用户名: 密码: 验证码:
教师实践性知识研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
在过去的三十多年中,教师知识的研究发生了巨大的变化,经历了从学术性知识向实践性知识的研究转向。这种变化有着极其深厚的哲学、心理学和教育学基础,更是对教育现实问题的回应,为什么自上而下的课程改革不能取得人们预期的效果?为什么大学教育不能指导教师更好地理解学术性知识的实践应用及其局限性?事实上,大学授受的理论无法指导实践,已经成为困扰教师和学者的普遍问题。所以研究“教师实际知道什么知识?”、“他们是如何知道这些知识的?”以及“他们是如何表达自己的知识的?”等问题,即教师实践性知识,显得及其重要。本研究将教师实践性知识定义为:教师在学校和课堂经验的积累,直接指向教育教学中所出现的问题,指导着教师的行动;以情境为导向,贯穿于教师的日常教育教学实践,受教师情感态度的影响,是一种整合的知识。”教师实践性知识的研究将对教师专业发展和教师教育的理论和实践具有一定的指导意义。
     本研究采用混合研究法,即主要运用问卷调查的方法,并辅之以访谈的方法。通过问卷调查法,回答教师实践性知识的结构“是什么”,教师实践性知识的影响因素“是什么”,以及教师实践性知识的提升途径“是什么”的问题,旨在揭示教师实践性知识的结构、影响因素和提升途径。又借助访谈法,进一步求证教师在特定情境下是如何生成、发展实践性知识的,以补充问卷调查之不足。
     通过量化研究发现:(1)教师感知到的“最重要”、“最有帮助”和“最需要”的知识指向不同的内容,教师认为“最重要”的三项实践性知识分别是:关于学科教学法的知识、关于课程的知识以及关于学科内容的知识;教师感知到的“最有帮助”的实践性知识是:关于自我的知识、关于学生的知识、关于教学的知识;而教师认为“最需要”的是关于教学的知识。(2)中国情境下的教师实践性知识构成因素主要有四个维度,分别是关于课程的知识、关于教学的知识、关于学科的知识和指向自我的知识。其中,“关于教学的知识”包含了“关于学生的知识”;“关于学科的知识”包含了“关于学科内容的知识”和“关于学科教学法的知识”;“指向自我的知识”包含了“自己所处的环境的知识”和“自我的知识”。(3)性别、教龄、学历、职称、地域和学校类型影响着教师实践性知识的结构。(4)不同教龄、学历、职称的教师在实践性知识的提升途径上有所不同。
     质化研究的发现:(1)在中国教师实践性知识的四个维度中,“课程知识”与“自我知识”与原有的通过文献梳理后得出的“通用内涵”有较大的出入。在课程知识方面,教师一方面表现为对课程政策话语的了解,一方面表现为在经历教学循环的过程中对课程内容、知识点关联和学生的理解。在自我知识方面,教师的视角主要集中在自己所处的“微观环境”上。即对所教班级的了解,对教学情境的了解,对学生的了解,并在此基础上形成对自己特点、教学风格的认识,和对教师职业的认识。(2)教师的实践性知识受到教师的学习经历、性格、情感、职业信念等个体化因素的影响,但这并不意味着教师的实践性知识一定是个人的、独特的,它是可以在教师社群内传递。最为明显的表征是教师在进行教研组、公开教研等集体活动中,一些经过实践证明了的经验可以直接在教师群体内部流动。(3)态度、情感与责任是教师实践性知识的平面结构下面的一个动力机制,情感与责任是教师实践性知识发展的重要源泉,他们在教师的实践中发挥着相辅相成的作用。(4)实践性知识受到个人、环境两大类因素的影响,但两类因素在教师实践性知识的生成中不可分割,相互影响,相互作用,从而促进实践性知识的生成。(5)实践性知识的生成光靠经验是不够的,还需反思的介入,并且从系统的角度对原有的知识结构进行重构。
     论文最后提出了提升教师实践性知识的四点建议:(1)围绕“学生知识”进行主题进行研讨,促进实践性知识的发展;(2)提高教师的反思水平,在教学实践中强化教师的方法意识;(3)形成专业的学习氛围,为教师的教育情感提供支撑;(4)澄清教师教育课程的设计理念,为实践性知识的发展提供专业基础。
In the past thirty years, great changes have taken place in the research of teachers'knowledge. People began to study the teachers' practical knowledge rather than academic knowledge. And this change, which has a deep foundation of philosophy, psychology and education, is the response to the practical problems of education. Why the top-down curriculum reform can't achieve the desired effect? Why the normal education can't guide teachers to better understand the application and limitations of academic knowledge? In fact, it has become a common problem for teachers and scholars that the theory taught at Universities can't guide the teaching practice. So the research on the problems, such as,"What knowledge do teachers know?""How do they know the knowledge?""How do they express the knowledge?" that is, teacher's practical knowledge, take on an added importance. In this study, teachers' practical knowledge is defined as:the teachers' experience accumulated in the school and classroom, pointing directly at the education problems in teaching and guiding the teachers'action; the situation-oriented integrated knowledge, running through the teachers'daily teaching practice and influenced by the teachers emotional attitudes. Research on Teachers' practical knowledge will have certain guiding significance to the professional development of teacher and the theory and practice of teacher Education.
