西洋传教士资料所见近代上海方言的语音演变
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摘要
本研究目的主要意义为通过传教士资料考察从19世纪中期(1843年上海开埠后)到20世纪上半时期(1847-1941)中的上海方言中发生的语音演变。本文借用了几个历史语言学概念,将阐述当时上海方言的语音特征的历史阶段之间的变化过程。
第一章,阐述了本文研究的目的和范围。而且整理了之前研究的成果。本文参考的资料共有14本。其中英国传教士资料3本、美国传教士资料10本、法国传教士资料1本。其中1(Benjamin Jenkins,1850)和(James Summers,1853)的罗马字《约翰福音》对于这些的研究目前为止还没有。
第二章,按声韵母,整理出本文使用的整个传教士资料的标记法。而按标记法分为上海方言的发展时期。另外,按照他们的国籍、职业、教育程度判断本文使用资料的可靠性。但,本文判断关于Macgowan (1862)需要更深度的考察。
第三章,按著者的国籍、教育程度、有关汉语著作等内容详细整理,而描写本文使用资料的用途和内容。
第四章,构拟各书的语音系统。
第五章,使用典型的变化例子,在音节结构方面查看近代上海方言的语音演变。在对于变化的解释方面,尽力达到解释充分性(explanatory adequacy)
另外,整理了从每个文档中出现的共同词汇,观察了当时上海方言的语音演变的面貌。
通过这些过程,本文阐明的近代上海方言语音演变的具体内容如下。
首先,根据本文中使用的资料所述,近代上海方言的发展时期重新分为如下：第1期,从开埠到1900年前第2期,1900年后到1940年前第3期,1940年后
第二,本文确认近代上海方言里鼻音先经历了腭化现象,然后舌根音,舌尖音顺发生腭化。
第三,本文观察了上海话中浊音的气流弱化现象最晚在19世纪60年代开始,其中喉擦音(?)弱化最明显。但是因为母语的干扰,著者无法在其母语中找到一个完全相同的音来对应,于是基于其和真浊音音高都较低的特点,将其描写成浊音。并材料绝大多数直到20世纪40年代还记录为浊音,说明当时除(?)意外的浊音还保持着相当的送气性。
第四,本文看为内爆音近代时期,一直零星地存在于上海方言当中,并且出现频率不断降低。而推定内爆音成系统的在上海话中存在,则至少是在19世纪以前。
第五,当时上海方言的前后鼻音是互补分布的变体关系。
第六,本文认为在1850年代实际上仍然有-k、-(?)两个入声韵尾,但是发现以后-k韵尾合并的现象。
另外,本文要阐明上海方言的混合性。但是本文整理的基本词汇里没发现大的变化。这以后需要更考虑。
The aim of this thesis is to study the phonological changes that occurred in the Shanghai dialect from the middle of the 19th century to the early part of the 20th century on the basis of the linguistic data of foreign missionaries. In order to carry out this research, a few historical linguistic concepts such as reconstruction and basic vocabulary, etc., have been introduced. The contents of this study may be summarized as follows:
In Chapter 2, the validity of the missionaries' linguistic data are thoroughly examined, and their data are proven to be highly reliable, except McGowan(1862), which should be subject to further in-depth verification.
In Chapter 3, nationalities, academic backgrounds, profession of the missionaries and their works and writings on Chinese language and linguistics are introduced, followed by a bibliographical, data of each book that has been consulted.
Chapter 4 observes and analyzes the phonological change of the Shanghai dialect on the basis of the phonemes occurring in the common vocabulary that have been chronologically rearranged. In addition, using the results of the phonological change, the phonological system is also reconstructed for each set of data.
In Chapter 5, the phonological change of the Shanghai dialect is also examined from the standpoint of the syllable structure, using the characters that have undergone typical formal change. Furthermore attempt is made to interpret phonological changes occurring in each set of data as adequately as possible; that is, to ensure maximal explanatory adequacy, as follows:
1) Dates of change of the modern Shanghai dialect is divided into three periods as follows: Period 1:Port Opening(1843)～1900 Period 2:1900～before 1940 Period 3:from 1940～
2) It has emerged from this study that palatalization occurred in the Shanghai dialect in the order of nasal (n), velars (k kh, h), and alveolars(ts, tsh, s).
