单钯汽车尾气净化催化剂制备及废钯回收
|
摘要
汽车尾气污染已经成为城市大气的主要污染源之一。汽车尾气净化技术是控制汽车尾气排放的主要措施，而开发实用高效的催化剂是关键。近年来，从降低成本考虑，单钯催化剂成为三效催化剂研究热点。
本论文的主要研究内容是以堇青石蜂窝陶瓷为载体，以铈锆复合氧化物为助剂，以γ-Al_2O_3为涂层，制备单钯催化剂，并采用模拟尾气评价装置对催化剂进行评价。研究了不同的助剂材料、不同钯负载方式、不同钯负载量、二次评价和高温老化处理对催化剂活性的影响。同时研究了从汽车尾气废钯催化剂回收钯的方法。
通过沉淀法分别制备了γ-Al_2O_3、铈锆镧和铈锆铁锰复合氧化物的前躯体，经过焙烧得到氧化物粉体。采用XRD、BET、TPR等分析方法对粉体的进行了物性表征。结果表明，铈锆镧和铈锆铁锰复合氧化物形成单一立方相固溶体结构，适用于汽车尾气催化剂的助剂材料。
以铈锆铁锰复合氧化物为助剂，采用化学镀钯法制备了不同钯负载量的催化剂。经过评价后，钯负载量为2g／L的催化剂具有最佳的催化活性。以铈锆镧复合氧化物为助剂，分别采用浸渍法和化学镀法制备单钯催化剂，并进行活性评价。结果表明，采用化学镀法制备催化剂的活性要优于浸渍法。化学镀法制备催化剂经过高温老化评价后，对CO氧化仍然有比较好的选择性。
以HCl-H_2O_2体系来浸取钯，选择一定的浸取条件，浸取率可以达到97％。以二氯二胺络亚钯法从浸取液中回收海绵钯，总回收率大于96％，纯度可以达到99％。
Catalytic removal technology is one of the most effective ways to eliminate the automobile exhaust emission and the development of highly active and durable catalysts is the key. In comparison with the traditional three-way catalysts containing platinum, rhodium and palladium, the Pd-only three way catlalysts have drawn more considerable interests in recent years because of their higher catalytic activities and lower cost.
In this paper, Pd-only catalysts were prepared with honeycomb ceramic monolith as carriers, Ce-Zr composite oxides as additives andγ-Al_2O_3 as coatings. The activities are evaluated on simulated automobile exhaust catalytic purification equipment. The factors that effect the catalytic activities including different additives, different loading ways, different Pd mass, second evaluation and aging on high temperature have been studied. The ways of recovrery of Pd from automobile exhaust spent catalysts have been studied.
The powder materials includingγ-Al_2O_3, Ce-Zr-La composite oxides, Ce-Zr-Fe-Mn complex oxides have been prepared by precipitation technique, characterized by XRD, BET, TPR and other analysis methods. The results showed that Ce-Zr-La and Ce-Zr-Fe-Mn composite oxides remained solid solution structure with cubic phase after calcinations on high temperture, and applied to additives.
The catalysts with Ce-Zr-Fe-Mn composite oxides as additive and loading different Pd mass have been prepared by the electroless plating method. The catalyst with Pd mass 2g/L had the best activity. The catalysts with Ce-Zr-La composite oxides as additive with Pd loading 2g/L has been prepared by the electroless plating and traditional impregnation method. The characterization results showed that catalytic properties of the catalyst prepared by electroless plating were superior to that of the catalyst prepared by impregnation; the catalytic performance of catalyst prepared by electroless plating was decreasing after characterized twice; after the catalyst aged at 1000℃for 4h, it has had good catalytic activity of CO oxidation.
Pd was leached by mixed HCl-H_2O_2 solutions with extraction rate 97%, precipitated and purificated by Pd(NH_3)Cl_2 and reduced by hydration combined amine. Pd total recovery >96%, purity>99%.
