桂中凹陷周缘铅锌锡多金属矿床的界面成矿与找矿预测研究
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摘要
地质界面是指两种或两种以上不同地质体(含地质流体)之间的接触交界部分,是两者之间的陡变过渡带。界面两侧的地质体(含地质流体)具有不同的岩性类型、不同的矿物组成、不同的化学成分、不同的结构构造,以及不同的地球物理和地球化学特征。地质界面的成矿作用实际是构造-成矿作用的主要类型和重要方式,界面成矿不仅仅涉及到单纯的成矿空间,它还涉及到物理的、化学的及生物化学的地质作用,其核心问题是构造界面和成矿流体的形成、演变、运动以及二者之间的耦合关系。
桂中凹陷北邻桂北隆起,南至凭祥-大黎深大断裂；东北以龙胜-永福-东乡深大断裂为界与桂东北凹陷相连,东南与大瑶山隆起接界；西以南丹-河池-昆仑关深大断裂为界与右江海槽毗邻。桂中凹陷在区域上属于扬子及华夏两大古陆之间的活动带——南华裂谷带的一部分,为裂谷海槽型沉积盆地,是一个晚古生代大型沉积凹陷区,其周缘发育多种类型、多个级次的地质界面。加里东运动后,南华裂谷带闭合、消亡,扬子陆块和华夏陆块拼合成古华南大陆壳。处在扬子和华夏两大陆块之间拼接、缝合部位的桂中-桂东北地区和桂西地区,是扬子和华夏两大古陆多次发生开合作用的主要地区,为大地构造的薄弱地带,区域性的大地构造运动仍具有相当强烈的活动性,在D-T2大陆形成发展时期,桂中-桂东北地区仍旧长期下沉,形成具陆缘盆地性质的大型桂中凹陷盆地和桂东北凹陷盆地。
桂中凹陷周缘铅锌锡多金属矿产资源丰富,已发现超大型、大中型矿床10余处,小型矿床或矿点数百处,如南丹大厂超大型锡多金属矿床,北山、盘龙大型铅锌矿床,大明山大型钨矿床,龙头山、福六岭、六九顶中型金矿床,两江中型铜矿床,泗顶中型铅锌矿床等,它们在空间上主要产于：①沉积盆地与隆起区接壤地带；②地层角度不整合面及其上、下地层中；③中酸性侵入岩体周围；④多组断裂构造的交汇地带,其形成与分布明显受到凹陷周缘地质界面的控制,体现了地质界面控岩、控矿和成矿的特点。
桂中凹陷周缘主要地质界面类型按规模大致可分为三个级次：扬子古陆边缘构造、深大断裂与泥盆纪-寒武纪地层不整合面及大型岩体接触带、中-小型构造系统分别为桂中凹陷周缘第一、二、三级成矿-控矿地质界面；按形成的地质作用又可归类为沉积作用形成的地质界面(包括地层不整合面、层序边界面及高孔度生物灰岩、白云岩等)、岩浆作用形成的地质界面(包括岩体接触带、火山机构等)和构造作用形成的地质界面(包括古陆边缘、深大断裂带、次级断裂(节理)裂隙系统、褶皱虚脱部位、层间滑脱(破碎)带等),并分别论述了各级次地质界面的成矿-控矿意义。
从地质界面成矿-控矿作用出发,将桂中凹陷周缘铅锌锡多金属矿床大致划分为三种主要类型：与沉积型地质界面有关的铅锌多金属矿床、与岩浆型地质界面有关的金铜多金属矿床、与复合型地质界面有关的锡多金属矿床,并详细论述了其成矿地质条件、矿床地质-地球化学特征及成矿作用。
与沉积型地质界面有关的铅锌多金属矿床是指产于桂中盆地边缘沉积不整合界面附近沉积岩中的铅锌多金属矿床,其成因多与盆地热卤水有关,是由各种非岩浆成因的盆地流体发生改造所形成的矿床,属密西西比河谷型(MVT)铅锌矿床；与岩浆型地质界面有关的金铜多金属矿床是指产于桂中盆地边缘与隆起区过渡带中靠隆起区一侧的中酸性岩浆岩接触带及其附近的金铜或铜钨多金属矿床,其成矿作用主要与酸性和中酸性中-小型岩浆岩体有关,是由岩浆来源的气水热液交代与充填作用导致成矿物质富集所形成的矿床,属岩浆热液型或火山-次火山热液型矿床；与复合型地质界面有关的锡多金属矿床是指产于桂中盆地边缘深大断裂带上隐伏或半隐伏的中酸性岩浆岩接触带及其附近的锡多金属矿床,其成矿作用主要与泥盆纪同生沉积作用和燕山期中酸性岩浆改造富集作用有关,属岩浆热液-盆地热卤水复合型锡多金属矿床。
基于地质界面成矿-控矿理论,分别建立了与沉积型地质界面有关的铅锌多金属矿成矿模式与找矿模型、与岩浆型地质界面有关的金铜多金属矿成矿模式与找矿模型和与复合型地质界面有关的锡多金属矿成矿模式与找矿模型,在近年国土资源调查评价成果基础上,运用相似类比法初步圈定了武宣盘龙-司律铅锌矿、宾阳六章钨铜铝矿、河池北香锡多金属矿、南丹罗富铅锌多金属矿和贵港镇龙山银铅锌多金属矿等5个具有大型-超大型资源潜力的找矿远景区。
Geological surfaces, the contacting parts between two or more geological bodies (including geological fluids), are the transition zones that change suddenly. The geological bodies (including geological fluids) on both sides of the surface present difference in lithology, minerals, chemical composition, structure, texture, and other geophysical and geochemical characteristics. The metallogenesis in the geological surface is in fact the main type and the important pattern of the structure controlling ore-forming. The metallogeneses at the surface involve not only simply the space of the metallogeneses, but also the physical, chemical and biochemical processes. The key problems of metallogeneses in geological surfaces are the formation, the evolution, and the movement of the structure surface and ore-forming fluid, and also including the coupled relation between each other.