3) Weakening of voiced consonants in the Shanghai dialect began to appear in 1860s at the latest and it was most prominent in the voiced glottal fricative [6]. However, the missionaries'records failed to represent the sounds lacking in their language correctly by the relevant symbols, due no doubt to the interference of their native tongue. Thus, although the sound in question (together with a vowel) was described as a voiced sound, based on the fact that it was relatively lower in pitch than the voiced sound, it tended to be perceived by the missionaries as a voiceless aspirated sound when aspiration was weak. Consequently the fact that voiced sounds other than [(?)] were transcribed as voiced sounds in most of the data seem to indicate that the sounds other than [(?)] were pronounced with considerable aspiration.
4) Implosives?b and?d(were mentioned solely by Edkins(1853) whereas other missionaries did not state anything about this unusual phenomenon and transcribed them simply as [p] and [t]. These implosives seem to have existed sporadically in the modern period and its frequency of occurrence in the data is very low. It is surmised, therefore, that implosives in the Shanghai dialect enjoyed the status of phonemes prior to the 19th century.
5) Nasals [n] and [η] were in complimentary distribution at that time.
6) 1850's, there were two entering tones(abrupt ending)-k and-? as the syllable coda in the Shanghai dialect, and k was allophone. in complementary distribution. But after 1900's there was one entering tone-?.-k was already m erged by -h.
Besides, contrary to the expectation that the Shanghai dialect was a mixed dialect, no noticeable evidence was found at the phonological level. Further observations are no doubt required regarding this point in the future.
第一章,阐述了本文研究的目的和范围。而且整理了之前研究的成果。本文参考的资料共有14本。其中英国传教士资料3本、美国传教士资料10本、法国传教士资料1本。其中1(Benjamin Jenkins,1850)和(James Summers,1853)的罗马字《约翰福音》对于这些的研究目前为止还没有。
第二章,按声韵母,整理出本文使用的整个传教士资料的标记法。而按标记法分为上海方言的发展时期。另外,按照他们的国籍、职业、教育程度判断本文使用资料的可靠性。但,本文判断关于Macgowan (1862)需要更深度的考察。
第三章,按著者的国籍、教育程度、有关汉语著作等内容详细整理,而描写本文使用资料的用途和内容。
第四章,构拟各书的语音系统。
第五章,使用典型的变化例子,在音节结构方面查看近代上海方言的语音演变。在对于变化的解释方面,尽力达到解释充分性(explanatory adequacy)
另外,整理了从每个文档中出现的共同词汇,观察了当时上海方言的语音演变的面貌。
通过这些过程,本文阐明的近代上海方言语音演变的具体内容如下。
首先,根据本文中使用的资料所述,近代上海方言的发展时期重新分为如下：第1期,从开埠到1900年前第2期,1900年后到1940年前第3期,1940年后
第二,本文确认近代上海方言里鼻音先经历了腭化现象,然后舌根音,舌尖音顺发生腭化。
第三,本文观察了上海话中浊音的气流弱化现象最晚在19世纪60年代开始,其中喉擦音(?)弱化最明显。但是因为母语的干扰,著者无法在其母语中找到一个完全相同的音来对应,于是基于其和真浊音音高都较低的特点,将其描写成浊音。并材料绝大多数直到20世纪40年代还记录为浊音,说明当时除(?)意外的浊音还保持着相当的送气性。
第四,本文看为内爆音近代时期,一直零星地存在于上海方言当中,并且出现频率不断降低。而推定内爆音成系统的在上海话中存在,则至少是在19世纪以前。
第五,当时上海方言的前后鼻音是互补分布的变体关系。
第六,本文认为在1850年代实际上仍然有-k、-(?)两个入声韵尾,但是发现以后-k韵尾合并的现象。
另外,本文要阐明上海方言的混合性。但是本文整理的基本词汇里没发现大的变化。这以后需要更考虑。
The aim of this thesis is to study the phonological changes that occurred in the Shanghai dialect from the middle of the 19th century to the early part of the 20th century on the basis of the linguistic data of foreign missionaries. In order to carry out this research, a few historical linguistic concepts such as reconstruction and basic vocabulary, etc., have been introduced. The contents of this study may be summarized as follows:
In Chapter 2, the validity of the missionaries' linguistic data are thoroughly examined, and their data are proven to be highly reliable, except McGowan(1862), which should be subject to further in-depth verification.