本论文的主要研究内容是以堇青石蜂窝陶瓷为载体，以铈锆复合氧化物为助剂，以γ-Al_2O_3为涂层，制备单钯催化剂，并采用模拟尾气评价装置对催化剂进行评价。研究了不同的助剂材料、不同钯负载方式、不同钯负载量、二次评价和高温老化处理对催化剂活性的影响。同时研究了从汽车尾气废钯催化剂回收钯的方法。
通过沉淀法分别制备了γ-Al_2O_3、铈锆镧和铈锆铁锰复合氧化物的前躯体，经过焙烧得到氧化物粉体。采用XRD、BET、TPR等分析方法对粉体的进行了物性表征。结果表明，铈锆镧和铈锆铁锰复合氧化物形成单一立方相固溶体结构，适用于汽车尾气催化剂的助剂材料。
以铈锆铁锰复合氧化物为助剂，采用化学镀钯法制备了不同钯负载量的催化剂。经过评价后，钯负载量为2g／L的催化剂具有最佳的催化活性。以铈锆镧复合氧化物为助剂，分别采用浸渍法和化学镀法制备单钯催化剂，并进行活性评价。结果表明，采用化学镀法制备催化剂的活性要优于浸渍法。化学镀法制备催化剂经过高温老化评价后，对CO氧化仍然有比较好的选择性。
以HCl-H_2O_2体系来浸取钯，选择一定的浸取条件，浸取率可以达到97％。以二氯二胺络亚钯法从浸取液中回收海绵钯，总回收率大于96％，纯度可以达到99％。
Catalytic removal technology is one of the most effective ways to eliminate the automobile exhaust emission and the development of highly active and durable catalysts is the key. In comparison with the traditional three-way catalysts containing platinum, rhodium and palladium, the Pd-only three way catlalysts have drawn more considerable interests in recent years because of their higher catalytic activities and lower cost.
In this paper, Pd-only catalysts were prepared with honeycomb ceramic monolith as carriers, Ce-Zr composite oxides as additives andγ-Al_2O_3 as coatings. The activities are evaluated on simulated automobile exhaust catalytic purification equipment. The factors that effect the catalytic activities including different additives, different loading ways, different Pd mass, second evaluation and aging on high temperature have been studied. The ways of recovrery of Pd from automobile exhaust spent catalysts have been studied.
The powder materials includingγ-Al_2O_3, Ce-Zr-La composite oxides, Ce-Zr-Fe-Mn complex oxides have been prepared by precipitation technique, characterized by XRD, BET, TPR and other analysis methods. The results showed that Ce-Zr-La and Ce-Zr-Fe-Mn composite oxides remained solid solution structure with cubic phase after calcinations on high temperture, and applied to additives.
The catalysts with Ce-Zr-Fe-Mn composite oxides as additive and loading different Pd mass have been prepared by the electroless plating method. The catalyst with Pd mass 2g/L had the best activity. The catalysts with Ce-Zr-La composite oxides as additive with Pd loading 2g/L has been prepared by the electroless plating and traditional impregnation method. The characterization results showed that catalytic properties of the catalyst prepared by electroless plating were superior to that of the catalyst prepared by impregnation; the catalytic performance of catalyst prepared by electroless plating was decreasing after characterized twice; after the catalyst aged at 1000℃for 4h, it has had good catalytic activity of CO oxidation.
Pd was leached by mixed HCl-H_2O_2 solutions with extraction rate 97%, precipitated and purificated by Pd(NH_3)Cl_2 and reduced by hydration combined amine. Pd total recovery >96%, purity>99%.