The middle Guangxi depression is located neighbouring to Northern Guangxi Uplift in the north, Pingxiang-Dali deep fault in the south, Dayaoshan Uplift in the southeast. It is separated by Longsheng-Yongfu-Dongxiang deep fault in the northeast from Northeastern Guangxi Depression, and by Nandan-Hechi-Kunlun deep fault from Youjiang tough in the west. The middle Guangxi depression, one part of the Nanhua rift in the mobile belt between Yangtze and Cathaysian old land as a rift-trough type basin is a great sedimentary sag of late Paleozoic, around which many kinds of geological surfaces in different orders had developed. After Caledonian Movement, Nanhua rift closed and withered away, and Cathasian block and Yangtze block joined together to form the ancient Southern China Continent. Central Guangxi-Northeastern Guangxi and Western Guangxi, the main places in which the opening-closing movement took place several times between Yangtze and Cathaysian blocks, are the weak zones where regional tectonic movements were rather strong. During the period of D-T2, and the course of the formation and extension of South China continent, Central Guangxi-Northeastern Guangxi kept on sinking, which made the formation of the large scale middle Guangxi depression and northeastern Guangxi depression having the characters of continent marginal basins.
The periphery of the middle Guangxi depression is abundant in lead-zinc-tin-polymetallic resources. More than10super large scale or big-and-middle-sized deposits, and several hundreds of small deposits had been found, such as Nandan-Dachang super large scal tin-polymetallicdeposit, Beishan and Bailong large scale Zinc-Lead deposits, Damingshan larg scale tungsten deposit, Longtoushan, Fuliuling and Liujiuding middle scale gold deposits Liangjiang middle scale copper deposit, Siding middle scale Zinc-Lead deposits, and etc. A. these deposits occurred in space, such as (1) the borders between sedimentary basin and th uplift;(2) the surfaces of angle unconformities and the strata in the above and the below;(3) th circumstance of intermediate-acid intrusive bodies;(4) the intersection belts of several group o faults. The formation of all these spaces was evidently controlled by the geological surface which present in the surrounding of the Depression, representing the characteristics that th geological surface determined the formation of diagenesis and mineralization.
The geological surfaces which occurred in the surrounding of the middle Guangx depression can be classified into three orders:Yangtze ancient continent marginal structure; dee(?) large faults, the unconformities and the large contact zone of rock bodies betweei Devonian-Cambrian strata; middle-small scale structure systems, which were the first, th(?) second and the third order mineralization controlling surfaces, respectively. According to th(?) geological processes of the formation, geological surfaces can be divided into:the surface: formed by sedimentation (including the unconformities, boundary surfaces of strata sequenc(?) and plurilocellate biolithite limes and dolostone); the surfaces formed by magmatism (including contact zones of rock masses and volcanic apparatus); the surfaces formed by tectonizatior (including ancient continent margins, deep faults, fissure system of secondary faults/diaclasses fold collapse part, slippages/shuttered zone between layers, and etc). In the present dissertation the mineralization controlling of geological surfaces was discussed in the orders respectively.
