催化剂制备方法对CO加氢生成低碳烃性能的影响
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摘要
当今世界上的燃料和化学品的生产很大程度取决于原油。由于原油的枯竭或者是原油价格的不断攀升,从甲烷和煤炭中制取合成气,再由合成气合成一系列的燃料和化学品,越来越具有商业前景。
要获得高选择性的低碳烃,使碳链集中于C2-C4范围内,阻止生成的烯烃发生二次反应,并保证所开发的催化剂具有较高的催化活性。常用的方法是对传统的F-T合成催化剂进行物理和化学改性。本论文主要研究催化剂的制备方法对CO加氢生成C1-C4烃催化剂性能的影响,所选择的催化剂主要是Co-6Mn/SiO2催化剂,Fe/C催化剂,Co/?-Al2O3催化剂和Co-Fe/ZSM-5催化剂,运用高压微反装置测试催化剂活性,并运用XRD、BET、SEM和NH3-TPD等技术手段对催化剂进行表征。
对于不同方法制备的Co-6Mn/SiO2催化剂而言,微波条件下制备的催化剂在反应过程中CO转化率受温度影响较小,该催化剂对低碳烃的选择性大于传统浸渍方法制备的催化剂,且在考察的温度范围内选择性随温度的升高而升高。通过催化剂的表征,可以知道微波条件下负载的催化剂晶型结构相对较为规整催化剂表面颗粒分布较为细小、均匀,而传统浸渍方法制得的催化剂颗粒度相对较大,且均匀度相对较差,并进一步造成微波方法制备的10Co-6Mn/SiO2催化剂比表面积略有较小,平均孔径降低。
对于分别在高压釜内分解和微波辐射两种条件下制得的Fe/C催化剂,当反应温度高于360 oC时,无论是催化剂对CO的转化率,还是催化剂对低碳烃的选择性,利用微波方法制备的催化剂性能都要优于利用高压釜制备的催化剂。催化剂的表征结果表明,微波条件下制备催化剂Fe的存在相态主要以α-Fe2O3为主,且其晶形结构相对较为规整,催化剂颗粒度较小,比表面积较大。而高压釜内分解所得的Fe组分的主要相态以Fe3O4为主,颗粒度较大,比表面积较小。
对于利用微波负载及常规浸渍方法所得到的Co/?-Al2O3催化剂,微波方法制备的催化剂无论是在CO转化率还是在对低碳烃选择性方面,都要优于利用传统浸渍方法制备的催化剂。在利用微波方法制备的Co/?-Al2O3催化剂中加入Mn组分后,加入的Mn组分促使Co3O4分散程度提高,粒径减小,催化剂的比表面积、孔体积及平均孔径都有所减小,致使在所有利用微波方法制备的催化剂中,加入Mn组分的催化剂活性均下降。对该催化剂的表征结果表明:利用微波方法制备的催化剂在制备过程中表面组分会发生破裂,但破裂后的晶形结构依然相对较为规整,且该方法制备的催化剂孔容和平均孔径相对要大,较大的孔径使得形成的产物在孔道内停留时间减少,且其在孔道内产物扩散速度增加,从而有利于低碳烃的生成。
通过对不同方法制备的Co-Fe/ZSM-5催化剂活性的考察,表明利用微波方法浸渍负载所得催化剂的相对于利用传统浸渍方法所得的催化剂具有较高的催化活性、较好的对C1-C4烃的选择性以及催化剂寿命较长等优点。催化剂的表征表明:微波负载所得催化剂的表面酸中心数明显低于传统浸渍方法所得催化剂的表面酸中心数,表面酸中心数的减少能够使反应发生较少的二次反应,从而催化剂的催化活性高于传统浸渍方法所得催化剂的活性。同时,微波方法制备的催化剂在比表面积,孔体积以及平均孔径等参数方面均低于利用传统方法制备的催化剂。
Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) has attracted increasing interest as an important route for indirect coal liquefaction.