引文
[1] 肖霞，何新秀．我国汽车尾气污染的催化净化[J]．环境科学研究，1998，11(5)：26-28
[2] 朱庆云，温旭虹，宫兰斌．美国加州汽车排放法规和汽油标准的发展[J]．石油商技，2004，22(3)：44-47
[3] 高吕和，胡定军．汽车尾气的催化净化技术研究[J]．北京工业职业技术学院学报，2003，2(4)：29-31
[4] 陈盛樑，罗宇，黄川，黄本生．汽车尾气三效催化转化器及其最新进展[J]．重庆大学学报，2002，25(9)：90-93
[5] 邹运湖．汽车尾气净化用三效催化剂[J]．化学工业与工程技术，1999，20(4)：21～26
[6] 叶青，金钧，陈永宝，王道．汽车尾气三效催化剂的现状、发展及动向[J]．北京工业大学学报，2000，26(1)：112～117
[7] 沈黎明，陆建生．汽车尾气净化器载体研究综述[J]．上海钢研，20040)：35-41
[8] 黄建洪，宁平，罗永明，赵宾．汽车尾气净化催化剂研究进展[J]．云南环境科学，2003，22(s1)：158-160
[9] 冯昭仁．车用催化剂与汽车污染治理[J]．工业催化，1998(2)：3-12
[10] 张宏艳，牟元平，常志伟，汽车尾气净化三效催化剂研究进展[J]．化工科技，2006，14(5)：70-72
[11] 曾佩兰，黄可隆，刘素琴，肖松文．汽车尾气净化催化剂的研究现状及其进展[J]．材料导报，2003，17(3)：48-51
[12] 高娃．汽车尾气净化催化剂及其金属载体的研究进展[J]．兵器材料科学与工程，2000，23(4)：67～70
[13] 赫崇衡，张文敏，汪仁．稀土修饰Al_2O_3的表面积热稳定性[J]．物理化学学报，1996，12(11)：971-975
[14] 何鸣元，宋家庆，宗保宁，路勇，舒兴田．铈镁铝混合氧化物催化剂的脱NO_x性能[J]．催化学报，2000，21(1)：31-34
[15] Hu.Z, Wan.C.Z, Lui.Y.K, Dettling.J, Steger.J.J. Design of a novel Pd three-way catalyst: integration of catalytic functions in three dimensions [J]. Catalysis Today, 1996, 30(1-3): 83～89
[16] Matsumoto S. Recent advances in automobile exhaust catalysts [J]. Catalysis Today, 2004, 90(3-4): 183-190
[17] Kobayashi.T, Yamada.T, Kayano.K. Effect of basic metal additives on NO_x reduction property of Pd-based three-way catalyst [J]. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2001, 30(3-4): 287-292
[18] 蒋平平，张志刚，郭耘，张顺海，郭杨龙，王幸宜，卢冠忠．Pd／γ-Al_2O_3三效催化剂中CeO_2-ZrO_2-La_2O_3的作用[J]．中国稀土学报，2004，22(4)：538-542
[19] 赵骧．催化剂[M]．北京，中国物质出版社，2001：478-485
[20] 谭宇新，黄传荣，甘世凡，王永刚．新型汽车尾气净化催化剂的研究[J]．环境科学，1998，19(3)：18-21
[21] Jen.H.W, Grahama.G.W, Chun.W, et.al. Characterization of model automotive exhaust catalysts: Pd on ceria and ceria-zirconia supports [J]. Catalysis Today, 1999, 50(2): 309-328
[22] Marttnez-Adas.A, Ferndez-Garcia.M, Iglesias-Juez.A, Hungria.A.B, Anderson.J.A, Conesa.J.C and Soria.J. New Pd/Ce_xZr_(1-x)O_2/Al_2O_3 three-way catalysts prepared by microermulsion: Part 2. In situ analysis of CO oxidation and NO reduction under stoichiometric CO+NO+O_2 [J]. Applied Catalysis B: environmental, 2001, 31 (1): 51-60
[23] 胡劲召，李风仪，石秋杰．低钯新型汽车尾气净化催化剂的研究[J]．江西科学，2003，21(1)：10～14
[24] 郭清华，李鑫恒，贺红军，吴克明，安立敦．用于汽车尾气净化的单钯催化剂催化行为的研究[J]．工业催化，2001，9(3)：33～36
[25] 高平，崔芳，何春燕，彭港发，王历虎，白庭芳．汽车尾气净化用钯催化剂的制备及活性考察[J]．分子催化，2004，18(3)：203-207
[26] 王桂香，董国君，张密林，景晓燕．负载型Pd催化剂[J]．化学工程师，2001，87(6)：6-8