Based on the mineralization and ore-controlling of the geological surfaces, the lead-zinc-tin(?) polymetallic deposits around the middle Guangxi depression were grouped into three types lead-zinc-polymetallic deposits controlled by the geological surface of the sedimentation type gold-copper-polymetallic deposits controlled by the geological surface of the magmatic type tin-polymetallic deposits controlled by the geological surface of the complex type. The minerogenetic condition, geological and geochemical characteristics, and the metallogenesis o(?) all the deposits were discussed in the present dissertation.
The lead-zinc-polymetallic deposits relating to the geological surface of sedimentation type are the deposits which formeded in the sedimentary rock near the sedimentary unconformities ir the margin of the Central Guangxi basin. These deposits were related to the hot brine in the basir and developed by the alteration of many kinds of non-magmatic origin fluids of the basin, belonging to MVT lead-zinc deposits. The gold-copper-polymetallic deposits relating to the geological surface of magmatic type formed in the contact zones and the surrounding area of the medium-acidic magmatite occurred near the uplift side in the transition zone between the margin of the Central Guangxi basin and the uplift. These were related to the acidic and medium-acidic middle-small size magmatite bodies, and formed by the metasomatism and the filling of magma-origin hydrotherm, belonging to the magmatic hydrothermal or volcanic-subvolanic hydrothermal type deposits. The tin-ploymetallic deposits, concerning the geological surface of the complex type, occurred in the contact zones and the surrounding area of the concealed or half concealed medium-acidic magmatite in the deep faults of the Central Guangxi basin margin. These deposits were mainly developed by the synsedimentation in Devonian and alteration and enrichment of medium-acidic magmatite in Yanshanian, falling into the type of tin-ploymetallic deposits with the recombination metallogenesis of the magmatic hydrothermal and hot brine in the basin.
Based on the theory of the mineralization and ore-controlling of the geological surfaces, the metallogenic and the prospecting models were established for the lead-zinc-polymetallic deposits relating to sedimentary geological surface, the gold-copper-polymetallic deposits concerning magmatic geological surface and the tin-polymetallic deposits connecting with the complex geological surface, respectively. On the basis of the results of the investigation and evaluation of land and resources in recent years, five prospecting areas with large or super-large scale resource potential were preliminary delineated by the method of similar analogy. They are Panlong-Silv lead-zinc deposit in Wuxuan county, Liuzhang tungsten-copper-molybdenum deposit in Binyang county, Beixiang tin-ploymetallic deposit in Hechi city, Luofu lead-zinc-polymetallic deposits in Nandan county, and Longshan silver-lead-polymetallic deposits in the town of Guigang.
桂中凹陷北邻桂北隆起,南至凭祥-大黎深大断裂；东北以龙胜-永福-东乡深大断裂为界与桂东北凹陷相连,东南与大瑶山隆起接界；西以南丹-河池-昆仑关深大断裂为界与右江海槽毗邻。桂中凹陷在区域上属于扬子及华夏两大古陆之间的活动带——南华裂谷带的一部分,为裂谷海槽型沉积盆地,是一个晚古生代大型沉积凹陷区,其周缘发育多种类型、多个级次的地质界面。加里东运动后,南华裂谷带闭合、消亡,扬子陆块和华夏陆块拼合成古华南大陆壳。处在扬子和华夏两大陆块之间拼接、缝合部位的桂中-桂东北地区和桂西地区,是扬子和华夏两大古陆多次发生开合作用的主要地区,为大地构造的薄弱地带,区域性的大地构造运动仍具有相当强烈的活动性,在D-T2大陆形成发展时期,桂中-桂东北地区仍旧长期下沉,形成具陆缘盆地性质的大型桂中凹陷盆地和桂东北凹陷盆地。