     Mixed research method is used in this study. Questionnaire investigation is the major method, and interview survey is subordinate. Through the questionnaire investigation, this study will answer "what" the structure of teachers' practical knowledge is,"what" the influencing factors of teacher's practical knowledge are, and "what" the way to promote the teacher's practical knowledge is, aiming to reveal the teachers' practical knowledge structure, influence factors and improving ways. Through interview survey, this study will get further verification about "how the teachers generate and develop the practical knowledge in the particular context, to make up for the lack of questionnaire investigation."
     The results of quantitative research indicate:(1) the "most important", the "most helpful" and the "most needed" knowledge perceived by teachers points to different content. And the three kinds of "most important" practical knowledge are the knowledge about pedagogical content knowledge(PCK), knowledge of curriculum and knowledge of subject matter. The "most helpful" practical knowledge perceived by teachers is knowledge of self, knowledge of students, knowledge of instruction. The teachers think, the "most needed" knowledge is knowledge of instruction.(2) The components of the teachers' practical knowledge in China has four dimensions, which is knowledge of curriculum, knowledge of instruction, knowledge of subject and self knowledge. Among them, knowledge of instruction contains knowledge of students; knowledge of subject contains knowledge of subject matter, and PCK; self knowledge contains knowledge of self and knowledge of milieu.(3) The gender, age, education, job title, region and school type affects the structure of teachers' practical knowledge.(4) The teachers with different seniority, educational backgrounds, titles have different ways to promote practical knowledge.
     The results of quantitative research indicate:(1)Among the four dimensions of Chinese teachers' practical knowledge, knowledge of curriculum and knowledge of self are quite different from the original "general connotation" which is obtained by combing documents. Knowledge of curriculum of Chinese teachers has two contents:one is the understanding of curriculum policy; the other is the understanding of subject content, knowledge relation and students. In knowledge of self, Chinese teachers focus on the "micro-environment", including their classes, teaching situation, and their students, and form the notions of their own characteristics, teaching styles, and teaching profession.(2) Teachers' practical knowledge is influenced by teachers' learning experience, personality, emotions, beliefs and other individual factors. But this doesn't mean that the teachers' practical knowledge is personal and unique, and it can be communicated in the teacher community. The most obvious characterization is that some experience proved by teaching practice can be communicated directly in the teacher community during the teaching research activities.(3)The attitude, emotion and responsibility consist of a dynamic mechanism of the planar structure of teachers' practical knowledge. Emotion and responsibility are the very important sources of teachers' practical knowledge development, and they are playing a complementary role in the practice of teaching in China.(4)Teachers' practical knowledge is influenced by the individual and environmental factors, but the two factors in the formation of teachers' practical knowledge interact with each other and can't be split, so as to promote the generation of practical knowledge.(5) The generation of practical knowledge not only relies on experience alone, but also need the reflection steps in, and rebuilds the original knowledge structure systematically.
     Finally the article puts four suggestions on how to improve teachers' practical knowledge:(1) holding the discussions on the theme of "students' knowledge";(2) improving the teachers' level of teaching reflection and enhancing their consciousness of using teaching methods in teaching practice;(3) creating a professional learning atmosphere to support the teachers' emotion in teaching;(4) clearing up the teachers' concept of designing education programs to provide a professional foundation for the development of teachers' practical knowledge.
引文
1 Shulman, L. Knowledge and Teaching:Foundations of the New Reform. Harvard Educational Review,1987, 57(1):1-22.
    2 Grossman, P. L.. Teachers knowledge [A]. T. Husen & T. N. Posflethwaite (Ed.). The International Encyclopedia of Education[C]. New York:Pergamon,1994:56.
    3 叶澜,白益民,王枬,陶志琼.教师角色与教师发展新探[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2001:23-24.
    1 教育部师范教育司组织编写.教师专业化的理论与实践[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2003:57.
    2 基础教育课程改革纲要(试行).中国教育报.2001年7月27日第2版.
    1 张荣伟.我国基础教育“十年课改”的反思[J].课程·教材·教法.2010(12):3-10.
    1 Elbaz, F. Teaching Thinking:A Study of Practical Knowledge. London:Croom Helm,1983:45-69.
    2 Elbaz, F. Teaching Thinkins:A Study of Practical Knowledge. London:Croom Helm,1983:131-159.
    3 Clandinin, D. J. (1985). Personal Practical Knowledge:A Study of Teachers' Classroom Images. Curriculum Inquiry, 15,4(1995):361-385.
    4 Clandinin, D. J. Classroom Practice:Teacher Images in Action. Philadephia:The Falmer Press,1986:32-33.
    1 陈向明.实践性知识:教师专业发展的知识基础[J].北京大学教育评论,2003(1):104-111.
    1 陈向明等.搭建实践与理论之桥:教师实践性知识研究[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2011:73-111.
    2 陈向明等.搭建实践与理论之桥:教师实践性知识研究[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2011:102-110.
    3 姜美玲.教师实践性知识研究[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2008:104-145.
    4 陈静静.教师实践性知识及其生成机制研究——中日比较的视角[D].华东师范大学博士学位论文,2009:119-145.
    1 张洁.对外汉语教师的知识结构和能力结构研究[D].北京语言大学博士学位论文,2007:70-75.