[27] Alexander I. Kozlov, Anguelina P. Kozlova,Haichao Liu and Yasuhiro Iwasawa. A new approach to active supported Au catalysts [J]. Applied Catalysis A:General, 1999, 182(1):9-28
[28] Alexander I. Kozlov, Anguelina P. Kozlova,KiyotakaAsakura,Yoshio Matsui,Toshihiro Kogure,Takafumi Shido,Yasuhiro Iwasawa. Supported Gold Catalysts Prepared from a Gold Phosphine Precursor and As-Precipitated Metal-Hydroxide Precursors: Effect of Preparation Conditions on the Catalytic Performance [J]. Journal of Catalysis,2000,196(1):56-65
[29] Zhou Kebin,Chen Hongde,Tian Qun. Pal-containing perovskite-type oxides used for three-way catalysts [J]. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A:Chemical,2002,189(2):225-232
[30] 王幸宜，卢冠忠，任建德．钯、铜、锰、铈三效催化剂性能研究[J]．环境科学学报，1994，14(4)：403-407
[31] Bogdanchikova.N.E,Fuentes.S,Avalos-Borja.M,Farias.M.H, Boronin. A and Diaz. G. Structural properties of Pd catalysts supported on A1_2O_3-La_2O_3 prepared by sol-gel method [J]. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,1998,17(3):221-231
[32] Jermim Noh, O-Bong Yang, Do Heui Kim and Seong Ihl Woo. Characteristics of the Pd-only three-way catalysts prepared by sol-gel method [J]. Catalysis Today,1999,53(4): 575-582
[33] Do Heui Kim, Seong Ihl Woo', Jermim Nob and O-Bong Yang. Synergistic effect of vanadium and zirconium oxides in the Pd-only three-way catalysts synthesized by sol-gel method [J]. Applied Catalysis A:General,2001,207(1-2):69-77
[34] 李玉山，王来军，文明芬，杨栋，宋崇立，陈靖．化学镀法制备单钯汽车尾气净化催化剂[J]．工业催化，2006，14(7)：57-59
[35] Bemdt M, Landd P. An overview about Engelhard approach to non-standard environmental catalysis [J]. Catalysis Today, 2002, 75(1-4): 17-22
[36] 游少雄，冯长根，王丽琼．双层单钯三效催化剂TWC的研究[J]．工业催化，2001，9(5)：46-49
[37] 蒋平平，张顺海，郭杨龙，郭耘，王幸宜，卢冠忠．三效催化剂涂层制备与性能研究．无机材料报[J]，2004，19(3)：634-640
[38] Kim D H, Woo S I, Yang O B. Effect ofpH in a sol-gel synthesis on the physicochemical properties of Pd-alumina three-way catalyst [J]. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2000, 26(4): 285-289
[39] 伍学高．化学镀技术[M]．成都：四川科学技术出版社，1985．1-3
[40] 赵雯，张秋禹，王结良，韩磊，张和鹏．无机粉体化学镀镍的研究进展[J]电镀与涂饰， 2004，23(3)：33-36
[41] 时刻，黄英，李鹏，廖梓瑶．非金属材料化学镀的应用新进展[J]．玻璃钢，复合材料，2005，(2)：45-49
[42] 黎德育，李宁，李柏松．粉体上的化学镀镍[J]．材料科学与工艺，2004，11(4)：414-418
[43] 赵宏宾，李安武，谷景华，盛世善，熊国兴．溶胶-凝胶制备技术与新型催化材料Ⅳ用新的化学镀饰过程制备钯金属复合膜[J]．催化学报，1997，18(6)：449-453
[44] 文明芬，郭忠诚．钯及钯合金镀层的应用[J]．云南冶金，1998，27(4)：48-54
