, and now it has become a powerful verb.
Thirdly, news sources would be divided into six classes:government, media, expert, organization, company, and common people. It is found that the most frequently used source is government both in Chinese and English newspapers. In contrast with English newspapers, Chinese newspapers use fewer expert sources, which are mostly written in vagueness. According to the linguistic features of language report, news sources can also be divided into three:specified source, unspecified source and unspecifiable source. It is showed that specified source is the most popular both in Chinese and English newspapers, which is then followed by unspecified source and unspecifiable source in frequency. What's more, we also explore the different dialogic patterns of Chinese and English newspapers:Chinese newspapers prefer a "bamboo" pattern, while English newspapers tend to employ a "net" pattern.
The research has important theoretical, methodological and pedagogical implications. Theoretically, this study will deepen the understanding of speech reporting, and widen the scope of CDA, manifesting the interdisciplinary trend between linguistic and other social fields. Methodologically, this study applies a series of techniques of corpus linguistics which are combined with CDA in the comparative analysis between English and Chinese newspapers. Pedagogically, it suggests that teachers should avoid the mechanical transformation from direct speech into indirect speech, in order to improve their teaching language reports through the real language data. Finally, this study also contributes to developing the ability to use discursive strategies in foreign affairs and intercultural communication for Chinese media.
引文
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