This dissertation investigated the influence of different preparation methods of cobalt and/or iron based catalysts for C1-C4 hydrocarbons synthesis, and SiO2,γ-Al2O3, AC and ZSM-5 zeolite (Si/Al =38) (20-40 mesh) were chosen as the supports, respectively. The characterizations as XRD, BET, SEM, and NH3-TPD were utilized to reveal the textural and structural properties, and the surface compositions of the catalysts etc.
As Co-6Mn/SiO2 catalysts,the catalytic performance of the catalysts obtained by microwave were better than by conventional impregnation method while the reaction temperature was higher than 300 oC. The results of XRD, BET and SEM indicated that the dispersion of Co-based catalysts was enhanced with the existence of Mn promoters. At the same time, microwave irradiation leaded to an decrease in catalysts crystallize mean size, and an increase in active components dispersion as well as the formation of active centers.
For the Fe/C catalysts prepared by microwave irradiation gave high C1-C4 yield under the temperatures of 360, 400 oC. The results of XRD and SEM indicated that the larger crystallite size of Fe3O4 formed in the Fe/C catalysts prepared from the decomposed Fe(CO)5 in the autoclave, and for the Fe/C catalysts prepared by microwave irradiation, it was found that a new phaseα-Fe2O3 formed may be attributed to high temperature in the preparation of the catalysts, while the surface area was larger and the crystallite size was small, which induce the activity increase for the Fe/C catalysts prepared by microwave irradiation.
For the Co/?-Al2O3 catalysts, the catalysts prepared by microwave irridiation in the overall catalytic performence were superior to conventional catalyst prepared by impregnation. The results of XRD, BET and SEM indicated that the catalysts prepared by microwave irradiation leaded to a decrease in catalysts crystallize mean size, an increase in pore volume and mean pore diameter, which favored to the formation of C1-C4 hydrocarbons.
For Co-Fe/ZSM-5 catalysts for CO hydrogenation, the Co-Fe/ZSM-5 catalysts prepared by microwave irridiation in the overall catalytic performence were also superior to the catalysts prepared by conventional impregnation. The results of XRD showed that iron exsited as amorpnous phase in Co-Fe/ZSM-5 catalysts. The results of BET showed that the surface area, pore volume and mean pore diameter of the catalysts prepared by microwave irradiation were lower than conventional impregnation. On the other hand, the NH3-TPD results indicated that a lower acidic amount to match the better catalytic performance.
要获得高选择性的低碳烃,使碳链集中于C2-C4范围内,阻止生成的烯烃发生二次反应,并保证所开发的催化剂具有较高的催化活性。常用的方法是对传统的F-T合成催化剂进行物理和化学改性。本论文主要研究催化剂的制备方法对CO加氢生成C1-C4烃催化剂性能的影响,所选择的催化剂主要是Co-6Mn/SiO2催化剂,Fe/C催化剂,Co/?-Al2O3催化剂和Co-Fe/ZSM-5催化剂,运用高压微反装置测试催化剂活性,并运用XRD、BET、SEM和NH3-TPD等技术手段对催化剂进行表征。
对于不同方法制备的Co-6Mn/SiO2催化剂而言,微波条件下制备的催化剂在反应过程中CO转化率受温度影响较小,该催化剂对低碳烃的选择性大于传统浸渍方法制备的催化剂,且在考察的温度范围内选择性随温度的升高而升高。通过催化剂的表征,可以知道微波条件下负载的催化剂晶型结构相对较为规整催化剂表面颗粒分布较为细小、均匀,而传统浸渍方法制得的催化剂颗粒度相对较大,且均匀度相对较差,并进一步造成微波方法制备的10Co-6Mn/SiO2催化剂比表面积略有较小,平均孔径降低。
对于分别在高压釜内分解和微波辐射两种条件下制得的Fe/C催化剂,当反应温度高于360 oC时,无论是催化剂对CO的转化率,还是催化剂对低碳烃的选择性,利用微波方法制备的催化剂性能都要优于利用高压釜制备的催化剂。催化剂的表征结果表明,微波条件下制备催化剂Fe的存在相态主要以α-Fe2O3为主,且其晶形结构相对较为规整,催化剂颗粒度较小,比表面积较大。而高压釜内分解所得的Fe组分的主要相态以Fe3O4为主,颗粒度较大,比表面积较小。
