新技术在西部矿山贯通测量中的应用研究
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摘要
在我国西部地区矿山由于受条件限制,在贯通测量等矿山测量领域新技术的应用上,仍然处于相对落后的状态。以笔者所邻甘肃靖远煤业公司红会三矿为例,仍在沿用传统光学仪器和钢尺量距测量模式,测量新技术的更好应用成为当务之急。为了对西部矿山测量技术人员更好地应用新技术起指导作用,本文以红会三矿主井与红会一矿轨道上山两井间贯通测量为切入点,进行了新技术在西部矿山贯通测量中的应用研究。
本文就利用GPS技术测设地面近井点的网形布设、观测方法、数据处理作了相应阐述;并对由无约束平差到约束平差时,西部地区可能遇到在矿区分布的原有国家控制点往往只有低等级点,或点位遭破坏、地表移动变形等可能使可用控制点很少的情况、以及西部高海拔地区坐标系统变换问题,提出了针对贯通测量的关键问题应对方案。
通过本文测设方案可以看出:贯通相遇点K在水平重要方向上的预计误差与原方案比较,使用GPS、全站仪(SET22D)后地面平面控制、井下平面控制和井上下总的预计误差分别减小了29%、24%和24%。新技术具有精度高、用时短、出错少、减少劳动力、降低劳动强度、影响生产少,而且符合数字化的趋势。
在贯通测量设计中,宜先利用最佳贯通点求解理论,计算出以最佳贯通点为中心的误差不超限区域,即允许区间(+W,-W),再结合工程实际情况,确定最终贯通点K的位置,既科学合理、又直观方便,是优化设计方案的一个较好途径。
通过笔者创建的可估算允许最大长度的虚拟导线模型进行推算,当采用E级GPS网测设近井点、全站仪(SET22D)测设井下7′′导线的情况下,得出了在类似测量条件下可满足8300m最长矿井贯通测量路线总距离(其中井下导线长度不超过4300m)、或1300m公路、铁路等长隧道贯通要求的结论。
In the western regions in China, restricted by the conditions, the coal mine survey is still backward in techniques. Honghui No.3 coal mine in Jingyuan coal limited company, for example, is still using the traditional optical instruments and steel rules. Thus, there is a big need for new survey technology. This thesis, taking the holing through survey between Honghui No.3 coal mine and Honghui No.1 coal mine as an example, makes a study on applying new technology to the western coal mine holing through survey.
It sets forth the network design, observation method and data processing in surveying the ground point near the coal mine using GPS technology. In the western mining areas, when from adjustment to restriction adjustment, the original national control points are of low grade, or the points are destroyed and the surface movement is out of shape. thus, there are few control points and the reference frame conversion is a big problem in the western high elevation areas. As a result, this thesis makes a reparable design in accordance with the key problems of holing through survey.
This design shows us that, compared the estimated error of the holing through meeting site K in the horizontal direction with the traditional design, the ground and underground horizontal control surveys and the general estimated errors decreased 29%, 24% and 24% respectively after using GPS and electronic tacheometer. The new technology has the advantages of being higher accuracy, using less time, having fewer errors and lower intensity of labor. It accords with the tendency of digital.
In the design of holing through survey, the theory of extracting the optimum holing through site is used first to work out the error area (+W, -W), then, combined with the actual situation of engineering, we determine the location of the optimum holing through site K. It is both scientific and convenient and is a good way of optimizing the design.
Through calculating the longest suppositional traverse model, when using grade E GPS to lay the near shaft point and electronic tacheometer (SET22D) to lay 7′′traverse under the shaft, the following results can be drawn: under the same or similar conditions, this design can meet the need of the 8300m longest mine holing through survey distance (the underground traverse is not more than 4300m), or the need of the long tunnels such as 1300m roads and railways.