In Chapter 3, nationalities, academic backgrounds, profession of the missionaries and their works and writings on Chinese language and linguistics are introduced, followed by a bibliographical, data of each book that has been consulted.
Chapter 4 observes and analyzes the phonological change of the Shanghai dialect on the basis of the phonemes occurring in the common vocabulary that have been chronologically rearranged. In addition, using the results of the phonological change, the phonological system is also reconstructed for each set of data.
In Chapter 5, the phonological change of the Shanghai dialect is also examined from the standpoint of the syllable structure, using the characters that have undergone typical formal change. Furthermore attempt is made to interpret phonological changes occurring in each set of data as adequately as possible; that is, to ensure maximal explanatory adequacy, as follows:
1) Dates of change of the modern Shanghai dialect is divided into three periods as follows: Period 1:Port Opening(1843)～1900 Period 2:1900～before 1940 Period 3:from 1940～
2) It has emerged from this study that palatalization occurred in the Shanghai dialect in the order of nasal (n), velars (k kh, h), and alveolars(ts, tsh, s).
3) Weakening of voiced consonants in the Shanghai dialect began to appear in 1860s at the latest and it was most prominent in the voiced glottal fricative [6]. However, the missionaries'records failed to represent the sounds lacking in their language correctly by the relevant symbols, due no doubt to the interference of their native tongue. Thus, although the sound in question (together with a vowel) was described as a voiced sound, based on the fact that it was relatively lower in pitch than the voiced sound, it tended to be perceived by the missionaries as a voiceless aspirated sound when aspiration was weak. Consequently the fact that voiced sounds other than [(?)] were transcribed as voiced sounds in most of the data seem to indicate that the sounds other than [(?)] were pronounced with considerable aspiration.
4) Implosives?b and?d(were mentioned solely by Edkins(1853) whereas other missionaries did not state anything about this unusual phenomenon and transcribed them simply as [p] and [t]. These implosives seem to have existed sporadically in the modern period and its frequency of occurrence in the data is very low. It is surmised, therefore, that implosives in the Shanghai dialect enjoyed the status of phonemes prior to the 19th century.
5) Nasals [n] and [η] were in complimentary distribution at that time.
6) 1850's, there were two entering tones(abrupt ending)-k and-? as the syllable coda in the Shanghai dialect, and k was allophone. in complementary distribution. But after 1900's there was one entering tone-?.-k was already m erged by -h.
Besides, contrary to the expectation that the Shanghai dialect was a mixed dialect, no noticeable evidence was found at the phonological level. Further observations are no doubt required regarding this point in the future.
引文
1这篇论文发现通过多量的问卷和面对面调查可以观察到.现代上海人的语言态度和语言使用之间存在着矛盾。这一结论与游汝杰(2006)将现代上海视为存在上海话和普通话的双重语言现象地区的主张一致
21852年,上海人口为549249人,到1920年增至3085617人；1937年为3775371年；1947年为4375061人(许宝华等,1988：2)
3据(?)(Sicgcl,1985),柯因内语分地域型和移民型,台湾闽语、杭州话和上海话是典型的移民柯因内语(游汝杰,2006：64)
4“罗马字”就是“罗马字母”,这是“拉丁字母”的另一名称,本文都统一使用“罗马字”
