三水盆地陆内裂谷火山活动特征与南海早期演化
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摘要
摘要：三水盆地是中国东部地区距离南海最近的中新生代盆地之一，盆地岩浆活动频繁，根据前人研究成果，从早白垩世白鹤洞组至始新世华涌组共有13期火山喷发，无论延续时间还是喷发规模均为南海北缘各沉积盆地之最。早新生代以来的盆地火山记录，一般被认为板内裂谷成因，与渐新世的南海开张应存在某种联系。本文利用在三水地区走马营、黎边山、紫洞、王借岗等地采集的粗面岩、玄武岩和流纹岩样品，通过岩石学、地球化学与地质年代学分析，研究该盆地在始新世期间火山喷发体系的基本特征及其与南海早期演化间的关联。
经研究，三水盆地始新世各类火山岩均呈板内深源性质，具备红海热点喷发式典型特征，说明地幔上涌曾是南海北部陆缘破裂的基本方式。早始新世（约53Ma）粗面岩在盆地火山演化体系中占有突出地位，它具备部分HFSE（Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等）、LILE的富集和明显的Sr、Ba、Eu负异常，加之较高的Nd同位素比值（0.51279~0.51293）和较低的Sr同位素比值（0.70461~0.71088），与红海裂谷体系粗面岩特征高度相似但在火山组合内部的比例上远远超越红海。在年代厘定基础上，早先被认为时代与性质彼此相当的王借岗玄武岩和紫洞玄武岩得到重新认识：前者形成于中始新世（约53Ma），以富含橄榄石斑晶和贫Si为主要特色，与上述粗面岩构成陆内裂谷阶段火山活动鼎盛期的强碱性-碱性岩浆组合；后者形成于晚始新世末期（约36Ma），具体表现为指示陆内裂谷演化达到成熟阶段的拉斑玄武岩。
本文得到的主要结论如下：
（1）以走马营粗面岩、王借岗玄武岩、紫洞玄武岩、黎边山流纹岩为代表的三水盆地早新生代火山岩同为陆内裂谷环境下岩浆活动的产物，它们来自DM与EMI两个端元混合的同一源区，岩浆产生于软流圈地幔甚至更深的部位，指示南海最初诞生于地幔上涌的主动裂谷作用。
（2）粗面岩系研究区陆内裂谷阶段的代表性岩石，为幔源岩浆结晶分异成因，表明南海北缘陆内裂谷阶段的演化具有鲜明的区域特色。
（3）研究区新生代玄武岩的性质及其发育的时间顺序符合陆内裂谷岩浆体系演化的基本模式。其中，最后一期喷发的晚始新世拉斑玄武岩反映陆内裂谷演化至成熟阶段，其碱性成分的消失可能代表南海海盆打开的前兆。。
（4）南海早期演化具备与红海相似的构造背景，但在晚始新世（41-36Ma）后火山活
动明显受到抑制，表明南海海盆扩张时热点因素消亡殆尽，这一现象可能与周边区域动力学因素对南海地区的压迫有关。
Sanshui Basin is one of the nearest Cenozoic Basins to South China Sea(SCS) in Southeast China and massive volcanic activities occurred in Sanshui Basin. Based on former research,13eruptional cycles was divided from Baihedong formation in early Cretaceous to Huayong formation in Eocene. With the most powerful eruption and thickest sediment, volcanic rocks in early Cenozoic were widely believed to be erupted in continental rift environment and may have some connection with break up of SCS in Oligocene. In this paper, trachyte, basalt and rhyolite samples in Zoumaying, Libianshan, Zidong and Wangjiegang were collected to be analyzed by Petrology, Geochemistry and Geochronology, and analysis will be helpful to revealing Characteristic of volcanic system of Sanshui Basin in Eocene and its connection with early evolution of SCS.
Like Red Sea, All kinds of volcanic rocks from Sanshui Basin in Eocene performed as intracontinental and plutonic pattern, which means breaking up of Southeast China is the result of mantle upwelling. Trachyte erupted in early Eocene played an important role in volcanic evolution system in Sanshui Basin. It performed enrichment in some HFSE(Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf et al.,) and LILE and negative anomaly in Sr, Ba, Eu, P, Ti. With higher Nd isotope ratio(0.51279～0.51293), lower Sr isotope ratio(0.70461～0.71088) and similar geochemical contents, Sanshui trachyte performed similar petrological characteristic and different proportion. Base on chronology research, WJG and ZD basalt are separated which are used to be considered formed in same erupted cycle. WJG basalt has more olivine phenocrysts and lower Si content which erupted in mid-Eocene(about53Ma), while ZD one was formed in late-Eocene(about36Ma). WJG basalt is attributed to per-alkali rock which is generally erupted in peak time while ZD one belongs to calc-alkali rock erupted in later stage.
Conclusions are draw as follow:
(1) ZMY trachyte, WJG basalt, ZD basalt and LBS rhyolite represent Eocene volcanic rocks in Sanshui Basin which are erupted in continental rift system. Magma of these rocks are coming from two sources of DM and EMII in lower part of asthenospheic mantle, which indicate that mantle upwelling effect in early stage of SCS breaking up.
(2) Trachyte is typical volcanic rock in Sanshui Basin which formed by fractional crystallization.
