甘肃省2005年能、（火用）和广义的（火用）核算
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摘要
本文在简要介绍了(火用)的定义和(火用)的计算方法之后,详细说明了当前比较流行的(火用)分析方法,并重点介绍了在研究能源可持续利用上新出现的(火用)效率和广义(火用)效率计算方法。然后,以甘肃省2005年各产业部门为例,应用(火用)核算方法,计算了甘肃省各个产业部门的能源利用情况。计算结果表明:开采部门的能效率为95.9%,(火用)效率为95.5%,广义(火用)效率为97.8%;农林牧渔业部门的能效率为41.6%,(火用)效率为41.9%,广义(火用)效率为31.2%;能源转化部门的能效率为91.8%,(火用)效率为28.6%,广义(火用)效率为38.9%;工业部门的能效率为33.3%,(火用)效率为31.6%,广义(火用)效率为64.4%;运输业部门的能效率为12.9%,(火用)效率为12.2%,广义(火用)效率为82.4%;第三产业的能效率为35.9%,(火用)效率为35.8%,广义(火用)效率为96.5%;住户部门的能效率为0.1%,(火用)效率为0.2%,广义(火用)效率为291%。
利用(火用)效率和广义(火用)核算的方法对甘肃省进行分析,开采部门,广义(火用)效率最高,主要是由于(火用)值高的能源大量流入。能源转化部门的广义(火用)效率不高,这说明甘肃省还没有充分利用水力资源,水力发电的比例还不够高。农林牧渔业的广义(火用)效率最低,这主要是因为甘肃省农业劳动力过剩,劳动效率不高。运输业部门的广义(火用)效率不是很高,这主要是因为甘肃省的运输主要是陆路运输,提高水路和航空运输有助于提高该部门的(火用)效率。而以制造业为主的工业部门,广义(火用)效率仅为64.4%,主要是因为甘肃省的工业是高耗能行业,设备老化,技术落后。更新设备,引进先进技术,调整产业结构有助于提高该行业的(火用)效率。第三产业的广义(火用)效率为96.5%,这主要是因为甘肃地处西北五省区的中心,批发零售业做了很大的贡献。住户部门消耗了其它部门提供的能源和资源,仅为其它部门提供劳动力,所以广义(火用)的输出就比输入大了很多,而能效率和(火用)效率就接近于零。
通过分析得出,甘肃省各产业部门都有很高的节能潜力,都还存在很大的(火用)效率提升空间,优化产业结构,转移劳动力,引进先进技术和设备势在必行。
After reviewing the definition of exergy and the calculational methods of exergy ,this paper illuminate the exergy analysis in detail ,which is developed and used widely in recent years ,and introduce the calculational methods of the exergy efficiency and the extended-exergy efficiency which used to research the sustainable utilization of energy detailedly. Whereafter ,take each industrial branch of Gansu province in 2005 as an example to illustrate how to apply the exergy analysis to calculate the energy utilization of each industrial branch of Gansu province .The results of the calculation show that the energy efficiency is 95.9%,the exergy efficiency is 95.5%,the extended-exergy efficiency is 97.8% in the extraction sector ; the energy efficiency is 41.6%,the exergy efficiency is 41.9%,the extended-exergy efficiency is 31.2% in the agriculture, forestry ,the fisheries ,and food sector ; the energy efficiency is 91.8%,the exergy efficiency is 28.6%,the extended-exergy efficiency is 38.9% in the conversion sector ; the energy efficiency is 33.3%,the exergy efficiency is 31.6%,the extended-exergy efficiency is 64.4% in the industry sector ; the energy efficiency is 12.9%,the exergy efficiency is 12.2%,the extended-exergy efficiency is 82.4% in the transportation sector ; the energy efficiency is 35.9%,the exergy efficiency is35.8%,the extended-exergy efficiency is 96.5% in the tertiary sector ; the energy efficiency is 0.1%,the exergy efficiency is 0.2%,the extended-exergy efficiency is 291% in the household sector .