[45] Zheng Wenjun, Wu Liyan. Preparation and pore size shrinkage of palladium-ceramic composite membrane by electroless plating under hydrothermal onditions [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2000,283:122-125
[46] 李荣，荆文丽．化学镀钯[J]．印刷电路制造，1996，4(5)：6-8
[47] 绳舟秀美．化学镀钯的现状和将来[J]．表面技术，1991，42(11)：27-32
[48] 李酽，刘刚，刘红霞，刘传生，李铀，王芬．化学镀层的性能及基体的镀前处理[J]．航空制造技术，2004，(7)：86-88
[49] 郑筱梅，李自林．用均匀设计试验优化镀液组成[J]．材料保护，2001，34(4)：34-35
[50] Cheng Y S, Yeung K L. Effects of electroless plating chemistry on the synthesis of palladium membranes [J]. Journal of Membrane Science, 2001, 182:195-203
[51] Barakat.M.A, Mahmoud.M.H, Mahrous.Y.S. Recovery and separation of palladium from spent catalyst [J]. Applied Catalysis A: General 301 (2006): 182-186
[52] 张邦安．从失效汽车尾气净化催化剂中回收铂族金属[J]．中国资源综合利用．2004(08)：15-18
[53] Jim Robert. PGMs Recycled from Spent Auto Catalyst at Multimetco，Inc., ISPM 2001[M]．云南出版社，2001：84—88
[54] James E.Hoffrnann, Recovering Platinum-Group Metals from Auto Catalyst [J], JOM. 1988(6): 40-44
[55] 蔡树型，黄超．贵金属分析[M]．冶金工业出版社．1984：38-122
[56] 周俊，任鸿九．从粒状汽车废催化剂中回收铂族金属[J]．有色金属(冶炼部分)，1996(2)：31—35
[57] 陈坤．从废钯催化剂中回收钯的绿色工艺研究[J]．无机盐工业，2006，38(8)：26-28
[58] 王丽琼，李云，曾庆轩．废旧车用载钯催化剂中钯的浸出研究[J]，安全与环境学报，2002，2(5)：23-26
[59] Nowottny.C, Halwachs.W, Schugerl.K. Recovery of platinum, palladium and rhodium from industrial process leaching solutions by reactive extraction [J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 1997 (12): 135-144
[60] 简华强，骆冠瑜．粗钯的精炼提纯[J]．广州化工，2001，29(3)：32-33．
[61] 王爱荣，李春侠．从铂钯精矿中回收贵金属工艺选择[J]．安徽化工，2002(5)：11-12
[62] 余建民．贵金属萃取化学[M]．化学工业出版社，2005：91
[63] 李云，王丽琼，曾庆轩等．聚丙烯(PP)基阴离子交换纤维吸附钯研究[J]．北京理工大学学报，2003，23(2)：255-259
[64] 孙锦宜．废钯催化剂的回收技术[J]．金陵石油化工，1995(2)：41-43
[65] 黄仲涛．工业催化[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，1994
[66] 湖南冶金研究所，湖南省革委会科技局科技情报研究所．稀土冶金分析，1973
[67] 中华人民共和国国家标准校准[S]．EDTA络合滴定法测定锆量
[68] 中华人民共和国标准校准[S]．稀土金属及其化合物化学分析方法EDTA滴定法测定单一稀土金属及其化合物中稀土总量．GB／T 14635．2-93
[69] Trovarelli A. Structure and oxygen storage/release properties of CeO_2-based solid solutions [J]. Comments on Inorganic Chemistry, 1999, 20(4-6): 263-284
[70] 叶青，徐柏庆．Ce_xZr_xO_2的氧化还原性能及其对CO_2重整CH_4的影响[J]．催化学报，2006．2，27(2)：151-156
[71] 余林，黄丽华，宋一兵，郝志峰，唐定骧．稀土基汽车尾气催化剂的研究Ⅱ：稀土助剂对催化活性的影响[J]．精细化工，2002，19(12)：720-722
[72] 武少华，胡秀琳，陶志青，分光光度法测定三效催化剂浸渍液中的活性成分钯[J]，北京工业大学学报，2001，27(2)：204-207