    2 Johnston, M., Contrasts and Similarities in Case Studies of Teacher Reflection and Change. Curriculum Inquiry,24, 1994(1):9-26.
    1 Driel, J., Beij aard, D., Verloop, N. Professional Development and Reform in Science Education:The Role of Teachers' Pratical Knowledge. Journal of Research in Science Teaching,2001(2):137-158.
    2 钟启泉.为了“实践性知识”的创造[J].全球教育展望,2005(9):3-4,14.
    3 姜美玲,王赛凤.理解教师实践性知识[J].全球教育展望,2004(11):47-51.
    1 廖圣河.国内教师实践知识研究的要点及其问题分析——纪念国际教师实践知识研究30周年[J].江苏教育.2012(1):27-31.
    2 朱宁波,张丽.国内外教师实践性知识研究述评[J].辽宁师范大学学报(社会科学版),2007(3):66-68.
    1 Driel, J., Beijaard, D., Verloop.N. Professional Development and Reform in Science Education:The Role of Teachers' Pratical Knowledge. Journal of Research in Science Teaching,2001(2):137-158.
    2 [加]马克斯·范梅南著,李树英译:《教学机智》[M],教育科学出版社,2001:131-164.
    3 陈向明等.搭建实践与理论之桥:教师实践性知识研究[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2011:181-228.
    4 钟启泉.“实践性知识”问答录[J].全球教育展望,2004(4):3-6.
    5 钟启泉.“实践性知识”问答录[J].全球教育展望,2004(4):3-6.
    1 钟启泉.为了“实践性知识”的创造[J].全球教育展望,2005(9):3-4,14.
    2 姜美玲.教师实践性知识研究[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2008:181-210.
    3 徐立波.教师实践性知识的生成和发展研究[D].西北师范大学硕士学位论文.2009:42-52.
    4 邓友超.教师实践智慧及其养成[M].教育科学出版社,2007:125.
    1 裴娣娜.教育研究方法导论[M].合肥:安徽教育出版社,1995:114.
    1 陈桂生.普通教育学纲要[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2008:325.
    2 辞海编辑委员会.辞海(缩印本)[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,1980:1733.
    3 顾明远.教育大辞典(卷1)[M].上海:上海教育出版社,1990:144.
    4 转引自[美]唐纳德·A.舍恩著,夏林清译.反映的实践者——专业工作者如何在行动中思考[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2007:21.
    1 胡军.哲学是什么[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2002:171-178.
    2 Browhill, R, J., Education and the Nature of Knowledge, London & Canberra:CroomHelin, c1983:11-13.
    3 石中英.知识转型与教育改革[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2001:130.
    1 Popper, K. R., Objective knowledge:an evolutionarv approach. Oxford:Clarendon Press.1979:287. Paul,c1958:17.
    2 Michal Polanyi. Personal Knowledge:Toward a Postcritical Philosophy. London and Henley:Routledge & Kegan
    3 石中英.教育哲学导论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2002:143-160.
    1 陆谷孙.英汉大词典[M].上海:上海译文出版社,2007:1534.
    2 新牛津英汉双解大词典编译出版委员会.新牛津英汉双解大词典[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2007:1664.
    3 [挪]希尔贝克(Skirbekk, G.),伊耶(Gilje, N.)著.童世骏等译.西方哲学史:从古希腊到二十一世纪[M].上海:上海译文出版社,2004:86-87.
    1 辞海编辑委员会.辞海[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,2002:1144.
    2 [美]唐纳德·A.舍恩著,夏林清译.反映的实践者——专业工作者如何在行动中思考[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2007:1.
    3 Elbaz, F. The teacher's practical knowledge:A case study. Doctoral dissertation, University of Toronto,1980.
    1 Elbaz,F. The Teacher's Practical Knowledge:Report of a Case Study. Curriculum Inquiry,1981:43-71.
    2 Elbaz, F. Teacher thinking:A study of practical knowledge. London:Croom Helm,1983.
    3 Clandinin, D. J. Classroom practice:Teacher images in action. Philadephia:The Falmer Press,1986.
    4 Connelly, F. M. & Clandinin, D. J.(1988). Teachers as curriculum planners:Narritives of experience. New York: Teachers College Press.康内利,柯兰迪宁.专业知识场景中的教师个人实践知识[J].华东师大学报(教科版),1996(2):6.
    1 Beijaard, D., Driel, J., Verloop, N. Evaluation of Story-line Methodology in Research in Teachers'Practical Knowledge. Studies in Educational Evaluation,25,1999:47-62.
    2 Beijaard, D. & Verloop, N. Assessing Teachers' Practical Knowledge. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 1996(3):275-286.
    3 Driel, J., Beijaard, D., Verloop, N. Professional Development and Reform in Science Education:The Role of Teachers' Pratical Knowledge. Journal of Research in Science Teaching,38,2001(2):137-158.
    1 Shulman, L. S. Knowledge and teaching Foundations of the new reform. Havard Education Review,1987(1):1-22
    2 林崇德,申继亮,辛涛.教师素质的构成及其培养途径[J].中国教育学刊,1996(6):16-22.
    3 辛涛,申继亮,林崇德.从教师的知识结构看师范教育的改革[J].高等师范教育研究,1999(6):12-17.