桂中凹陷周缘铅锌锡多金属矿产资源丰富,已发现超大型、大中型矿床10余处,小型矿床或矿点数百处,如南丹大厂超大型锡多金属矿床,北山、盘龙大型铅锌矿床,大明山大型钨矿床,龙头山、福六岭、六九顶中型金矿床,两江中型铜矿床,泗顶中型铅锌矿床等,它们在空间上主要产于：①沉积盆地与隆起区接壤地带；②地层角度不整合面及其上、下地层中；③中酸性侵入岩体周围；④多组断裂构造的交汇地带,其形成与分布明显受到凹陷周缘地质界面的控制,体现了地质界面控岩、控矿和成矿的特点。
桂中凹陷周缘主要地质界面类型按规模大致可分为三个级次：扬子古陆边缘构造、深大断裂与泥盆纪-寒武纪地层不整合面及大型岩体接触带、中-小型构造系统分别为桂中凹陷周缘第一、二、三级成矿-控矿地质界面；按形成的地质作用又可归类为沉积作用形成的地质界面(包括地层不整合面、层序边界面及高孔度生物灰岩、白云岩等)、岩浆作用形成的地质界面(包括岩体接触带、火山机构等)和构造作用形成的地质界面(包括古陆边缘、深大断裂带、次级断裂(节理)裂隙系统、褶皱虚脱部位、层间滑脱(破碎)带等),并分别论述了各级次地质界面的成矿-控矿意义。
从地质界面成矿-控矿作用出发,将桂中凹陷周缘铅锌锡多金属矿床大致划分为三种主要类型：与沉积型地质界面有关的铅锌多金属矿床、与岩浆型地质界面有关的金铜多金属矿床、与复合型地质界面有关的锡多金属矿床,并详细论述了其成矿地质条件、矿床地质-地球化学特征及成矿作用。
与沉积型地质界面有关的铅锌多金属矿床是指产于桂中盆地边缘沉积不整合界面附近沉积岩中的铅锌多金属矿床,其成因多与盆地热卤水有关,是由各种非岩浆成因的盆地流体发生改造所形成的矿床,属密西西比河谷型(MVT)铅锌矿床；与岩浆型地质界面有关的金铜多金属矿床是指产于桂中盆地边缘与隆起区过渡带中靠隆起区一侧的中酸性岩浆岩接触带及其附近的金铜或铜钨多金属矿床,其成矿作用主要与酸性和中酸性中-小型岩浆岩体有关,是由岩浆来源的气水热液交代与充填作用导致成矿物质富集所形成的矿床,属岩浆热液型或火山-次火山热液型矿床；与复合型地质界面有关的锡多金属矿床是指产于桂中盆地边缘深大断裂带上隐伏或半隐伏的中酸性岩浆岩接触带及其附近的锡多金属矿床,其成矿作用主要与泥盆纪同生沉积作用和燕山期中酸性岩浆改造富集作用有关,属岩浆热液-盆地热卤水复合型锡多金属矿床。
基于地质界面成矿-控矿理论,分别建立了与沉积型地质界面有关的铅锌多金属矿成矿模式与找矿模型、与岩浆型地质界面有关的金铜多金属矿成矿模式与找矿模型和与复合型地质界面有关的锡多金属矿成矿模式与找矿模型,在近年国土资源调查评价成果基础上,运用相似类比法初步圈定了武宣盘龙-司律铅锌矿、宾阳六章钨铜铝矿、河池北香锡多金属矿、南丹罗富铅锌多金属矿和贵港镇龙山银铅锌多金属矿等5个具有大型-超大型资源潜力的找矿远景区。
Geological surfaces, the contacting parts between two or more geological bodies (including geological fluids), are the transition zones that change suddenly. The geological bodies (including geological fluids) on both sides of the surface present difference in lithology, minerals, chemical composition, structure, texture, and other geophysical and geochemical characteristics. The metallogenesis in the geological surface is in fact the main type and the important pattern of the structure controlling ore-forming. The metallogeneses at the surface involve not only simply the space of the metallogeneses, but also the physical, chemical and biochemical processes. The key problems of metallogeneses in geological surfaces are the formation, the evolution, and the movement of the structure surface and ore-forming fluid, and also including the coupled relation between each other.
The middle Guangxi depression is located neighbouring to Northern Guangxi Uplift in the north, Pingxiang-Dali deep fault in the south, Dayaoshan Uplift in the southeast. It is separated by Longsheng-Yongfu-Dongxiang deep fault in the northeast from Northeastern Guangxi Depression, and by Nandan-Hechi-Kunlun deep fault from Youjiang tough in the west. The middle Guangxi depression, one part of the Nanhua rift in the mobile belt between Yangtze and Cathaysian old land as a rift-trough type basin is a great sedimentary sag of late Paleozoic, around which many kinds of geological surfaces in different orders had developed. After Caledonian Movement, Nanhua rift closed and withered away, and Cathasian block and Yangtze block joined together to form the ancient Southern China Continent. Central Guangxi-Northeastern Guangxi and Western Guangxi, the main places in which the opening-closing movement took place several times between Yangtze and Cathaysian blocks, are the weak zones where regional tectonic movements were rather strong. During the period of D-T2, and the course of the formation and extension of South China continent, Central Guangxi-Northeastern Guangxi kept on sinking, which made the formation of the large scale middle Guangxi depression and northeastern Guangxi depression having the characters of continent marginal basins.
