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唐代长孙家族研究
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摘要
我国中古社会具有浓厚的阶级性,阶级社会所呈现的现象显著地反映在政治人物身上。中国中古社会是以家族为坐标之单位,世家大族是中古社会上一股颇有力量的社会势力,深刻地影响着中古社会的变迁。唐代著名谱学家柳芳将魏晋以来的大族分为五类,即:山东郡姓、关中郡姓、江东侨姓、东南吴姓、代北虏姓,凡二十六族。柳芳是唐代人,以研究谱学而闻名于世,对当时社会极为了解,其所列大族可信性极高,由此代北虏姓在当时的政治地位、社会影响等情况可见一斑。虏姓世族兴起于北魏,而其他世族多兴起于魏晋,历史悠久,长期以来人们对这些大族进行了多方面的研究,而对虏姓士族明显重视不够。在柳芳所列虏姓之代表家族时,长孙氏位居第二,仅次于北魏皇室元姓。此时已是玄宗统治时期,距长孙家族遭难近六十年,长孙家族能获此殊荣自有缘由。因此我将唐代长孙家族、一个源出代北的虏姓家族作为我硕士论文的研究题目。
     论文共分五个部分。前二个部分是“研究概况、资料和方法”、“长孙氏姓氏来源及迁徙与分布”,这些是铺垫性的说明。第一部分是对长孙家族目前的研究状况作以总结说明,指出本文的研究方向与研究方法,使读者对全篇行文有个概况性了解;第二部分论述的目的是使读者对长孙家族族源、姓氏来源、早期历史以及北魏以来的迁徙与地理分布情况有所了解,以便更好地认识这一家族的历史进程。
     第三、四两个部分是文章主体之一。在这两部分中,借助了大量墓志及相关史籍的记载,对其家族成员仕宦情况进行了统计。在此基础上,对其家族近三百年中,在各个不同历史时期的政治地位、社会影响、经济、婚姻等情况作以纵向考察。得出的结论是:在前后代及北魏前期,作为与北魏宗室拓拔氏有血缘关系的“帝室九姓”之首,长孙氏在鲜卑政权中社会地位是很高的。由于封建化程度的加深,部落内部阶级分化急剧,孝文帝进行封爵制度、宗庙祭祀制度改革后,原帝室九姓(元氏除外)地位不断下降,长孙氏自不例外。北魏分裂后,迄于隋,随着鲜卑政权的丧失,长孙家族的社会地位又略有下降,但仍不失为一个大族。入唐,尤其是唐初,长孙家族的发展达到了顶峰。自北魏入主中原,在汉文化影响下,长孙氏毫不例外地不断汉化,至唐,长孙氏已完全融入中原统治阶级,失去了其作为代北虏姓的特性,这也正是其衰败的标志。物极必反,在经历了巅峰时期后,长孙家族遭到了前所未有的打击与衰败。在整个世族的衰败中,长孙家族已回天无力。
    
    .气
     第五部分“长孙家族世系考证”是本文又一主体之一。本节中,仍将史书与墓
    志相对照,排列出长孙氏三个支系的流传情况。世系表明:三个支系中只有长孙
    道生一系流传入唐,并将家族发展到极至。唐代长孙家族成员众多,但多为泛泛
    之辈,长孙家族的兴盛完全寄托在长孙无忌兄妹的身上,也注定其衰弱的命运。
    经过对各史书及墓志的分析,纠正了《新唐书·宰相世系表·长孙氏》的一些谬
    误,这主要集中在长孙家族早期的世系记载中,其对唐代世系记载还是相当准确
    的,是可信的。
The Middle-ancient China was of very dense class trait, the politicians reflected the appearance of the class society apparently. The aristocratic families were the coordination unit of the middle-ancient Chinese society, they were strong power and exterted great influence on the society. Liu Fang who was a famous genealogist classified the aristocratic families from Wei-Jin to Tang Dynasty into five types, according to the zone. They were twenty-six families and distributed in Shan Dong, Guan Zhong, Jiang Dong, Southeast, DaiBei. Liu Fang lived in Tang Dyansty and he was a famous genealogist, he could get a well understanding of that society, so his view deserved to be accepted. From this we can know the political status and social influence of the aristocratic families in DaiBei. The aristocratic families was descended from BeiWei, the others descended from Wei-Jin, whose history is longer. A lot of studies about these families have been conducted and produced many striking results, but lay littl
    e emphasis on the families in Dai Bei. Among the representative families mentioned ' by Liu Fang, Zhangsun clan is the second one, just after the Yuan clan, the imperial family of BeiWei. The ruler of that age that Liu Fang lived in is Tang xuanzong, it was about sixty years since the decline of Zhangsun clan. Some reasons must exist. So the author of this paper focus his attention on the Zhangsun clan.
    This paper consisted of five chapters. The first two chapters fore shadow the authors' argument in order that the reader may have a clear understanding of the research situation, the blood relationship, the origin of the family name, the early history, the move and distribution of the clan.
    The second two chapters is one main branch of this paper. With the aid of plenty of epigraps and concerned historical records, the author makes some forms and then makes some conclusions about the political status, social influence, economy, marriage, etc. of the clan of different dynasty in the three hundred years. In the age of Dai and BeiWei, especially early time, because of the blood relationship which belongs to imperial family, Zhangsun clan had a higher status. With the development of the feudal system, the difference became more and more apparent. Some clan became higher ,but the other became lower.
    Zhangsun clan was not the exception, From BeiWei to Sui Dynasty, the status of
    
    
    
    this clan became more lower than before with the lost of regime, but it still is a aristocratic family. In Tang dynasty, especially the early time. This clan reached a new peak. Since BeiWei dynasty, Zhangsun clan generally had been influenced by the culture of the Chinese nation, In Tang, this clan had been a number of Chinese nation, and last the characteristic of national minority. It was just the sign of its decline. After the peak, the clan suffered the serious attack and decline, that had never been faced. In the society that all the aristocratic families were going down, the clan was doomed.
    The last chapter is also a main branch of the paper. In this part, the author tries to clarify the descendant of Zhangsun clan with the aid of plenty of epigraps of Tang dynasty and concerned historical records. It shows that among the three branches of the clan, the branch of Zhangsun, Daosheng was the only one that extended into Tang dynasty and reached the peak. In Tang dynasty, the number of the clan is still large, but they are almost common. The clan pinned it's hopes on Zhangsun wuji and his sister, compared the historical books with the epigraps, some wrong of the XinTangshu that mianly gather the early history was corrected. It shows that the record of the clan in Tang is accurate, and deserves believing.
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