本文就利用GPS技术测设地面近井点的网形布设、观测方法、数据处理作了相应阐述;并对由无约束平差到约束平差时,西部地区可能遇到在矿区分布的原有国家控制点往往只有低等级点,或点位遭破坏、地表移动变形等可能使可用控制点很少的情况、以及西部高海拔地区坐标系统变换问题,提出了针对贯通测量的关键问题应对方案。
通过本文测设方案可以看出:贯通相遇点K在水平重要方向上的预计误差与原方案比较,使用GPS、全站仪(SET22D)后地面平面控制、井下平面控制和井上下总的预计误差分别减小了29%、24%和24%。新技术具有精度高、用时短、出错少、减少劳动力、降低劳动强度、影响生产少,而且符合数字化的趋势。
在贯通测量设计中,宜先利用最佳贯通点求解理论,计算出以最佳贯通点为中心的误差不超限区域,即允许区间(+W,-W),再结合工程实际情况,确定最终贯通点K的位置,既科学合理、又直观方便,是优化设计方案的一个较好途径。
通过笔者创建的可估算允许最大长度的虚拟导线模型进行推算,当采用E级GPS网测设近井点、全站仪(SET22D)测设井下7′′导线的情况下,得出了在类似测量条件下可满足8300m最长矿井贯通测量路线总距离(其中井下导线长度不超过4300m)、或1300m公路、铁路等长隧道贯通要求的结论。
In the western regions in China, restricted by the conditions, the coal mine survey is still backward in techniques. Honghui No.3 coal mine in Jingyuan coal limited company, for example, is still using the traditional optical instruments and steel rules. Thus, there is a big need for new survey technology. This thesis, taking the holing through survey between Honghui No.3 coal mine and Honghui No.1 coal mine as an example, makes a study on applying new technology to the western coal mine holing through survey.
It sets forth the network design, observation method and data processing in surveying the ground point near the coal mine using GPS technology. In the western mining areas, when from adjustment to restriction adjustment, the original national control points are of low grade, or the points are destroyed and the surface movement is out of shape. thus, there are few control points and the reference frame conversion is a big problem in the western high elevation areas. As a result, this thesis makes a reparable design in accordance with the key problems of holing through survey.
This design shows us that, compared the estimated error of the holing through meeting site K in the horizontal direction with the traditional design, the ground and underground horizontal control surveys and the general estimated errors decreased 29%, 24% and 24% respectively after using GPS and electronic tacheometer. The new technology has the advantages of being higher accuracy, using less time, having fewer errors and lower intensity of labor. It accords with the tendency of digital.
In the design of holing through survey, the theory of extracting the optimum holing through site is used first to work out the error area (+W, -W), then, combined with the actual situation of engineering, we determine the location of the optimum holing through site K. It is both scientific and convenient and is a good way of optimizing the design.
Through calculating the longest suppositional traverse model, when using grade E GPS to lay the near shaft point and electronic tacheometer (SET22D) to lay 7′′traverse under the shaft, the following results can be drawn: under the same or similar conditions, this design can meet the need of the 8300m longest mine holing through survey distance (the underground traverse is not more than 4300m), or the need of the long tunnels such as 1300m roads and railways.