[2] 朱庆云，温旭虹，宫兰斌．美国加州汽车排放法规和汽油标准的发展[J]．石油商技，2004，22(3)：44-47
[3] 高吕和，胡定军．汽车尾气的催化净化技术研究[J]．北京工业职业技术学院学报，2003，2(4)：29-31
[4] 陈盛樑，罗宇，黄川，黄本生．汽车尾气三效催化转化器及其最新进展[J]．重庆大学学报，2002，25(9)：90-93
[5] 邹运湖．汽车尾气净化用三效催化剂[J]．化学工业与工程技术，1999，20(4)：21～26
[6] 叶青，金钧，陈永宝，王道．汽车尾气三效催化剂的现状、发展及动向[J]．北京工业大学学报，2000，26(1)：112～117
[7] 沈黎明，陆建生．汽车尾气净化器载体研究综述[J]．上海钢研，20040)：35-41
[8] 黄建洪，宁平，罗永明，赵宾．汽车尾气净化催化剂研究进展[J]．云南环境科学，2003，22(s1)：158-160
[9] 冯昭仁．车用催化剂与汽车污染治理[J]．工业催化，1998(2)：3-12
[10] 张宏艳，牟元平，常志伟，汽车尾气净化三效催化剂研究进展[J]．化工科技，2006，14(5)：70-72
[11] 曾佩兰，黄可隆，刘素琴，肖松文．汽车尾气净化催化剂的研究现状及其进展[J]．材料导报，2003，17(3)：48-51
[12] 高娃．汽车尾气净化催化剂及其金属载体的研究进展[J]．兵器材料科学与工程，2000，23(4)：67～70
[13] 赫崇衡，张文敏，汪仁．稀土修饰Al_2O_3的表面积热稳定性[J]．物理化学学报，1996，12(11)：971-975
[14] 何鸣元，宋家庆，宗保宁，路勇，舒兴田．铈镁铝混合氧化物催化剂的脱NO_x性能[J]．催化学报，2000，21(1)：31-34
[15] Hu.Z, Wan.C.Z, Lui.Y.K, Dettling.J, Steger.J.J. Design of a novel Pd three-way catalyst: integration of catalytic functions in three dimensions [J]. Catalysis Today, 1996, 30(1-3): 83～89
[16] Matsumoto S. Recent advances in automobile exhaust catalysts [J]. Catalysis Today, 2004, 90(3-4): 183-190
[17] Kobayashi.T, Yamada.T, Kayano.K. Effect of basic metal additives on NO_x reduction property of Pd-based three-way catalyst [J]. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2001, 30(3-4): 287-292
[18] 蒋平平，张志刚，郭耘，张顺海，郭杨龙，王幸宜，卢冠忠．Pd／γ-Al_2O_3三效催化剂中CeO_2-ZrO_2-La_2O_3的作用[J]．中国稀土学报，2004，22(4)：538-542
[19] 赵骧．催化剂[M]．北京，中国物质出版社，2001：478-485
[20] 谭宇新，黄传荣，甘世凡，王永刚．新型汽车尾气净化催化剂的研究[J]．环境科学，1998，19(3)：18-21
[21] Jen.H.W, Grahama.G.W, Chun.W, et.al. Characterization of model automotive exhaust catalysts: Pd on ceria and ceria-zirconia supports [J]. Catalysis Today, 1999, 50(2): 309-328
[22] Marttnez-Adas.A, Ferndez-Garcia.M, Iglesias-Juez.A, Hungria.A.B, Anderson.J.A, Conesa.J.C and Soria.J. New Pd/Ce_xZr_(1-x)O_2/Al_2O_3 three-way catalysts prepared by microermulsion: Part 2. In situ analysis of CO oxidation and NO reduction under stoichiometric CO+NO+O_2 [J]. Applied Catalysis B: environmental, 2001, 31 (1): 51-60
[23] 胡劲召，李风仪，石秋杰．低钯新型汽车尾气净化催化剂的研究[J]．江西科学，2003，21(1)：10～14
[24] 郭清华，李鑫恒，贺红军，吴克明，安立敦．用于汽车尾气净化的单钯催化剂催化行为的研究[J]．工业催化，2001，9(3)：33～36
[25] 高平，崔芳，何春燕，彭港发，王历虎，白庭芳．汽车尾气净化用钯催化剂的制备及活性考察[J]．分子催化，2004，18(3)：203-207
[26] 王桂香，董国君，张密林，景晓燕．负载型Pd催化剂[J]．化学工程师，2001，87(6)：6-8