对于利用微波负载及常规浸渍方法所得到的Co/?-Al2O3催化剂,微波方法制备的催化剂无论是在CO转化率还是在对低碳烃选择性方面,都要优于利用传统浸渍方法制备的催化剂。在利用微波方法制备的Co/?-Al2O3催化剂中加入Mn组分后,加入的Mn组分促使Co3O4分散程度提高,粒径减小,催化剂的比表面积、孔体积及平均孔径都有所减小,致使在所有利用微波方法制备的催化剂中,加入Mn组分的催化剂活性均下降。对该催化剂的表征结果表明:利用微波方法制备的催化剂在制备过程中表面组分会发生破裂,但破裂后的晶形结构依然相对较为规整,且该方法制备的催化剂孔容和平均孔径相对要大,较大的孔径使得形成的产物在孔道内停留时间减少,且其在孔道内产物扩散速度增加,从而有利于低碳烃的生成。
通过对不同方法制备的Co-Fe/ZSM-5催化剂活性的考察,表明利用微波方法浸渍负载所得催化剂的相对于利用传统浸渍方法所得的催化剂具有较高的催化活性、较好的对C1-C4烃的选择性以及催化剂寿命较长等优点。催化剂的表征表明:微波负载所得催化剂的表面酸中心数明显低于传统浸渍方法所得催化剂的表面酸中心数,表面酸中心数的减少能够使反应发生较少的二次反应,从而催化剂的催化活性高于传统浸渍方法所得催化剂的活性。同时,微波方法制备的催化剂在比表面积,孔体积以及平均孔径等参数方面均低于利用传统方法制备的催化剂。
Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) has attracted increasing interest as an important route for indirect coal liquefaction.
This dissertation investigated the influence of different preparation methods of cobalt and/or iron based catalysts for C1-C4 hydrocarbons synthesis, and SiO2,γ-Al2O3, AC and ZSM-5 zeolite (Si/Al =38) (20-40 mesh) were chosen as the supports, respectively. The characterizations as XRD, BET, SEM, and NH3-TPD were utilized to reveal the textural and structural properties, and the surface compositions of the catalysts etc.
As Co-6Mn/SiO2 catalysts,the catalytic performance of the catalysts obtained by microwave were better than by conventional impregnation method while the reaction temperature was higher than 300 oC. The results of XRD, BET and SEM indicated that the dispersion of Co-based catalysts was enhanced with the existence of Mn promoters. At the same time, microwave irradiation leaded to an decrease in catalysts crystallize mean size, and an increase in active components dispersion as well as the formation of active centers.
For the Fe/C catalysts prepared by microwave irradiation gave high C1-C4 yield under the temperatures of 360, 400 oC. The results of XRD and SEM indicated that the larger crystallite size of Fe3O4 formed in the Fe/C catalysts prepared from the decomposed Fe(CO)5 in the autoclave, and for the Fe/C catalysts prepared by microwave irradiation, it was found that a new phaseα-Fe2O3 formed may be attributed to high temperature in the preparation of the catalysts, while the surface area was larger and the crystallite size was small, which induce the activity increase for the Fe/C catalysts prepared by microwave irradiation.
For the Co/?-Al2O3 catalysts, the catalysts prepared by microwave irridiation in the overall catalytic performence were superior to conventional catalyst prepared by impregnation. The results of XRD, BET and SEM indicated that the catalysts prepared by microwave irradiation leaded to a decrease in catalysts crystallize mean size, an increase in pore volume and mean pore diameter, which favored to the formation of C1-C4 hydrocarbons.
For Co-Fe/ZSM-5 catalysts for CO hydrogenation, the Co-Fe/ZSM-5 catalysts prepared by microwave irridiation in the overall catalytic performence were also superior to the catalysts prepared by conventional impregnation. The results of XRD showed that iron exsited as amorpnous phase in Co-Fe/ZSM-5 catalysts. The results of BET showed that the surface area, pore volume and mean pore diameter of the catalysts prepared by microwave irradiation were lower than conventional impregnation. On the other hand, the NH3-TPD results indicated that a lower acidic amount to match the better catalytic performance.
引文
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