5对于这个标准参考(许宝华,1988)、(赵元任,1928)
30他说明(1941：ⅳ)除了“虽seu”字的标记(?)(Lapparent(?)写着su),以外,都跟着Lapparent(?)的标记法。
31虽然他只有小学的学历,但是此外他还进行过长时间的自学,而他的汉语水平从之后他出版的各种著作中可以反映出来。说细的内容可参考3.1.1。
London Missionary Society
American Presbvterian Mission
31 American Southern Bantist Mission
35 American Protestant Episcopal Miss
36 American Methodist Episcopal Church, South (Southern Methodist Church);临理会(英语：Methodist Episcopal Church, South,1844年—1939年)是于1844年从美国卫理公会大分裂出来的。北方教会称为美以美会,南方的教会便是监理会。1939年,南北教会再度联合,称为卫理公会(The United Methodist Church)。
37 Presbyterian Mission Press(墨海书馆)是中国大陆境内第一个使用铅活字机器印刷的机构。从1807年马礼逊到达中国起,传教上就开始中文印刷的各种实验,但这些活动都是在中国大陆之外进行的。近代中文印刷第一次进入中国内地,就是从墨海书馆开始的。从中国近代出版史的角度看,传教士资料有相当大的意义。
(?)1912年前后,美华书馆和华美书馆都接到各自差会的指示,要他们合成一个“为所有传教团体服务”的印刷出版机构。1913年合并,对外称为协和书局。但美华书馆有时仍沿用旧称。协和书局以北京路美书馆原址为总部…中略…1931年北京路的店屋及图书让给广学书局经营,广学书局不久即改称广协书局
11高调的第四声：.makes the vowel short by stopping it in the utterance,低调第四声是跟高调入声很相似The voice must be suddenly arrested when pronouncing ha, it will then sound as if ending with t or k. Summers
47这里也有自己的标记方法,但本文是只有使用联合系统罗马字标记法的书。
48这是拙稿(2010)一部分的内容。
481849年6月7日在澳门Summers在观看圣体节行列的时候,他被要求脱下帽子,但(?)Summers拒绝了,他因此而坐牢。幸好1840年后英国在鸦片战争中计划向中国南部扩张,最后J.Summers由英国海军武装部队从葡葡牙统治区救出。
50重太笃太郎(1941)和互联网上的记载是1852年,但按照中川かす子(2008：97,121),这里定为1853年
62 No foot notes in English are given as the author has found from experience in the use of a book of a s imilar character, which has such foot notes, that they often prove misleading as they arc given in a very res tricted form(l'arker,1927:preface).
63本文使用的资料都是影印本,所以要记录正确的结构有限。书的题目是Shanghia Dialeet in 4 weeks with map of Shanghai所以原本也许更有当时上海地图。
641基数、2序数、3月、4礼拜、5季、6时间、7学校用具和用语、8天文、9人体和服装、10餐、11家具、12游戏、13称呼、14姓、15家庭、16职业、17家畜、18颜色、19交通20地名21币制
65 Greenberg(1963)提出的语言类型有关的部分。
66 Branner(1997:252)声调标记也独自的：阴平((?)),阴上((?)),阴去((?)),阴入((?)),阳平((?)),阳上((?)),阳去((?),阳入((?))。阳上的声调标记足偏左的线加上小点,阳去是小点加上偏右的线。word文字表上找不到完全相同的,所以这里选择较接近的标记。
[1]Summers, James.Gospel of Saint John in the Chinese language, according to the Dialect of Shanghai, expressed in the Roman Alphabetic Character. With an explanatory Introduction and Vocabulary. London:W.M.Watts.1853.
[2]Edkins, Joseph. A Grammar of Colloquial Chinese as exhibited in the Shanghai Dialect. Shanghai:Presbyterian Mission Press.1853
[3]Macgowan, John. A Collection of Phrases in the Shanghai dialect.Systematically Arranged, Shanghai:Presbyterian Mission Press.1862
[4]Edkins, Joseph. A Vocabulary of the Shanghai dialect. Shanghai:Presbyterian Mission press.1869
[5]Jenkins, Benjamin.Lessons in the Shanghai Dialect from Ollendorff system一部分.186?
[6]Yates. Matthew. First Lessions in Chinese(revised and corrected). Shanghai:American Presbyterian Mission press.1899
[7]Silsby, Alfred, Shanghai Syllabary arranged Phonetic Order.
[8]Jeffery, W.H.. Hospital dialogue in Shanghai Thoobak. Shanghai:American Presbyterian Mission Press.1906
[9]Silsby, Alfred. Complete Shanghai Syllabary, Shanghai American Presbyterian Mission press.1907.
[10]Pott, Hawks.Lessons in the Shanghai Dialect(revised edition). Shanghai:American Presbyterian Mission press.1920
[11]Parker. R.A. Lessons in the Shanghai Dialect in Romanized and Character with Key to Pronunciation, Shanghai.KwangHsueh Publishing House.1923
[12]Mcintosh, Gilbert. Useful Phrases in the Shanghai Dialect with Index-Vocabulary and other helps. Shanghai:Presbyterian Mission press.1927.