The periphery of the middle Guangxi depression is abundant in lead-zinc-tin-polymetallic resources. More than10super large scale or big-and-middle-sized deposits, and several hundreds of small deposits had been found, such as Nandan-Dachang super large scal tin-polymetallicdeposit, Beishan and Bailong large scale Zinc-Lead deposits, Damingshan larg scale tungsten deposit, Longtoushan, Fuliuling and Liujiuding middle scale gold deposits Liangjiang middle scale copper deposit, Siding middle scale Zinc-Lead deposits, and etc. A. these deposits occurred in space, such as (1) the borders between sedimentary basin and th uplift;(2) the surfaces of angle unconformities and the strata in the above and the below;(3) th circumstance of intermediate-acid intrusive bodies;(4) the intersection belts of several group o faults. The formation of all these spaces was evidently controlled by the geological surface which present in the surrounding of the Depression, representing the characteristics that th geological surface determined the formation of diagenesis and mineralization.
The geological surfaces which occurred in the surrounding of the middle Guangx depression can be classified into three orders:Yangtze ancient continent marginal structure; dee(?) large faults, the unconformities and the large contact zone of rock bodies betweei Devonian-Cambrian strata; middle-small scale structure systems, which were the first, th(?) second and the third order mineralization controlling surfaces, respectively. According to th(?) geological processes of the formation, geological surfaces can be divided into:the surface: formed by sedimentation (including the unconformities, boundary surfaces of strata sequenc(?) and plurilocellate biolithite limes and dolostone); the surfaces formed by magmatism (including contact zones of rock masses and volcanic apparatus); the surfaces formed by tectonizatior (including ancient continent margins, deep faults, fissure system of secondary faults/diaclasses fold collapse part, slippages/shuttered zone between layers, and etc). In the present dissertation the mineralization controlling of geological surfaces was discussed in the orders respectively.
Based on the mineralization and ore-controlling of the geological surfaces, the lead-zinc-tin(?) polymetallic deposits around the middle Guangxi depression were grouped into three types lead-zinc-polymetallic deposits controlled by the geological surface of the sedimentation type gold-copper-polymetallic deposits controlled by the geological surface of the magmatic type tin-polymetallic deposits controlled by the geological surface of the complex type. The minerogenetic condition, geological and geochemical characteristics, and the metallogenesis o(?) all the deposits were discussed in the present dissertation.
The lead-zinc-polymetallic deposits relating to the geological surface of sedimentation type are the deposits which formeded in the sedimentary rock near the sedimentary unconformities ir the margin of the Central Guangxi basin. These deposits were related to the hot brine in the basir and developed by the alteration of many kinds of non-magmatic origin fluids of the basin, belonging to MVT lead-zinc deposits. The gold-copper-polymetallic deposits relating to the geological surface of magmatic type formed in the contact zones and the surrounding area of the medium-acidic magmatite occurred near the uplift side in the transition zone between the margin of the Central Guangxi basin and the uplift. These were related to the acidic and medium-acidic middle-small size magmatite bodies, and formed by the metasomatism and the filling of magma-origin hydrotherm, belonging to the magmatic hydrothermal or volcanic-subvolanic hydrothermal type deposits. The tin-ploymetallic deposits, concerning the geological surface of the complex type, occurred in the contact zones and the surrounding area of the concealed or half concealed medium-acidic magmatite in the deep faults of the Central Guangxi basin margin. These deposits were mainly developed by the synsedimentation in Devonian and alteration and enrichment of medium-acidic magmatite in Yanshanian, falling into the type of tin-ploymetallic deposits with the recombination metallogenesis of the magmatic hydrothermal and hot brine in the basin.
Based on the theory of the mineralization and ore-controlling of the geological surfaces, the metallogenic and the prospecting models were established for the lead-zinc-polymetallic deposits relating to sedimentary geological surface, the gold-copper-polymetallic deposits concerning magmatic geological surface and the tin-polymetallic deposits connecting with the complex geological surface, respectively. On the basis of the results of the investigation and evaluation of land and resources in recent years, five prospecting areas with large or super-large scale resource potential were preliminary delineated by the method of similar analogy. They are Panlong-Silv lead-zinc deposit in Wuxuan county, Liuzhang tungsten-copper-molybdenum deposit in Binyang county, Beixiang tin-ploymetallic deposit in Hechi city, Luofu lead-zinc-polymetallic deposits in Nandan county, and Longshan silver-lead-polymetallic deposits in the town of Guigang.
引文
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