(3) Variation of geochemical data of basalts in Sanshui Basin corresponded with the magma evolution in continental rift system. Alkalinity disappearance in Tholeiite in last eruptional cycle represent syn-rift stage which may leads to the breaking up of SCS.
(4) Tectonic background of early SCS evolution performed as Red Sea pattern, but inhibition affect of volcanic activity in later Eocene(41-36Ma) indicate suspendent of magma supply, which may be the result of tectonic squeezing action from adjacent area.
经研究，三水盆地始新世各类火山岩均呈板内深源性质，具备红海热点喷发式典型特征，说明地幔上涌曾是南海北部陆缘破裂的基本方式。早始新世（约53Ma）粗面岩在盆地火山演化体系中占有突出地位，它具备部分HFSE（Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等）、LILE的富集和明显的Sr、Ba、Eu负异常，加之较高的Nd同位素比值（0.51279~0.51293）和较低的Sr同位素比值（0.70461~0.71088），与红海裂谷体系粗面岩特征高度相似但在火山组合内部的比例上远远超越红海。在年代厘定基础上，早先被认为时代与性质彼此相当的王借岗玄武岩和紫洞玄武岩得到重新认识：前者形成于中始新世（约53Ma），以富含橄榄石斑晶和贫Si为主要特色，与上述粗面岩构成陆内裂谷阶段火山活动鼎盛期的强碱性-碱性岩浆组合；后者形成于晚始新世末期（约36Ma），具体表现为指示陆内裂谷演化达到成熟阶段的拉斑玄武岩。
本文得到的主要结论如下：
（1）以走马营粗面岩、王借岗玄武岩、紫洞玄武岩、黎边山流纹岩为代表的三水盆地早新生代火山岩同为陆内裂谷环境下岩浆活动的产物，它们来自DM与EMI两个端元混合的同一源区，岩浆产生于软流圈地幔甚至更深的部位，指示南海最初诞生于地幔上涌的主动裂谷作用。
（2）粗面岩系研究区陆内裂谷阶段的代表性岩石，为幔源岩浆结晶分异成因，表明南海北缘陆内裂谷阶段的演化具有鲜明的区域特色。
（3）研究区新生代玄武岩的性质及其发育的时间顺序符合陆内裂谷岩浆体系演化的基本模式。其中，最后一期喷发的晚始新世拉斑玄武岩反映陆内裂谷演化至成熟阶段，其碱性成分的消失可能代表南海海盆打开的前兆。。
（4）南海早期演化具备与红海相似的构造背景，但在晚始新世（41-36Ma）后火山活
动明显受到抑制，表明南海海盆扩张时热点因素消亡殆尽，这一现象可能与周边区域动力学因素对南海地区的压迫有关。
Sanshui Basin is one of the nearest Cenozoic Basins to South China Sea(SCS) in Southeast China and massive volcanic activities occurred in Sanshui Basin. Based on former research,13eruptional cycles was divided from Baihedong formation in early Cretaceous to Huayong formation in Eocene. With the most powerful eruption and thickest sediment, volcanic rocks in early Cenozoic were widely believed to be erupted in continental rift environment and may have some connection with break up of SCS in Oligocene. In this paper, trachyte, basalt and rhyolite samples in Zoumaying, Libianshan, Zidong and Wangjiegang were collected to be analyzed by Petrology, Geochemistry and Geochronology, and analysis will be helpful to revealing Characteristic of volcanic system of Sanshui Basin in Eocene and its connection with early evolution of SCS.
Like Red Sea, All kinds of volcanic rocks from Sanshui Basin in Eocene performed as intracontinental and plutonic pattern, which means breaking up of Southeast China is the result of mantle upwelling. Trachyte erupted in early Eocene played an important role in volcanic evolution system in Sanshui Basin. It performed enrichment in some HFSE(Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf et al.,) and LILE and negative anomaly in Sr, Ba, Eu, P, Ti. With higher Nd isotope ratio(0.51279～0.51293), lower Sr isotope ratio(0.70461～0.71088) and similar geochemical contents, Sanshui trachyte performed similar petrological characteristic and different proportion. Base on chronology research, WJG and ZD basalt are separated which are used to be considered formed in same erupted cycle. WJG basalt has more olivine phenocrysts and lower Si content which erupted in mid-Eocene(about53Ma), while ZD one was formed in late-Eocene(about36Ma). WJG basalt is attributed to per-alkali rock which is generally erupted in peak time while ZD one belongs to calc-alkali rock erupted in later stage.
Conclusions are draw as follow:
(1) ZMY trachyte, WJG basalt, ZD basalt and LBS rhyolite represent Eocene volcanic rocks in Sanshui Basin which are erupted in continental rift system. Magma of these rocks are coming from two sources of DM and EMII in lower part of asthenospheic mantle, which indicate that mantle upwelling effect in early stage of SCS breaking up.
(2) Trachyte is typical volcanic rock in Sanshui Basin which formed by fractional crystallization.
(3) Variation of geochemical data of basalts in Sanshui Basin corresponded with the magma evolution in continental rift system. Alkalinity disappearance in Tholeiite in last eruptional cycle represent syn-rift stage which may leads to the breaking up of SCS.
(4) Tectonic background of early SCS evolution performed as Red Sea pattern, but inhibition affect of volcanic activity in later Eocene(41-36Ma) indicate suspendent of magma supply, which may be the result of tectonic squeezing action from adjacent area.
引文
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