[13]Ho, George&Foe, Charles, Shanghai dialect in 4weeks with map of Shanghai, Shanghai:Chiming Book Co.LTD.1940
[14]Bourgeois, Albert. Grammaire du Dialecte de Changhai一部分. Imprimerie de T'ou-se-we.1941.
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21852年,上海人口为549249人,到1920年增至3085617人；1937年为3775371年；1947年为4375061人(许宝华等,1988：2)
3据(?)(Sicgcl,1985),柯因内语分地域型和移民型,台湾闽语、杭州话和上海话是典型的移民柯因内语(游汝杰,2006：64)
4“罗马字”就是“罗马字母”,这是“拉丁字母”的另一名称,本文都统一使用“罗马字”
5对于这个标准参考(许宝华,1988)、(赵元任,1928)
30他说明(1941：ⅳ)除了“虽seu”字的标记(?)(Lapparent(?)写着su),以外,都跟着Lapparent(?)的标记法。
31虽然他只有小学的学历,但是此外他还进行过长时间的自学,而他的汉语水平从之后他出版的各种著作中可以反映出来。说细的内容可参考3.1.1。
London Missionary Society
American Presbvterian Mission
31 American Southern Bantist Mission
35 American Protestant Episcopal Miss
36 American Methodist Episcopal Church, South (Southern Methodist Church);临理会(英语：Methodist Episcopal Church, South,1844年—1939年)是于1844年从美国卫理公会大分裂出来的。北方教会称为美以美会,南方的教会便是监理会。1939年,南北教会再度联合,称为卫理公会(The United Methodist Church)。
37 Presbyterian Mission Press(墨海书馆)是中国大陆境内第一个使用铅活字机器印刷的机构。从1807年马礼逊到达中国起,传教上就开始中文印刷的各种实验,但这些活动都是在中国大陆之外进行的。近代中文印刷第一次进入中国内地,就是从墨海书馆开始的。从中国近代出版史的角度看,传教士资料有相当大的意义。
(?)1912年前后,美华书馆和华美书馆都接到各自差会的指示,要他们合成一个“为所有传教团体服务”的印刷出版机构。1913年合并,对外称为协和书局。但美华书馆有时仍沿用旧称。协和书局以北京路美书馆原址为总部…中略…1931年北京路的店屋及图书让给广学书局经营,广学书局不久即改称广协书局
11高调的第四声：.makes the vowel short by stopping it in the utterance,低调第四声是跟高调入声很相似The voice must be suddenly arrested when pronouncing ha, it will then sound as if ending with t or k. Summers
47这里也有自己的标记方法,但本文是只有使用联合系统罗马字标记法的书。
48这是拙稿(2010)一部分的内容。
481849年6月7日在澳门Summers在观看圣体节行列的时候,他被要求脱下帽子,但(?)Summers拒绝了,他因此而坐牢。幸好1840年后英国在鸦片战争中计划向中国南部扩张,最后J.Summers由英国海军武装部队从葡葡牙统治区救出。
50重太笃太郎(1941)和互联网上的记载是1852年,但按照中川かす子(2008：97,121),这里定为1853年
62 No foot notes in English are given as the author has found from experience in the use of a book of a s imilar character, which has such foot notes, that they often prove misleading as they arc given in a very res tricted form(l'arker,1927:preface).
63本文使用的资料都是影印本,所以要记录正确的结构有限。书的题目是Shanghia Dialeet in 4 weeks with map of Shanghai所以原本也许更有当时上海地图。
641基数、2序数、3月、4礼拜、5季、6时间、7学校用具和用语、8天文、9人体和服装、10餐、11家具、12游戏、13称呼、14姓、15家庭、16职业、17家畜、18颜色、19交通20地名21币制
65 Greenberg(1963)提出的语言类型有关的部分。
66 Branner(1997:252)声调标记也独自的：阴平((?)),阴上((?)),阴去((?)),阴入((?)),阳平((?)),阳上((?)),阳去((?),阳入((?))。阳上的声调标记足偏左的线加上小点,阳去是小点加上偏右的线。word文字表上找不到完全相同的,所以这里选择较接近的标记。
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