城市地下工程定向测量及监测技术研究
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摘要
地下铁路不仅有高速、安全、可靠、准时、方便、舒适等优点,而且它减少对地面空间的利用,减小对环境的影响,被称为“绿色交通”。自从1863年1月10日,伦敦建成世界上第一条地铁,从此修建地下铁道已成为世界许多大中城市发展城市交通的必然选择,并以此作为衡量城市现代化的重要标志。本文以城市地铁建设为对象,对现代城市地下工程各阶段的高精度测量技术进行了研究。具体内容如下:
⑴对竖井联系测量进行了研究。分析了联系测量各因素对方位角传递的影响;对适用于城市地下工程的联系三角形的布设方案和精度进行了分析;对竖直导线定向法的布设和优化进行了理论分析。
⑵分析了地下导线的误差影响规律,推导了测量误差对横向贯通的精度影响估算公式。论证了加测陀螺方位角后直伸等边导线终点精度的计算公式;讨论了加测陀螺方位角的最佳位置和精度增益。
⑶讨论了贯通误差的来源;按测量误差理论,分析各个工作阶段误差的影响规律和估算的方法;在充分考虑地下工程的实际经验以及各测量阶段误差影响大小,总结出影响隧道贯通主要有五个测量环节,根据误差控制的经验,讨论采用不同精度分配的必要性。
⑷地铁盾构施工对已建大型建筑物的影响。通过对地铁盾构下穿玄武湖隧道邻近地面和玄武湖隧道底板的实测数据的分析,研究盾构施工对立体交叉段地面和玄武湖隧道底板的沉降规律,为以后相同工况的地下隧道施工提供可以借鉴的依据。
The underground railway is called "the green transportation" .It has more advantages ,such as high speed ,security ,reliability ,punctuality ,convenience ,comfort and so on .It can also reduce the ground space and the influence on the environment .The first subway in the world was completed in London on January 10th ,1863 .Form that time ,in order to develop municipal transportation ,it had been the inevitable choice for many large and medium-sized cities in the world to construct underground railway .And the subway has been the symbol of modernization of a city .The city subway construction being taken as the object ,the high accuracy direction survey technology at the various stages of the modern city underground project was studied in the paper .the concrete research content is as follow :
⑴The shaft relation survey was analyzed .The influence factors and optimal scheme of surveying with shaft were analyzed. The connected-triangle plan been applicable to the city underground project and its precision were analyzed. The vertical traverse plan and its optimization were analyzed in theory.
⑵The rule of errors in the underground traverse were analyzed ,The estimation formula which expresses how the lateral transfixion precision is influenced by measuring errors was derived. The formula for calculating the precision of terminal of the straight equilateral traverse with added gyro azimuth was demonstrated. The optimal position of added gyro azimuth was demonstrated. The optimal position of added gyro azimuth and increment rate of accuracy was demonstrated.
⑶The origin of transfixion errors was discussed .According to measuring error theory, the influence rule of errors at each work stage and its estimate method were analyzed .According to the practical experience of underground project and the influence of errors at each work stage fully, five survey factors which affect the transfixion of tunnel were induced. According to the experience of error controlling, the necessity of different precision assignment was discussed .
⑷The influence of shield tunneling on the environment nearby was discussed. According to the measured data from shield tunneling through the ground around and the soleplate of Xuanwu Lake, the settlement rule of the ground and the tunnel soleplate of Xuanwu Lake in three-dimensional space in the shield tunneling project was studied . So an underground tunneling case had been provided for later similar project.
⑴对竖井联系测量进行了研究。分析了联系测量各因素对方位角传递的影响;对适用于城市地下工程的联系三角形的布设方案和精度进行了分析;对竖直导线定向法的布设和优化进行了理论分析。
⑵分析了地下导线的误差影响规律,推导了测量误差对横向贯通的精度影响估算公式。论证了加测陀螺方位角后直伸等边导线终点精度的计算公式;讨论了加测陀螺方位角的最佳位置和精度增益。
⑶讨论了贯通误差的来源;按测量误差理论,分析各个工作阶段误差的影响规律和估算的方法;在充分考虑地下工程的实际经验以及各测量阶段误差影响大小,总结出影响隧道贯通主要有五个测量环节,根据误差控制的经验,讨论采用不同精度分配的必要性。
⑷地铁盾构施工对已建大型建筑物的影响。通过对地铁盾构下穿玄武湖隧道邻近地面和玄武湖隧道底板的实测数据的分析,研究盾构施工对立体交叉段地面和玄武湖隧道底板的沉降规律,为以后相同工况的地下隧道施工提供可以借鉴的依据。
The underground railway is called "the green transportation" .It has more advantages ,such as high speed ,security ,reliability ,punctuality ,convenience ,comfort and so on .It can also reduce the ground space and the influence on the environment .The first subway in the world was completed in London on January 10th ,1863 .Form that time ,in order to develop municipal transportation ,it had been the inevitable choice for many large and medium-sized cities in the world to construct underground railway .And the subway has been the symbol of modernization of a city .The city subway construction being taken as the object ,the high accuracy direction survey technology at the various stages of the modern city underground project was studied in the paper .the concrete research content is as follow :
⑴The shaft relation survey was analyzed .The influence factors and optimal scheme of surveying with shaft were analyzed. The connected-triangle plan been applicable to the city underground project and its precision were analyzed. The vertical traverse plan and its optimization were analyzed in theory.
⑵The rule of errors in the underground traverse were analyzed ,The estimation formula which expresses how the lateral transfixion precision is influenced by measuring errors was derived. The formula for calculating the precision of terminal of the straight equilateral traverse with added gyro azimuth was demonstrated. The optimal position of added gyro azimuth was demonstrated. The optimal position of added gyro azimuth and increment rate of accuracy was demonstrated.
⑶The origin of transfixion errors was discussed .According to measuring error theory, the influence rule of errors at each work stage and its estimate method were analyzed .According to the practical experience of underground project and the influence of errors at each work stage fully, five survey factors which affect the transfixion of tunnel were induced. According to the experience of error controlling, the necessity of different precision assignment was discussed .
⑷The influence of shield tunneling on the environment nearby was discussed. According to the measured data from shield tunneling through the ground around and the soleplate of Xuanwu Lake, the settlement rule of the ground and the tunnel soleplate of Xuanwu Lake in three-dimensional space in the shield tunneling project was studied . So an underground tunneling case had been provided for later similar project.
引文
[1] 胡伍生,潘庆林,黄腾. 土木工程施工测量手册[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2005.01
[2] 胡伍生,潘庆林. 土木工程测量[M].南京:东南大学出版社,1999.6
[3] 王铁生.地下隧道测控技术与地表沉降动态监控模型的研究[D].南京,河海大学,2003
[4] 周立吾,张国良,林家聪. 矿山测量学[M].中国矿业大学出版社,1989.6
[5] 郑德华. 城市地下工程精密定向导向技术的研究[D].南京,河海大学,1998
[6] 华锡生,黄腾. 精密工程测量技术及应用[M].南京:河海大学出版社,2002
[7] 武汉测绘科技大学控制测量教研室,同济大学大地测量教研室. 控制测量学[M].测绘出版社,1983
[8] 游祖吉,樊功瑜. 测量平差教程[M].测绘出版社,1991
[9] 周文波. 盾构法隧道施工技术及其应用[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2004.11
[10] 《精密工程测量规范》[S](GB/T 15314-94)
[11] 《国家一、二等水准测量规范》[S](GB12897-91)
[12] 陆国胜. 测量学[M]:测绘出版社,1979.12
[13] 城市测量规范[S]CJJ8-99.北京:中国建筑工程出版社,1999
[14] 地下铁道、轻轨交通工程测量规范[S]GB50308-1999.北京:中国计划出版社,2000
[15] 章书寿,华锡生. 工程测量学[M].北京:水利水电出版社,1999
[16] 郭沈凡.盾构隧道精密定位导向技术的分析 [D].南京,河海大学,2005
[17] 张海波.地铁隧道盾构法施工对周围环境影响的数值模拟[D].南京,河海大学,2005
[18] 张书丰.地铁盾构隧道施工期地表沉降监测研究[D].南京,河海大学,2004
[19] 潘庆林,高俊强,吉文来.南京地铁一号线定向测量方法及其精度的研究[J].测绘工程,2004,13,(2):39-41
[20] 张项.浅论隧道横向贯通误差估计方法[J].隧道建设,2003,23,(5):5-7
[21] 王劲松,陈正阳,吴堂林,等.GPS 地面控制网对横向贯通误差影响的分析[J].湘潭矿业学院学报,2003,18,(3):77-80
[22] 高俊强,刘宇翼.测有多个陀螺方位角地下导线的平差及横向端点误差分析[J].工程勘察,2005,(2):60-63
[23] 潘庆林,高俊强,吉米来.城市地下工程竖直导线定向法的研究[J].工程勘察,2002,(6):54-56
[24] 杜宁,王莉,张显云.导线测量对贯通影响的误差预计新公式[J].矿山测量,1999,(4):47-49
[25] 贺国宏.导线加测陀螺边进行隧道控制的进一步研究[J].铁道工程学报,1999,(1):54-60
[26] 肖智勇,傅继阳.地铁区间隧道盾构法施工中的测量技术[J].暨南大学学报,(自然科学版),2005,26(3):331-336
[27] 潘国荣,黄加惠.地铁隧道盾构掘进的定向与贯通[J]. 铁路航测,1997,(2):36-38
[28] 王铁生,翟继红.地铁隧道竖井联系测量与精度分析[J].铁道建筑,2005,(5):44-46
[29] 潘国荣,王穗辉.地下导线加测陀螺边最优位置确定及精度分析分析[J].同济大学学报,2004,32(5):656-659
[30] 韩群柱,耿宏锁,李宇.地下工程导线测量中加测陀螺方位角的最佳位置研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2004,32(12):116-120
[31] 冯仲科.地下贯通工程测量方案的优化理论和方法[J].测绘学报,1996,25,(4):303-308
[32] 于来法.地下铁道地面控制网布设方案和测量精度设计[J].测绘通报,1996,(6):11-13
[33] 李洪志.竖井联系测量在隧道施工中的应用[J].西部探矿工程,2005,(104)
[34] 陈志良.竖直导线定向测量理论及工程应用[J].铁路勘察,2005,(1):51-55
[35] 邢庭松.隧道 GPS 网对贯通误差的影响[J].隧道建设,2003,23(5):60-62
[36] 聂智平.隧道贯通误差的估算方法及地表导线测量的设计方法[J].湖南城建高等专科学校学报,2001,10(3):60-63
[37] 张剑平.隧道贯通误差预计的一种新方法[J].公路,1997,(11):23-25
[38] 杨永寿.隧道控制测量中竖井定向方法[J].济南交通高等专科学校学报,2002,10,(1):29-31
[39] 黄 腾,张书丰,陶建岳. 地铁盾构隧道下穿公路隧道安全监控的研究[J].工程勘察,2004,(2):60-62
[40] 赵吉先,吴良才,周世健. 地下工程测量[M].北京:测绘出版社,2005.2
[41] 张风梅,胡伍生,朱小华,等.地铁盾构法施工的贯通控制测量技术[J].江苏测绘,2002,25,(4):7-9
[42] Komo M R Element induced by soft ground tunnelling [A].Inter Conf on Histories in Geotech Engrg :VoL 1[C]Toronto:Balkema,1984
[43] Dan Eisensein.Urban soft ground tunnelling.Tunnelling and Underground Construction Society,Singapore,2000
[44] Peck R B,Tunnelling in Soils [A].10th ICSMFE [C] Stockholm,1981.607～628
[2] 胡伍生,潘庆林. 土木工程测量[M].南京:东南大学出版社,1999.6
[3] 王铁生.地下隧道测控技术与地表沉降动态监控模型的研究[D].南京,河海大学,2003
[4] 周立吾,张国良,林家聪. 矿山测量学[M].中国矿业大学出版社,1989.6
[5] 郑德华. 城市地下工程精密定向导向技术的研究[D].南京,河海大学,1998
[6] 华锡生,黄腾. 精密工程测量技术及应用[M].南京:河海大学出版社,2002
[7] 武汉测绘科技大学控制测量教研室,同济大学大地测量教研室. 控制测量学[M].测绘出版社,1983
[8] 游祖吉,樊功瑜. 测量平差教程[M].测绘出版社,1991
[9] 周文波. 盾构法隧道施工技术及其应用[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2004.11
[10] 《精密工程测量规范》[S](GB/T 15314-94)
[11] 《国家一、二等水准测量规范》[S](GB12897-91)
[12] 陆国胜. 测量学[M]:测绘出版社,1979.12
[13] 城市测量规范[S]CJJ8-99.北京:中国建筑工程出版社,1999
[14] 地下铁道、轻轨交通工程测量规范[S]GB50308-1999.北京:中国计划出版社,2000
[15] 章书寿,华锡生. 工程测量学[M].北京:水利水电出版社,1999
[16] 郭沈凡.盾构隧道精密定位导向技术的分析 [D].南京,河海大学,2005
[17] 张海波.地铁隧道盾构法施工对周围环境影响的数值模拟[D].南京,河海大学,2005
[18] 张书丰.地铁盾构隧道施工期地表沉降监测研究[D].南京,河海大学,2004
[19] 潘庆林,高俊强,吉文来.南京地铁一号线定向测量方法及其精度的研究[J].测绘工程,2004,13,(2):39-41
[20] 张项.浅论隧道横向贯通误差估计方法[J].隧道建设,2003,23,(5):5-7
[21] 王劲松,陈正阳,吴堂林,等.GPS 地面控制网对横向贯通误差影响的分析[J].湘潭矿业学院学报,2003,18,(3):77-80
[22] 高俊强,刘宇翼.测有多个陀螺方位角地下导线的平差及横向端点误差分析[J].工程勘察,2005,(2):60-63
[23] 潘庆林,高俊强,吉米来.城市地下工程竖直导线定向法的研究[J].工程勘察,2002,(6):54-56
[24] 杜宁,王莉,张显云.导线测量对贯通影响的误差预计新公式[J].矿山测量,1999,(4):47-49
[25] 贺国宏.导线加测陀螺边进行隧道控制的进一步研究[J].铁道工程学报,1999,(1):54-60
[26] 肖智勇,傅继阳.地铁区间隧道盾构法施工中的测量技术[J].暨南大学学报,(自然科学版),2005,26(3):331-336
[27] 潘国荣,黄加惠.地铁隧道盾构掘进的定向与贯通[J]. 铁路航测,1997,(2):36-38
[28] 王铁生,翟继红.地铁隧道竖井联系测量与精度分析[J].铁道建筑,2005,(5):44-46
[29] 潘国荣,王穗辉.地下导线加测陀螺边最优位置确定及精度分析分析[J].同济大学学报,2004,32(5):656-659
[30] 韩群柱,耿宏锁,李宇.地下工程导线测量中加测陀螺方位角的最佳位置研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2004,32(12):116-120
[31] 冯仲科.地下贯通工程测量方案的优化理论和方法[J].测绘学报,1996,25,(4):303-308
[32] 于来法.地下铁道地面控制网布设方案和测量精度设计[J].测绘通报,1996,(6):11-13
[33] 李洪志.竖井联系测量在隧道施工中的应用[J].西部探矿工程,2005,(104)
[34] 陈志良.竖直导线定向测量理论及工程应用[J].铁路勘察,2005,(1):51-55
[35] 邢庭松.隧道 GPS 网对贯通误差的影响[J].隧道建设,2003,23(5):60-62
[36] 聂智平.隧道贯通误差的估算方法及地表导线测量的设计方法[J].湖南城建高等专科学校学报,2001,10(3):60-63
[37] 张剑平.隧道贯通误差预计的一种新方法[J].公路,1997,(11):23-25
[38] 杨永寿.隧道控制测量中竖井定向方法[J].济南交通高等专科学校学报,2002,10,(1):29-31
[39] 黄 腾,张书丰,陶建岳. 地铁盾构隧道下穿公路隧道安全监控的研究[J].工程勘察,2004,(2):60-62
[40] 赵吉先,吴良才,周世健. 地下工程测量[M].北京:测绘出版社,2005.2
[41] 张风梅,胡伍生,朱小华,等.地铁盾构法施工的贯通控制测量技术[J].江苏测绘,2002,25,(4):7-9
[42] Komo M R Element induced by soft ground tunnelling [A].Inter Conf on Histories in Geotech Engrg :VoL 1[C]Toronto:Balkema,1984
[43] Dan Eisensein.Urban soft ground tunnelling.Tunnelling and Underground Construction Society,Singapore,2000
[44] Peck R B,Tunnelling in Soils [A].10th ICSMFE [C] Stockholm,1981.607～628