引文
[1] 周立吾,张国良,林家聪.矿山测量学(第一分册).北京:中国矿业学院出版社,1987.213-402
[2] 张新运,尹东光,林红光.SET5FⅡ防爆全站仪在贯通测量中的应用[J].煤炭技术,2004,(2):85-86
[3] 张国庆.论大型贯通测量导线加测陀螺定向边的最佳位置[J].龙岩师专学报,2002,20(3):21-22
[4] 王 平.祁东煤矿风井联系测量技术[J].煤炭技术,2004,(2):83-85
[5] 侯万军等.红会三矿主井与红会一矿轨道上贯通测量设计书.甘肃:靖远煤业公司,2004
[6] 张正禄等.全站式地面测量工程一体化自动化系统研究[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,1999,(1):79-82
[7] 张正禄.工程测量学的发展现状和趋势[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,1999,(增刊):12-14
[8] 吴立新,方兆宝.矿山测绘的未来发展[J].矿山测量,2003,(3):39-43
[9] 郑汉球等.工程测量技术的发展和我们的对策[J].北京测绘,1996(1):16-18
[10] Brandstaetter (Hrsg). Ingenieurvermessung '96[M]. Bonn:Duemmler,1996
[11] 宁津生等.中国测绘学科 2001 年进展综述[J].测绘科学,2002,27(4):7-12
[12] Wu L.x. A generalized tri-prism (GTP) model embodying topological relations for a 3D geosciences modeling system (3DGMS) and real-3D GIS .Computers & geosciences. 2003(special issue,accepted)
[13] 张正禄.工程测量学的发展评述.http://www.surveyingworld.net/,2004
[14] 陈俊勇.中国国家高精度 GPS 大地控制网的建成[J].测绘通报,1998,(8):2-3
[15] 吴立新.数字地球、数字中国与数字矿区[J].矿山测量,2000,(1):6-9
[16] 杨光,于野.城市基础电子地图库的建立[J].中国测绘,1998,(2):10-12
[17] 郭达志.空间信息技术的应用和现代矿山测量的现代任务[J].矿山测量,1998,(1):3-6
[18] 戴华阳,王金庄,黄乐亭. 测绘学科的交叉融合与矿山测量的新任务[J].矿山测量,1999,(4):57-58
[19] 杨可明等.TT-MGIS 数据组织与矿山专题属性建库研究.中国煤炭学会青年工作委员会编:第六届中国煤炭青年科技年会论文集.北京:煤炭工业出版社,2000
[20] Wu Lixin et al. The research and development of networked Mining Core-GIS.In:Proc.of Joint ISPRS Commission Workshop on Dynamic And Multi-Dimensional GIS.1999:359～364
[21] 张正禄等. 精密工程测量[M].北京:测绘出版社,1993
[22] E Grafarend 等.测量作业最优化[M].北京:测绘出版社,1988
[23] Wu L.x, Yang K. M, Qi A. W, et al. Information Classification & Management For MGIS And Digital Mine[C]. Proc. 1st Int. Sym. on DE. Beijing: Science Press, 1999: 999-1004
[24] M. Kelly, Developing coal mining technology for the 21st century, Proc. Mining Sci. and Tech., Beijing, 1999, Balkema: 3~7
[25] 吴立新等.论 21 世纪的矿山――数字矿山.煤炭学报,2000,25(4)
[26] 吴立新等.试论发展我国矿业地理信息系统的若干问题[J]. 矿山测量, 1998(4):48~51.
[27] Wu L.x. et al. Information Classification & Management For MGIS And Digital Mine. Towards Digital Earth.In:Proc. of Int.Sym.on DE.Beijing,Science Press,1999:999～1004
[28] 张立平等.阳泉三矿五二五南上轨道巷高精度大型贯通测量[J].矿山测量,2003,(2):38-40
[29] 许建忠,黄后贵.浅谈贯通测量的几点体会[J].矿山测量,2002,(4):16-17
[30] 吴立新等.三维地学模拟与虚拟矿山系统[J].测绘学报,2002,31(1):28-33
[31] 王永华.新技术在复杂条件大型贯通测量中的应用[J].矿山测量,2003,(2):36-37
[32] 中华人民共和国能源部.煤矿测量规程.北京:煤炭工业出版社,1989
[33] 中国统配煤矿总公司生产局.煤矿测量手册.北京:煤炭工业出版社,1990
[34] 末吉宁.梁家煤矿煤 4 一采皮带上山贯通测量设计方案优化及精度分析[J].山东煤炭科技,2002,(3):28-29
[35] 裴文静.古书院矿井下贯通工程的优化设计与实施[J].矿山测量,2003,(2):61-33
[36] 周建郑等.GPS 测量定位技术.北京:化学工业出版社,2001
[37] 王相君.现代测量仪器在矿山生产中的联合应用[J].山东冶金,2001,23(3):37-38
[38] 张国良,朱家钰,顾和和.矿山测量学.徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,2001
[39] 刘中联,刘 威.煤矿井下巷道贯通中 ISS 技术的应用[J].河北煤炭,2002,(1):51-52
[40] 国家测绘总局.全球定位系统(GPS)测量规范.北京:测绘出版社,2001
[41] 国家测绘总局.国家三、四等水准测量规范.北京:测绘出版社,1991
[42] 许娅娅等.测量学.北京:人民交通出版社,2003.268-274
[43] 中华人民共和国国家标准.工程测量规范.北京:中国计划出版社,1998