[27] Alexander I. Kozlov, Anguelina P. Kozlova,Haichao Liu and Yasuhiro Iwasawa. A new approach to active supported Au catalysts [J]. Applied Catalysis A:General, 1999, 182(1):9-28
[28] Alexander I. Kozlov, Anguelina P. Kozlova,KiyotakaAsakura,Yoshio Matsui,Toshihiro Kogure,Takafumi Shido,Yasuhiro Iwasawa. Supported Gold Catalysts Prepared from a Gold Phosphine Precursor and As-Precipitated Metal-Hydroxide Precursors: Effect of Preparation Conditions on the Catalytic Performance [J]. Journal of Catalysis,2000,196(1):56-65
[29] Zhou Kebin,Chen Hongde,Tian Qun. Pal-containing perovskite-type oxides used for three-way catalysts [J]. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A:Chemical,2002,189(2):225-232
[30] 王幸宜，卢冠忠，任建德．钯、铜、锰、铈三效催化剂性能研究[J]．环境科学学报，1994，14(4)：403-407
[31] Bogdanchikova.N.E,Fuentes.S,Avalos-Borja.M,Farias.M.H, Boronin. A and Diaz. G. Structural properties of Pd catalysts supported on A1_2O_3-La_2O_3 prepared by sol-gel method [J]. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,1998,17(3):221-231
[32] Jermim Noh, O-Bong Yang, Do Heui Kim and Seong Ihl Woo. Characteristics of the Pd-only three-way catalysts prepared by sol-gel method [J]. Catalysis Today,1999,53(4): 575-582
[33] Do Heui Kim, Seong Ihl Woo', Jermim Nob and O-Bong Yang. Synergistic effect of vanadium and zirconium oxides in the Pd-only three-way catalysts synthesized by sol-gel method [J]. Applied Catalysis A:General,2001,207(1-2):69-77
[34] 李玉山，王来军，文明芬，杨栋，宋崇立，陈靖．化学镀法制备单钯汽车尾气净化催化剂[J]．工业催化，2006，14(7)：57-59
[35] Bemdt M, Landd P. An overview about Engelhard approach to non-standard environmental catalysis [J]. Catalysis Today, 2002, 75(1-4): 17-22
[36] 游少雄，冯长根，王丽琼．双层单钯三效催化剂TWC的研究[J]．工业催化，2001，9(5)：46-49
[37] 蒋平平，张顺海，郭杨龙，郭耘，王幸宜，卢冠忠．三效催化剂涂层制备与性能研究．无机材料报[J]，2004，19(3)：634-640
[38] Kim D H, Woo S I, Yang O B. Effect ofpH in a sol-gel synthesis on the physicochemical properties of Pd-alumina three-way catalyst [J]. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2000, 26(4): 285-289
[39] 伍学高．化学镀技术[M]．成都：四川科学技术出版社，1985．1-3
[40] 赵雯，张秋禹，王结良，韩磊，张和鹏．无机粉体化学镀镍的研究进展[J]电镀与涂饰， 2004，23(3)：33-36
[41] 时刻，黄英，李鹏，廖梓瑶．非金属材料化学镀的应用新进展[J]．玻璃钢，复合材料，2005，(2)：45-49
[42] 黎德育，李宁，李柏松．粉体上的化学镀镍[J]．材料科学与工艺，2004，11(4)：414-418
[43] 赵宏宾，李安武，谷景华，盛世善，熊国兴．溶胶-凝胶制备技术与新型催化材料Ⅳ用新的化学镀饰过程制备钯金属复合膜[J]．催化学报，1997，18(6)：449-453
[44] 文明芬，郭忠诚．钯及钯合金镀层的应用[J]．云南冶金，1998，27(4)：48-54