    4 叶澜,白益民,王枬,陶志琼.教师角色与教师发展新探[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2001:301
    5 陈向明.实践性知识:教师专业发展的知识基础[J].北京大学教育评论,2003(1):104-112.
    6 陈向明等.搭建实践与理论之桥:教师实践性知识研究[]M].北京:教育科学出版社,2011:1-4.
    1 钟启泉.“实践性知识”问答录[J].全球教育展望,2004(4):3-6.
    2 钟启泉.为了“实践性知识”的创造[J].全球教育展望,2005(9):3-4,14.
    3 姜美玲.教师实践性知识研究[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2008:84-103.
    4 陈静静.教师实践性知识论:中日比较研究[D].华东师范大学博士学位论文,2009:57.
    1 黄希庭.简明心理学辞典[Z].合肥:安徽人民出版社,2004,9(1):68.
    1 韩延伦.教育研究方法导论[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2011,7(1):86.
    2 [美]高尔等著,许庆豫等译.教育研究方法导论[M].南京:江苏教育出版社,2007:243-244.
    3 裴娣娜.教育研究方法导论[M].合肥:安徽教育出版社,1995:167.
    4 张红霞著.教育科学研究方法[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2009:186.
    5 乔伊斯.P.高尔,MD.高尔,沃尔特.R.博格著.屈书杰等译.教育研究方法实用指南(第5版).北京:北京大学出版社,2007:299.
    1 Crabtree, B. & Miller著,黄惠雯等译.质性研究方法与研究[M].台北:韦伯文化事业出版社,
    2 陈向明.质的研究方法与社会科学研究[M].北京:教育科技出版社,2000:165.
    3 Fontana, A., & Frey, J. H. Interviewing:The art of science. In N. Denzin & Y Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage,1994:361-376.
    1 叶澜.教育研究及其方法[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1990:175.
    1 叶澜.教育研究及其方法[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1990:183-186.
    2 Elbaz, F. The Teacher's Practical Knowledge:Report of a Case Study. Curriculum Inquiry,1981:43-71.
    3 Connelly, F. M. & Clandinin, D. J.(1988). Teachers as curriculum planners:Narritives of experience. New York:
    Teachers College Press康内利,柯兰迪宁.专业知识场景中的教师个人实践知识[J].华东师大学报(教科版),1996(2):6.
    4 Beijaard, D., Driel, J., Verloop, N. Evaluation of Story-line Methodology in Research in Teachers'Practical Knowledge. Studies in Educational Evaluation,25,1999:47-62.
    1 佐藤学.教师的难题——走向反省的实践[M].东京:世织书房.1997:173.
    1 石中英.知识转型与教育改革[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2007:13.
    2 石中英.知识转型与教育改革[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2007:14.
    1 黄玉顺.从认识论到意志论——西方近代哲学简论[J].北京理工大学学报,2000(1):26-31.
    2 石中英.知识转型与教育改革[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2007:15-16.
    1 赵树峰.论实用主义科学知识观的演进[J].华中科技大学学报(社会科学版),2001(1):39-42.
    2 姜美玲.教师实践性知识研究[D].华东师范大学博士学位论文,2006:57.
    1 严锋译.权力的眼睛——福柯访谈录[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1997:31.
    1 石中英.知识转型与教育改革[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2007:226.
    1 丁立群.亚里士多德的实践哲学及其现代效应[J].哲学研究,2005(1):76-81.
    2 G·希尔贝克,N·伊耶著,童世骏等译.西方哲学史——从古希腊到二十世纪[M].上海:上海译文出版社,2004:87.
    1 李武林等.欧洲哲学范畴简史[M].济南:山东人民出版社,1986:796.
    1 康德著,邓晓芒译.判断力批判[M].北京:人民出版社,2002:7.
    1 王静.试析黑格尔的实践观[J].学术论坛,2008(10):48-51.
    2 王南湜.追寻哲学的精神——走向实践哲学之路[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2006:64.
    1 童世骏.批判与实践——论哈贝马斯的批判理论[M].上海:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2007:35.
    2 陈静静.教师实践性知识及其生成机制研究——中日比较的视角[M].华东师范大学博士学位论文,2009:50.
    1 雪伦·B·梅里安,罗斯玛丽·S·凯弗瑞拉著,黄健等译.成人学习的综合研究与实践指导[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011:230.
    1 岑国桢.赫尔学习理论初探[J].上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),1994(1):133-138.
    1 莫雷.西方两大派别学习理论发展过程的系统分析[J].华南师范大学学报(社会科学版),2003(4):103-110.
    1 王小明.学习心理学[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,2009:36.
    2 雪伦·B·梅里安,罗斯玛丽·s·凯弗瑞拉著,黄健等译.成人学习的综合研究与实践指导[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011:233.
    1 肖少北.布鲁纳的认知——发现学习理论与教学改革[J].外国中小学教育,2001(5):38-41.
    1 莫雷.西方两大派别学习理论发展过程的系统分析[J].华南师范大学学报(社会科学版),2003(4):103-110.
    1 朱晓斌.从结构主义到后结构主义:学习理论的嬗变[J].外国教育研究,2000(8):1-5.
    2 陈琦,刘儒德.教育心理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2005:145.