[44] 国家煤矿安全监察局.煤矿安全规程.北京:煤炭工业出版社,2004
[2] 张新运,尹东光,林红光.SET5FⅡ防爆全站仪在贯通测量中的应用[J].煤炭技术,2004,(2):85-86
[3] 张国庆.论大型贯通测量导线加测陀螺定向边的最佳位置[J].龙岩师专学报,2002,20(3):21-22
[4] 王 平.祁东煤矿风井联系测量技术[J].煤炭技术,2004,(2):83-85
[5] 侯万军等.红会三矿主井与红会一矿轨道上贯通测量设计书.甘肃:靖远煤业公司,2004
[6] 张正禄等.全站式地面测量工程一体化自动化系统研究[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,1999,(1):79-82
[7] 张正禄.工程测量学的发展现状和趋势[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,1999,(增刊):12-14
[8] 吴立新,方兆宝.矿山测绘的未来发展[J].矿山测量,2003,(3):39-43
[9] 郑汉球等.工程测量技术的发展和我们的对策[J].北京测绘,1996(1):16-18
[10] Brandstaetter (Hrsg). Ingenieurvermessung '96[M]. Bonn:Duemmler,1996
[11] 宁津生等.中国测绘学科 2001 年进展综述[J].测绘科学,2002,27(4):7-12
[12] Wu L.x. A generalized tri-prism (GTP) model embodying topological relations for a 3D geosciences modeling system (3DGMS) and real-3D GIS .Computers & geosciences. 2003(special issue,accepted)
[13] 张正禄.工程测量学的发展评述.http://www.surveyingworld.net/,2004
[14] 陈俊勇.中国国家高精度 GPS 大地控制网的建成[J].测绘通报,1998,(8):2-3
[15] 吴立新.数字地球、数字中国与数字矿区[J].矿山测量,2000,(1):6-9
[16] 杨光,于野.城市基础电子地图库的建立[J].中国测绘,1998,(2):10-12
[17] 郭达志.空间信息技术的应用和现代矿山测量的现代任务[J].矿山测量,1998,(1):3-6
[18] 戴华阳,王金庄,黄乐亭. 测绘学科的交叉融合与矿山测量的新任务[J].矿山测量,1999,(4):57-58
[19] 杨可明等.TT-MGIS 数据组织与矿山专题属性建库研究.中国煤炭学会青年工作委员会编:第六届中国煤炭青年科技年会论文集.北京:煤炭工业出版社,2000
[20] Wu Lixin et al. The research and development of networked Mining Core-GIS.In:Proc.of Joint ISPRS Commission Workshop on Dynamic And Multi-Dimensional GIS.1999:359～364
[21] 张正禄等. 精密工程测量[M].北京:测绘出版社,1993
[22] E Grafarend 等.测量作业最优化[M].北京:测绘出版社,1988
[23] Wu L.x, Yang K. M, Qi A. W, et al. Information Classification & Management For MGIS And Digital Mine[C]. Proc. 1st Int. Sym. on DE. Beijing: Science Press, 1999: 999-1004
[24] M. Kelly, Developing coal mining technology for the 21st century, Proc. Mining Sci. and Tech., Beijing, 1999, Balkema: 3~7
[25] 吴立新等.论 21 世纪的矿山――数字矿山.煤炭学报,2000,25(4)
[26] 吴立新等.试论发展我国矿业地理信息系统的若干问题[J]. 矿山测量, 1998(4):48~51.
[27] Wu L.x. et al. Information Classification & Management For MGIS And Digital Mine. Towards Digital Earth.In:Proc. of Int.Sym.on DE.Beijing,Science Press,1999:999～1004
[28] 张立平等.阳泉三矿五二五南上轨道巷高精度大型贯通测量[J].矿山测量,2003,(2):38-40
[29] 许建忠,黄后贵.浅谈贯通测量的几点体会[J].矿山测量,2002,(4):16-17
[30] 吴立新等.三维地学模拟与虚拟矿山系统[J].测绘学报,2002,31(1):28-33
[31] 王永华.新技术在复杂条件大型贯通测量中的应用[J].矿山测量,2003,(2):36-37
[32] 中华人民共和国能源部.煤矿测量规程.北京:煤炭工业出版社,1989
[33] 中国统配煤矿总公司生产局.煤矿测量手册.北京:煤炭工业出版社,1990
[34] 末吉宁.梁家煤矿煤 4 一采皮带上山贯通测量设计方案优化及精度分析[J].山东煤炭科技,2002,(3):28-29
[35] 裴文静.古书院矿井下贯通工程的优化设计与实施[J].矿山测量,2003,(2):61-33
[36] 周建郑等.GPS 测量定位技术.北京:化学工业出版社,2001
[37] 王相君.现代测量仪器在矿山生产中的联合应用[J].山东冶金,2001,23(3):37-38
[38] 张国良,朱家钰,顾和和.矿山测量学.徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,2001
[39] 刘中联,刘 威.煤矿井下巷道贯通中 ISS 技术的应用[J].河北煤炭,2002,(1):51-52
[40] 国家测绘总局.全球定位系统(GPS)测量规范.北京:测绘出版社,2001
[41] 国家测绘总局.国家三、四等水准测量规范.北京:测绘出版社,1991
[42] 许娅娅等.测量学.北京:人民交通出版社,2003.268-274
[43] 中华人民共和国国家标准.工程测量规范.北京:中国计划出版社,1998
[44] 国家煤矿安全监察局.煤矿安全规程.北京:煤炭工业出版社,2004