[45] Zheng Wenjun, Wu Liyan. Preparation and pore size shrinkage of palladium-ceramic composite membrane by electroless plating under hydrothermal onditions [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2000,283:122-125
[46] 李荣，荆文丽．化学镀钯[J]．印刷电路制造，1996，4(5)：6-8
[47] 绳舟秀美．化学镀钯的现状和将来[J]．表面技术，1991，42(11)：27-32
[48] 李酽，刘刚，刘红霞，刘传生，李铀，王芬．化学镀层的性能及基体的镀前处理[J]．航空制造技术，2004，(7)：86-88
[49] 郑筱梅，李自林．用均匀设计试验优化镀液组成[J]．材料保护，2001，34(4)：34-35
[50] Cheng Y S, Yeung K L. Effects of electroless plating chemistry on the synthesis of palladium membranes [J]. Journal of Membrane Science, 2001, 182:195-203
[51] Barakat.M.A, Mahmoud.M.H, Mahrous.Y.S. Recovery and separation of palladium from spent catalyst [J]. Applied Catalysis A: General 301 (2006): 182-186
[52] 张邦安．从失效汽车尾气净化催化剂中回收铂族金属[J]．中国资源综合利用．2004(08)：15-18
[53] Jim Robert. PGMs Recycled from Spent Auto Catalyst at Multimetco，Inc., ISPM 2001[M]．云南出版社，2001：84—88
[54] James E.Hoffrnann, Recovering Platinum-Group Metals from Auto Catalyst [J], JOM. 1988(6): 40-44
[55] 蔡树型，黄超．贵金属分析[M]．冶金工业出版社．1984：38-122
[56] 周俊，任鸿九．从粒状汽车废催化剂中回收铂族金属[J]．有色金属(冶炼部分)，1996(2)：31—35
[57] 陈坤．从废钯催化剂中回收钯的绿色工艺研究[J]．无机盐工业，2006，38(8)：26-28
[58] 王丽琼，李云，曾庆轩．废旧车用载钯催化剂中钯的浸出研究[J]，安全与环境学报，2002，2(5)：23-26
[59] Nowottny.C, Halwachs.W, Schugerl.K. Recovery of platinum, palladium and rhodium from industrial process leaching solutions by reactive extraction [J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 1997 (12): 135-144
[60] 简华强，骆冠瑜．粗钯的精炼提纯[J]．广州化工，2001，29(3)：32-33．
[61] 王爱荣，李春侠．从铂钯精矿中回收贵金属工艺选择[J]．安徽化工，2002(5)：11-12
[62] 余建民．贵金属萃取化学[M]．化学工业出版社，2005：91
[63] 李云，王丽琼，曾庆轩等．聚丙烯(PP)基阴离子交换纤维吸附钯研究[J]．北京理工大学学报，2003，23(2)：255-259
[64] 孙锦宜．废钯催化剂的回收技术[J]．金陵石油化工，1995(2)：41-43
[65] 黄仲涛．工业催化[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，1994
[66] 湖南冶金研究所，湖南省革委会科技局科技情报研究所．稀土冶金分析，1973
[67] 中华人民共和国国家标准校准[S]．EDTA络合滴定法测定锆量
[68] 中华人民共和国标准校准[S]．稀土金属及其化合物化学分析方法EDTA滴定法测定单一稀土金属及其化合物中稀土总量．GB／T 14635．2-93
[69] Trovarelli A. Structure and oxygen storage/release properties of CeO_2-based solid solutions [J]. Comments on Inorganic Chemistry, 1999, 20(4-6): 263-284
[70] 叶青，徐柏庆．Ce_xZr_xO_2的氧化还原性能及其对CO_2重整CH_4的影响[J]．催化学报，2006．2，27(2)：151-156
[71] 余林，黄丽华，宋一兵，郝志峰，唐定骧．稀土基汽车尾气催化剂的研究Ⅱ：稀土助剂对催化活性的影响[J]．精细化工，2002，19(12)：720-722
[72] 武少华，胡秀琳，陶志青，分光光度法测定三效催化剂浸渍液中的活性成分钯[J]，北京工业大学学报，2001，27(2)：204-207
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |