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资本深化差异的理论与实证研究
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摘要
新古典经济增长模型认为在经济达到均衡状态时有效人均资本将保持不变,且资本深化具有收敛性。但在我国实际经济运行中,资本深化收敛性不强,资本深化差异造成各区域、城乡、行业间人均资本的巨大差距,形成各部分劳动者占有、使用资本不均的局面,对生产、收入分配、社会就业等一系列与人均资本具有紧密联系的最重要经济变量产生重大影响。基于此,本文从资本深化差异的角度研究其形成机理、与经济增长、收入分配、社会就业等重要经济变量的关系具有重大的理论与现实意义。
     主要内容:①界定资本深化差异概念、分析资本深化差异形成的内外部原因、形成路径、对资本深化差异指标进行度量和评价,为后文建立数理模型和实证研究提供理论基础和数据基础;②拉姆齐-卡斯-库普曼斯框架下引入一个两部门经济模型,研究资本深化差异与经济增长、社会就业、城乡收入差距的关系,并利用1978—2010年我国分省面板数据进行实证检验;③从外部制度原因和内在原因两个方面,研究资本深化差异形成的内外部影响因素,分别采用1978—2010年我国相关数据,对资本深化区域差异、资本深化行业差异与其内外部原因变量的关系进行实证检验;④从如何抑制资本深化差异、促进资本均衡分布角度,构建我国资本深化差异调控机制。
     主要结论:①理论与实证分析均表明资本深化差异与经济增长速度存在负向单调关系,过大的资本深化差异不利于经济持续增长。同时,更高的资本深化差异对应更低的均衡人均资本和均衡人均消费以及更高的经济收敛速度。②资本深化城乡差异通过挤占农村资本和收入份额、闲置农村劳动力、抑制农民非农化发展等途径,不断扩大城乡收入差距,是形成城乡收入差距的重要基础性原因。实证表明,除城镇化率提高具有缩小城乡收入差距的作用外,投资率、国有经济比重、通货膨胀率等因素都一致表现出扩大城乡收入差距的效应。③资本深化差异通过直接与间接两种作用机制,抑制社会就业增长。实证显示,随着资本深化差异扩大,社会就业增长率显著降低,固定资本价格、科技投入与社会就业呈正相关,实际工资与社会就业不相关,资本深化差异是抑制我国社会就业的主要因素。④从外部原因看,财政金融政策是形成资本深化差异的最重要制度因素,资本深化区域差异的形成是财政政策、金融政策、产业政策、区域政策等因素共同作用的结果。实证表明,资本深化区域差异与财政总支出、信贷相对规模、金融系统内生率、外商直接投资、国有经济比重之间存在正相关关系,与金融系统相对规模负相关。⑤从内部原因看,差异性的资本价格、工资与技术进步是资本深化差异形成的内在原因。实证显示,资本价格、工资与技术进步是人均资本变化的内在原因,资本深化行业差异随工资行业差异的扩大而扩大。
     为了解决资本深化差异过大问题,缩小各区域、城乡、行业间人均资本的较大差距,促进资本分配使用的均衡程度,论文提出促进资本分配均衡、提高资本配置的市场化程度、推动统一工资形成、大力发展资本节约型技术、有效消除技术差距等政策建议。①加大资本分配宏观调控力度,保持资本密集行业与全社会各行业的适当比例,提高中小企业与三农占有资本的份额。立足要素禀赋结构,创新产业政策、控制产能过剩,引导资本均衡分布。②建立有效的统一的资本市场,形成全国性统一的资本价格,提高资本配置的市场化程度。建立覆盖全部区域、城乡、行业、企业的统一的劳动力市场,形成有效的统一工资,提高工资对出清劳动力市场的作用。③加大科技投入,大力发展资本节约型技术、加强科技成果的流动与共享,有效消除技术差距,推动各部分专业分工水平共同提高。④积极发挥财政政策在平衡投资中的作用,通过财政支出与税收政策等手段对市场资本投资实施反向调节。创新金融政策,扩大金融市场的竞争性,实施差别化金融政策,促进金融资源均衡分配。⑤充分发挥区域比较优势,完善主体功能区规划,提高区域分工合作水平,促进区域协调发展。统筹城乡各项事务协调发展,革除城乡二元体制、增加农村集体土地的流动性,逐步实现城乡一体。
Neoclassical economic growth model thinks that per capita capital will remainunchanged in economy equilibrium and capital deepening is convergent.But in Chinareal economy,convergence of capital deepening is not strong.That the huge gap of percapita capital among regions、rural and urban、industries caused by difference of capitaldeepening results in uneven allocation of capital among workers has major impact on aseries of the most important economic variables including production, incomedistribution,imployment,and etc.Based on these, from difference of capital deepening,the dissertation focuses on formation mechanism of difference of capital deepening andthe theoretical relationships between difference of capital deepening and economicgrowth,income distribution,employment.This research has great theoretical andpractical significance.
     The main contents:①To define difference of capital deepening,analyse internaland external reasons、formation path of difference of capital deepening,measure andevaluate difference of capital deepening,in order to provide theoretical basis and database for latter chapters;②Based on the Cass-Koopmans-Ramsey optimal growth modelwith two sectors,analyzing the relationship between difference of capital deepening andeconomy growth、employment and urban-rural income gap,and carrying out empiricalanalysis with1978-2010panel data in China;③From internal and external reasons,studying formation mechanism and reasons of difference of capital deepening,andanalyzing empirically the relationship between regional and industrial difference ofcapital deepening and their correlative variables with1978-2010data in China;④Fromsuppressing difference of capital deepening and promoting balanced distribution ofcapital,the dissertation has built a new regulatory mechanism of difference of capitaldeepening in China.
     The main conclusions:①Theoretical and empirical analysis shows that therelationship between difference of capital deepening and economic growth is negativemonotonously, excessive difference of capital deepening damages sustaining economicgrowth.At the same time,higher difference of capital deepening is corresponding tolower balanced per capita capital、consumption and higher speed of economicconvergence;②Through squeezing the capital and income share of rural areas、makingrural labor force idle and suppressing non-agricultural development,difference of capital deepening expandes urban-rural income gap and becomes important foundationreason resulting in urban-rural income gap.The empirical analysis verifies that inaddition to increased urbanization rate can narrow urban-rural income gap,investmentrate、proportion of state-owned enterprises、 inflation and other factors shows the sameeffect of expanding urban-rural income gap;③Difference of capital deepening curbsemployment growth through direct and indirect functions mechanism. Empiricalanalysis verifies that along with difference of capital deepening expanding, theemployment growth rate significantly is reduced. Employment is positive correlatedwith capital price and technology investment,and real wages is not related toemployment. It is found that difference of capital deepening has been the major keyfactors holding up employment growth;④Considering from external causes,the fiscaland financial policy is the most important institutional factors resulting in difference ofcapital deepening,and it is fiscal policy、financial policy、industrial policy、regionalpolicy and other factors causing difference of capital deepening.Empirical analysisshows that regional difference of capital deepening is positive correlated with totalfinancial expenditure、relative size of credit、endogenetic rate of financial system、foreign direct investment and proportion of state-owned economy,being negativecorrelation with relative size of financial system;⑤Considering from internal reasons,different capital price、wages and technological progress are the internal factorsresulting in difference of capital deepening.Empirical analysis conclusion reveals thatcapital price、wages and technological progress changes per capita capital internally,and industrial difference of capital deepening expandes with industrial difference ofwage expanding.
     In order to solve the problem of too large difference of capital deepening,and tonarrow per capita capital gap among regions、rural and urban、industries,the thesismakes some policy suggestions including promoting capital balanced using and unifiedwage formation, improving commercialize degree of capital allocation,energeticallydevelopping capital saving technology,effectively eliminating technology gap,and soon.①we should increase macroscopical adjusting on capital allocation,maintainappropriate proportion between capital intensive industries and other industries,andenhance capital share of the small and medium-sized enterprise,agriculture,rural areas,and farmers.Based on factor endowment,innovate industrial policy,control excesscapacity,guide capital equilibrium distribution;②Through the establishment ofeffective and integrated capital market,form national unified capita price,improve commercialize degree of capital allocation.Through the establishment of integratedlabour market covering all regiones,urban and rural,entire enterprises and industries,forming national unified capita wage,clearl labor market relying on wages;③Increasescience and technology investment,vigorously develop capital saving technology,strengthen flow and share of technology achievement, effectively eliminatetechnology gap,promote common improving of specialization level;④Through reverseregulation of fiscal expenditure and taxation policy on capital investment,financialpolicy should play more important role on balanced investmen.Innovate financialpolicy,enhance competitiveness of financial market,execute different finance policy,promote financial resources balanced allocation;⑤Develop area comparativeadvantage,Perfect main function zones planning,improve regional division of labor andcooperation level,promote regional coordinated development.Coordinate developmentof urban and Rural affairs,eliminate different system of urban and rural,increase theliquidity of rural collective land,gradually realize the integration of urban and ruralareas.
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