    1 戴尔·H.申克著,韦小满等译.学习理论:教育的视角(第三版)[M].南京:江苏教育出版社,2003:228.
    1 高文.维果茨基心理发展理论与社会建构主义[J].外国教育资料,1999(4):10-14.
    2 高文.维果茨基心理发展理论与社会建构主义[J].外国教育资料,1999(4):10-14.
    1 巨瑛梅.终身教育的理论与实践:渊源、演变及现状[D].北京师范大学博士学位论文,1999:10.
    2 夸美纽斯著,傅任敢译.大教学论[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2004:40.
    1 时伟.专业化视野下教师继续教育的理论与实践[D].华东师范大学博士学位论文,2003:19.
    2 时伟.专业化视野下教师继续教育的理论与实践[D].华东师范大学博士学位论文,2003:19.
    3 雅克·德洛尔报告,联合国教科文组织总部中文科译.教育——财富蕴藏其中[M].北京:教育科学出版社,1996:90.
    1 吴遵民.关于现代国际终身教育理论发展现状的研究[J].华东师范大学学报(教育科学版),2002(3):38-44.
    2 联合国教科文组织国际教育发展委员会.学会生存——教育世界的今天和明天[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2000:241.
    3 联合国教科文组织国际教育发展委员会.学会生存——教育世界的今天和明天[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2000:241.
    1 联合国教科文组织国际教育发展委员会.学会生存——教育世界的今天和明天[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2000:203.
    2 联合国教科文组织国际教育发展委员会.学会生存——教育世界的今天和明天[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2000:213.
    3 联合国教科文组织国际教育发展委员会.学会生存——教育世界的今天和明天[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2000:16.
    4 雅克·德洛尔报告,联合国教科文组织总部中文科译.教育——财富蕴藏其中[M].北京:教育科学出版社,1996:90.
    1 雪伦·B-梅里安,罗斯玛丽·S·凯弗瑞拉著,黄健等译.成人学习的综合研究与实践指导[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011:249.
    2 宋尚桂.当代西方成人学习理论述评[J].济南大学学报,1998(3):37-41.
    1 雪伦·B·梅里安,罗斯玛丽·S·凯弗瑞拉著,黄健等译.成人学习的综合研究与实践指导[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011:270.
    1 雪伦·B·梅里安,罗斯玛丽·S·凯弗瑞拉著,黄健等译.成人学习的综合研究与实践指导[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011:279.
    2 胡惠阂.校本管理[M].成都:四川出版社,2005:62.
    1 Shulman, L. S. Knowledge and teaching Foundations of the new reform, Havard Education Review,1987(1):1-22.
    2 徐碧美.追求卓越[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2003:60.
    3 Grossman, P. L. Teacher's Knowledge In T. Husen & T. N. Postlethwaite (Eds.). The International Encyclopedia of Education (2nd ed). New York Pergamon,1994,6117-6122.
    4 范良火.教师教学知识发展研究[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2003:17.
    1 钟启泉.教学实践与教师专业发展[J].全球教育展望,2007(10):8-14.
    2 卢真金.反思性实践是教师专业发展的重要举措[J].比较教育研究,2001(5):53-59.
    1 卢真金.反思性教学及其历史发展[J].全球教育展望,2001(2):57-63.
    2 胡惠闵.指向教师专业发展的学校管理改革——上海市打虎山路第一小学个案研究[D].华东师范大学博士学位论文,2003:21-22.
    3 教育部师范教育司.教师专业化的理论与实践(修订版)[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2003:30.
    1 教育部师范教育司.教师专业化的理论与实践(修订版)[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2003:30.
    1 胡惠闵.小学教学问题研究[M].成都:四川教育出版社,2007:65-66.
    1 Plamer, P. J. The Courage to Teach:Exploring the Inner Landscape of a Teacher's Life. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass Inc.,1998:2.
    1 Kalberg, S. Max Weber's types of rationality:Cornerstones for the analysis of rationalization processes in history. The American Journal of Sociology,85(5),1980:1145-1179.
    1 Grossman,P.L.A Study in Contrast:Sources of Pedagogical Content Knowledge for Secondary English. Journal of Teacher Education,1989(5):24-31.
    2 叶澜,白益民,王枬,陶志琼.教师角色与教师发展新探[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2001:23-24.
    1 Schwab, J. J.. Problems, topics and issues. In S. Elam (Ed.), Education and the Structure of Knowledge. Chicago: Rand McNally.1964:72.
    1 参照了陈向明2009年提出的“教师实践性知识的动态生成图”,引自其《搭建实践与理论之桥——教师实践性知识研究》p26.
    2 马克思·范美南.教育敏感性和教师行动中的实践知识[J].北京大学教育评论,2008(1):1-20.
    1 陈向明.对教师实践性知识构成要素的探讨[J].教育研究.2009(10):66-73.
    1 唐纳德·A.舍恩著.郝彩虹等译.培养反映的实践者:专业领域中关于教与学的一项全新设计[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2008:27.
    1 唐纳德·A.舍恩著.郝彩虹等译.培养反映的实践者:专业领域中关于教与学的一项全新设计[M].北京:教育科学出版社.2008:13.
    2 唐纳德·A.舍恩著.郝彩虹等译.培养反映的实践者:专业领域中关于教与学的一项全新设计[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2008:33.
    3 唐纳德-A.舍恩著.郝彩虹等译.培养反映的实践者:专业领域中关于教与学的一项全新设计[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2008:14.
    1.岑国桢.赫尔学习理论初探[J].上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)[J],1994(1):133-138
    2.陈桂生.普通教育学纲要[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2008.
    3.陈静静.教师实践性知识及其生成机制研究——中日比较的视角[D].华东师范大学博士学位论文,2009.
    4.陈琦,刘儒德.教育心理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2005.
    5.陈向明.对教师实践性知识构成要素的探讨[J].教育研究.2009(10):66-73
    6.陈向明.实践性知识:教师专业发展的知识基础[J].北京大学教育评论.2003(1):104-112.
    7.陈向明.质的研究方法与社会科学研究[M].北京:教育科技出版社,2000.
    8.陈向明等.搭建实践与理论之桥:教师实践性知识研究[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2011.
    9.辞海编辑委员会.辞海(缩印本)[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,1980.
    10.辞海编辑委员会.辞海[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,2002.
    11.戴尔,申克著,韦小满等译.学习理论:教育的视角(第三版)[M].南京:江苏教育出版社,2003.
    12.邓友超.教师实践智慧及其养成[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2007.
    13.丁立群.亚里士多德的实践哲学及其现代效应[J].哲学研究,2005(1):76-81
    14.范良火.教师教学知识发展研究[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2003.
    15.[美]高尔等著.许庆豫等译.教育研究方法导论[M].南京:江苏教育出版社,2007.
    16.高文.维果茨基心理发展理论与社会建构主义[J].外国教育资料,1999(4):10-14.
    17.顾明远.教育大辞典(卷Ⅰ)[M].上海:上海教育出版社,1990:144.
    18.韩延伦教育研究方法导论[M].高等教育出版社,2011,7(1):86.
    19.胡惠阂.小学教学问题研究[M].四川教育出版社.2007.
    20.胡惠闵.校本管理[M].成都:四川出版社,2005.
    21.胡惠闵.指向教师专业发展的学校管理改革——上海市打虎山路第一小学个案研究[D].华东师范大学博士学位论文,2003.
    22.胡军.哲学是什么[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2002.
    23.黄希庭.简明心理学辞典[z].合肥:安徽人民出版社,2004.
    24.黄玉顺.从认识论到意志论——西方近代哲学简论[J].北京理工大学学报,2000(1):26-31.
    25.基础教育课程改革纲要(试行).中国教育报.2001年7月27日第2版.
    26.姜美玲,王赛凤.理解教师实践性知识[J].全球教育展望,2004(11):47-51
    27.姜美玲.教师实践性知识研究[D].华东师范大学博士学位论文,2006.
    28.姜美玲.教师实践性知识研究[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2008.
    29.教育部师范教育司.教师专业化的理论与实践(修订版)[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2003.
    30.巨瑛梅.终身教育的理论与实践:渊源、演变及现状[D].北京师范大学博士学位论文,1999.
    31.康德著,邓晓芒译.判断力批判[M].北京:人民出版社,2002.
    32.克拉布特里,米勒著,黄惠雯等译.质性研究方法与研究[M].台北:韦伯文化事业出版社,2002.
    33.夸美纽斯著,傅任敢译.大教学论[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2004.
    34.李武林等.欧洲哲学范畴简史[M].济南:山东人民出版社,1986.
    35.联合国教科文组织国际教育发展委员会.学会生存——教育世界的今天和明天[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2000.
    36.联合国教科文组织总部著,联合国教科文组织总部中文科译.教育——财富蕴藏其中[M].北京:教育科学出版社,1996.
    37.廖圣河.国内教师实践知识研究的要点及其问题分析——纪念国际教师实践知识研究30周年[J].江苏教育.2012(1):27-31.
    38.林崇德,申继亮,辛涛.教师素质的构成及其培养途径[J].中国教育学刊,1996(6):16-22.
    39.刘汉霞.论教师的实践性知识及其生成[D].武汉:华中师范大学,2004.
    40.卢真金.反思性教学及其历史发展[J].全球教育展望,2001(2):57-63.
    41.卢真金.反思性实践是教师专业发展的重要举措[J].比较教育研究,2001(5):53-59.
    42.陆谷孙.英汉大词典[M].上海:上海译文出版社,2007.
    43.[加]马克斯·范梅南著,李树英译:《教学机智》[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2001.
    44.[加]马克思·范美南.教育敏感性和教师行动中的实践性知识[J].北京大学教育评论,2008(1):1-20.
    45.莫雷.西方两大派别学习理论发展过程的系统分析[J].华南师范大学学报(社会科学版)[J],2003(4):103-110.
    46.裴娣娜.教育研究方法导论[M].合肥:安徽教育出版社,1995.
    47.乔伊斯.P高尔,M.D.高尔,沃尔特.R.博格著.屈书杰等译.教育研究方法实用指南(第5版)[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2007.
    48.石中英.教育哲学导论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2002.
    49.石中英.知识转型与教育改革[M].北京:教育科学出版社.2007.
    50.时伟.专业化视野下教师继续教育的理论与实践[D].华东师范大学博士学位论文,2003.
    51.宋尚桂.当代西方成人学习理论述评[J].济南大学学报,1998(3):37-41.
    52.[美]唐纳德·A.舍恩著,夏林清译.反映的实践者——专业工作者如何在行动中思考[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2007.
    53.[美]唐纳德·A.舍恩著.郝彩虹等译.培养反映的实践者:专业领域中关于教与学的一项全新设计.教育科学出版社.2008.
    54.佟庆伟,胡迎宾,孙倩.教育科研中的量化方法[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1997.
    55.童世骏.批判与实践——论哈贝马斯的批判理论[M].上海:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2007.
    56.王静.试析黑格尔的实践观[J].学术论坛,2008(10):48-51.
    57.王南湜.追寻哲学的精神——走向实践哲学之路[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2006.
    58.王小明.学习心理学[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,2009.
    59.吴遵民.关于现代国际终身教育理论发展现状的研究[J].华东师范大学学报(教育科学版),2002(3):38-44.
    60.肖少北.布鲁纳的认知——发现学习理论与教学改革[J].外国中小学教育,2001(5):38-41.
    61.辛涛,申继亮,林崇德.从教师的知识结构看师范教育的改革[J].高等师范教育研究1999(6):12-17.
    62.新牛津英汉双解大词典编译出版委员会.新牛津英汉双解大词典[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2007.
    63.[挪]希尔贝克,伊耶著.童世骏等译.西方哲学史:从古希腊到二十一世纪[M].上海:上海译文出版社,2004.
    64.徐碧美.追求卓越[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2003.
    65.徐立波.教师实践性知识的生成和发展研究[D].西北师范大学硕士论文.2009.
    66.雪伦·B·梅里安,罗斯玛丽·S·凯弗瑞拉著,黄健等译.成人学习的综合研究与实践指导[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011.
    67.严锋译.权力的眼睛——福柯访谈录[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1997.
    68.叶澜,白益民,王枬,陶志琼.教师角色与教师发展新探[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2001.
    69.叶澜.教育研究及其方法[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1990.
    70.张洁.对外汉语教师的知识结构和能力结构研究[D].北京语言大学博士论文,2007.
    71.张荣伟.我国基础教育“十年课改”的反思[J].课程·教材·教法,2010(12):3-10.
    72.赵树峰.论实用主义科学知识观的演进[J].华中科技大学学报(社会科学版),2001(1):39-42.
    73.钟启泉.“实践性知识”问答录[J].全球教育展望,2004(4):3-6.
    74.钟启泉.教学实践与教师专业发展[J].全球教育展望.2007(10):8-14.
    75.钟启泉.为了“实践性知识”的创造[J].全球教育展望,2005(9):34,14.
    76.朱宁波,张丽.国内外教师实践性知识研究述评[J].辽宁师范大学学报(社会科学版),2007(3):66-68.
    77.朱晓斌.从结构主义到后结构主义:学习理论的嬗变[J].外国教育研究,2000(8):1-5.
    1. Alison L. B. & Halliwell, G Accessing practical knowledge:How? Why? Teaching and Teacher Educaton,2000(16):103-115.
    2. Altrichter, H., Posch, P. & Somekh, B.Teachers investigate their work:A introduction to the methods of action research. London:Routledge,1993.
    3. Ambrose, R. Catalyzing Chang in Preservice Teachers'Beliefs:Effects of the Mathematics Early Field Experience[R].Seattle, WA:Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association,2001
    4. Beijaard, D. & Verloop, N. Assessing Teachers'Practical Knowledge. Studies in Educational Evaluation,1996(3)275-286.
    5. Beijaard, D., Driel, J., Verloop, N. Evaluation of Story-line Methodology in Research in Teachers'Practical Knowledge. Studies in Educational Evaluation,1999:47-62.
    6. Borko, H. & Putnam, R. Learning to teach.In Berliner, D.C. & Calfee, R. C. (Eds.). Handbook of educational Psychology. New York:Macmillan,1996:673-708
    7. Browhill, R, J. Education and the Nature of Knowledge, London & Canberra:Croom Helin, c1983.
    8. Carr, W., Kemmis, S. Becoming Critical Education, Knowledge and Action Research The FahnerPress,1985.
    9. Carter.K. Teachers'knowledge and learning to teach. In W.RHouston (Ed), Handbook of research on teacher education (pp.291-310).New York:Macmillan, 1990.
    10. Clandinin, D. J. Classroom practice:Teacher images in action. Philadephia. The Falmer Press,1986.
    11. Clandinin, D. J. Personal Practical Knowledge:A Study of Teachers'Classroom Images. Curriculum Inquiry,1985(4):361-385.
    12. Connelly, F. M. & Clandinin, D. J. Teachers as curriculum planners:Narritives of experience. New York:Teachers College Press,1988.
    13. Connelly, F. M., Clandinin, D. J. Practical knowledge at Bay Street School. The educational resources information centre(eric).1982:1-13.
    14. Darling-Hammond, L. The right to learn:A blueprint for creating schools that work. San Francisco, CA:Jossey-Bass Publishers,1997.
    15. David G Practical reasoning:The structure and foundations of prudential and moral arguments and their exemplifications in discourse. London:Oxford University Press, 1963.
    16. Driel, J., Beijaard, D., Verloop, N. Professional Development and Reform in Science Education:The Role of Teachers' Pratical Knowledge. Journal of Research in Science Teaching,2001(2):137-158.
    17. Duffee, L. & Aikenhead, G. S. Curriculum Change:student evaluation and teacher practical knowledge. Science Education,1992:493-506.
    18. Elbaz, F. Teacher thinking:A study of practical knowledge[M]. London:Croom Helm, 1983.
    19. Elbaz, F. The Teacher's Practical Knowledge:Report of a Case Study. Curriculum Inquiry,1981:43-71.
    20. Elbaz, F. The teacher's practical knowledge:A case study. Doctoral dissertation, University of Toronto,1980.
    21. Elliot, E. From episteme to phronesis to artistry in the study and improvement of teaching.Teaching and Teacher Education,2002(18):375-385.
    22. Fenstermacher, G D.&Sanger, M. What is the significance of John Dewey's approach to the problem of the knowledge. Elementary School Journal,1998(5):467-478.
    23. Fontana, A.,& Frey, J. H. Interviewing:The art of science, In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp.361-376). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage,1994.
    24. Greene, M. Teacher as stranger:Educational philosophy for the modern age. California:Wadsworth,1973.
    25. Grossman, P. L. A study of contrast:Source of pedagogical content knowledge for secondary English. Ann Arbor:UMI Dissertation Servives,1988.
    26. Grossman, P. L. Teachers knowledge[A]. T. Husen & T. N. Posflethwaite (Ed.). The International Encyclopedia of Education[C]. New York:Pergamon,1994:56.
    27. Harbermas, J. Theory and Practice, Boston:Beacon Press,1973.
    28. John, P. D. The teacher educator's experience:case studies of practical professional knowledge. Teaching and Teacher Education,2002(18):323-341.
    29. Johnston, M., Contrasts and Similarities in Case Studies of Teacher Reflection and Change. Curriculum Inquiry,1994(1):9-26.
    30. Johnston, S. Images:A Way of Understanding the Practical Knowledge of Student Teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education,1992(2):123-136.
    31. Kagan, D. M. Professional growth among preservice and beginning teachers. Review of Educational Research,1992(2):129-169.
    32. Kalberg, S. Max Weber's types of rationality:Cornerstones for the analysis of rationalization processes in history. The American Journal of Sociology,1980(5): 1145-1179.
    33. Karen, F. O. & Robert B. K.K. Improving Schooling through Professional Development. California:Corwin Press Inc.1999.
    34. Lampert, M. How Do Teacher manage to teach? Perspectives on Problems in practice. Harvard Educational Review,1985(2):178-195.
    35. Manen, M.V. Linking Ways of Knowing with Ways of Being Practical. Curriculum Inquiry.1977(3):134-141
    36. Meijer, P. C., Verloop, N. & Beijaard, D. Exploring language teachers'practical knowledge about teaching reading comprehension. Teaching and Teacher Education, 1999(15):59-84.
    37. Mills, G E. Action research:A guide for the teacher researcher. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc,2000
    38. Pajares, M. F. Teachers'Beliefs and Educational Research:Cleaning Up a Messy Construct. Review of Educational Research,1992 (3):307-332.
    39. Plamer, P. J. The Courage to Teach:Exploring the Inner Landscape of a Teacher's Life. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass Inc.,1998.
    40. Polanyi, M. Personal Knowledge:Toward a Postcritical Philosophy. London and Henley:Routledge & Kegan Paul, c1958:17.
    41. Popper, K. R Objective knowledge:an evolutionary approach. Oxford:Clarendon Press,1979.
    42. Porter, A. C. & Freeman, K. J. Professional orientations:An essential domain for teacher testing. Journal of Nogro Education,1986(55)284-292.
    43. Schon, D. A. The Theory of Inquiry:Dewey's Legacy to Education. Curriculum Inquiry.1992(22):119-139.
    44. Schwab, J. J. Problems, topics and issues. In S. Elam (Ed.), Education and the Structure of Knowledge. Chicago:Rand McNally,1964.
    45. Seymour, F. The vitality of Theory in Schwab's Conception of the Practical. Curriculum Inquiry.1985(1):63-85.
    46. Shulman, L. Knowledge and Teaching:Foundations of the New Reform. Harvard Educational Review,1987(1):1-22.
    47. Shulman, L. The Paradigms and Research Programs in the Study of Teaching. Handbook of Research on Teaching, Macmullan,1986.
    48. Whelan, K. Huber, J. Rose, C. Da vies, A.& Clandinin, D. J. Telling and Retelling Our Stories on the Professional Knowledge Landscape. Teachers and Teaching:Theory and Practice,2001(2):143-156.
    49. Wideen, M. Mayer-Smith, J. & Moon, B. A Critical Analysis of the Research on Learning to Teach:Making the Case for an Ecological Perspective on Inquiry.Review of Educational Research,1998:130-178.
    50. Wildman, T. M., Niies, J. A., Magliaro,S.G. & Mclaughlin, R. A. Teaching and learning to teach:The two roles of beginning teachers. Elementary School Journal, 1989(89):471-493.
    51. Zanting, A., Verloop, N., Vermunt, J. D. & Driel, H.V. Explicating Practical knowledge:an extension of metor's teachers' roles. European Journal of Teacher Education 1998(1):11-28.

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700