Using the exergy efficiency and the extended-exergy analysis to analyze Gansu province,the extended-exergy efficiency is the highest in the extraction sector ,this due to the import of energy with high exergy content . The extended-exergy efficiency is not high in the conversion sector ,this show the waterfall energy has not been made the best of ,the proportion of waterpower is lower . The extended-exergy efficiency is the lowest in the agriculture ,forestry ,the fisheries ,and food sector, this because the agricultural labour force is superfluous in Gansu ,the efficiency of working is low .The extended-exergy efficiency is not higher ,the reason is the transportation in Gansu depended on overland transportation mostly, increasing waterage and aerial transportation can also help to improve the efficiency .But in the manufacturing-industry sector ,the extended-exergy efficiency is only 64.4%,this is because the industry of Gansu is high energy consumption industry ,the mechanical equipments of Gansu is crude with low level technology ,renovate facilities, introduce advanced technology ,adjust the structure of industrial can help to improve this sector's efficiency .The extended-exergy efficiency is 96.5%in the tertiary sector ,this due to Gansu is the center of five province in the northwest ,wholesale retail trade does more contribution .The household sector consume the energy and resource offered by the other sector ,only provide labour force for the other sector ,so the outport is more than the inport extended-exergy ,but the energy efficiency and the exergy efficiency is close to zero .
Through the analysis we can see ,there is more potential of saving energy in each industrial branches ,there is more space of upgrading the exergy efficiency in the sector ,optimize the structure of industrial ,transfer the labour force, introduce advanced technology and facility are imperative under the situation.
利用(火用)效率和广义(火用)核算的方法对甘肃省进行分析,开采部门,广义(火用)效率最高,主要是由于(火用)值高的能源大量流入。能源转化部门的广义(火用)效率不高,这说明甘肃省还没有充分利用水力资源,水力发电的比例还不够高。农林牧渔业的广义(火用)效率最低,这主要是因为甘肃省农业劳动力过剩,劳动效率不高。运输业部门的广义(火用)效率不是很高,这主要是因为甘肃省的运输主要是陆路运输,提高水路和航空运输有助于提高该部门的(火用)效率。而以制造业为主的工业部门,广义(火用)效率仅为64.4%,主要是因为甘肃省的工业是高耗能行业,设备老化,技术落后。更新设备,引进先进技术,调整产业结构有助于提高该行业的(火用)效率。第三产业的广义(火用)效率为96.5%,这主要是因为甘肃地处西北五省区的中心,批发零售业做了很大的贡献。住户部门消耗了其它部门提供的能源和资源,仅为其它部门提供劳动力,所以广义(火用)的输出就比输入大了很多,而能效率和(火用)效率就接近于零。
通过分析得出,甘肃省各产业部门都有很高的节能潜力,都还存在很大的(火用)效率提升空间,优化产业结构,转移劳动力,引进先进技术和设备势在必行。
After reviewing the definition of exergy and the calculational methods of exergy ,this paper illuminate the exergy analysis in detail ,which is developed and used widely in recent years ,and introduce the calculational methods of the exergy efficiency and the extended-exergy efficiency which used to research the sustainable utilization of energy detailedly. Whereafter ,take each industrial branch of Gansu province in 2005 as an example to illustrate how to apply the exergy analysis to calculate the energy utilization of each industrial branch of Gansu province .The results of the calculation show that the energy efficiency is 95.9%,the exergy efficiency is 95.5%,the extended-exergy efficiency is 97.8% in the extraction sector ; the energy efficiency is 41.6%,the exergy efficiency is 41.9%,the extended-exergy efficiency is 31.2% in the agriculture, forestry ,the fisheries ,and food sector ; the energy efficiency is 91.8%,the exergy efficiency is 28.6%,the extended-exergy efficiency is 38.9% in the conversion sector ; the energy efficiency is 33.3%,the exergy efficiency is 31.6%,the extended-exergy efficiency is 64.4% in the industry sector ; the energy efficiency is 12.9%,the exergy efficiency is 12.2%,the extended-exergy efficiency is 82.4% in the transportation sector ; the energy efficiency is 35.9%,the exergy efficiency is35.8%,the extended-exergy efficiency is 96.5% in the tertiary sector ; the energy efficiency is 0.1%,the exergy efficiency is 0.2%,the extended-exergy efficiency is 291% in the household sector .
Using the exergy efficiency and the extended-exergy analysis to analyze Gansu province,the extended-exergy efficiency is the highest in the extraction sector ,this due to the import of energy with high exergy content . The extended-exergy efficiency is not high in the conversion sector ,this show the waterfall energy has not been made the best of ,the proportion of waterpower is lower . The extended-exergy efficiency is the lowest in the agriculture ,forestry ,the fisheries ,and food sector, this because the agricultural labour force is superfluous in Gansu ,the efficiency of working is low .The extended-exergy efficiency is not higher ,the reason is the transportation in Gansu depended on overland transportation mostly, increasing waterage and aerial transportation can also help to improve the efficiency .But in the manufacturing-industry sector ,the extended-exergy efficiency is only 64.4%,this is because the industry of Gansu is high energy consumption industry ,the mechanical equipments of Gansu is crude with low level technology ,renovate facilities, introduce advanced technology ,adjust the structure of industrial can help to improve this sector's efficiency .The extended-exergy efficiency is 96.5%in the tertiary sector ,this due to Gansu is the center of five province in the northwest ,wholesale retail trade does more contribution .The household sector consume the energy and resource offered by the other sector ,only provide labour force for the other sector ,so the outport is more than the inport extended-exergy ,but the energy efficiency and the exergy efficiency is close to zero .
Through the analysis we can see ,there is more potential of saving energy in each industrial branches ,there is more space of upgrading the exergy efficiency in the sector ,optimize the structure of industrial ,transfer the labour force, introduce advanced technology and facility are imperative under the situation.
引文
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[14]中国煤炭加工利用协会[EB/OL| http://www.ccpua.com/NewInfoContent_124154.htm
[15]吴存真,张诗针,孙志坚.热过程分析基础[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2000.
[16]郑宏飞.(火用) 一种新的方法论[M]北京理工大学出版社,2004
[17]朱自强,徐汛.化工热力学(第二版)[M].北京:化学工业出版社,1991.126-127
[18]Wall G.Exergy-a useful concept within resource accounting,Research Report no.77-42 Go teborg,Sweden:Institute of Theoretical Physics,1977.
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[20]冯霄.化工节能原理与技术(第二版)[M].化学工业出版社,2003.53-54
[21]Marc A.Rosen,Ibrahim Dincer.Exergy as the confluence of energy,environment and sustainable development.Exergy,an international Journal.2001(1)3-13
[22]Sciubba E.Beyond thermoeconomics? The concept of extended-exergy accounting and its application to the analysis and design of thermal systems.Exergy Int J 2000;1(2):68-84.
[23]Sciubba E.Cost analysis of energy conversion systems via a novel resource-based quantifier.Energy 2003;28:457-77.
[24]Sciubba E.Extended-exergy accounting applied to energy recovery from waste:the concept of total recycling.Energy 2003;28:1315-34.
[25] Milia D, Sciubba E. Exergy-based lumped simulation of complex systems: an interactive analysis tool. In: Venere P, editor. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Advanced Energy Studies, Italy, 2000, p. 513-23.
[26] Ivar S.Ertesvag. Energy,exergy,and extended-exergy analysis of the Norwegian society 2000.Energy 2005:30 649-657
[27] Yunxia Lei, Xiao Feng and Shuling Min._Parameters optimization of hydrogen production from glucose gasified in supercritical water by equivalent cumulative exergy analysis. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2007:27(13): 2324-2331
[28] Mikhail Granovskii, Ibrahim Dincer and Marc A. Rosen. Exergetic life cycle assessment of hydrogen production from renewables. Journal of Power Sources,2007:167(2.15):461-471
[29]Goran Wall. Exergy conversion in the Swedish society. Resources and Energy. 1987:9(1) 55-73
[30] Wall G. In: Exergy use in the Swedish society. In: TAIES'97, June 10-13, Beijing, China, 1994. p. 1997.
[31] Wall G. Exergy conversion in the Japanese society. Energy 1990;15(5):435-44.
[32] Ertesva°g IS, Mielnik M. Exergy analysis of the Norwegian society. Energy 2000;25:957-73.
[33] Rosen MA. Evaluation of energy utilization efficiency in Canada using energy and exergy analyses. Energy 1992;17(4):339-50.
[34] Schaeffer R, Wirtshafter RM. An exergy analysis of the Brazilian economy: from energy production to final energy use.Energy 1992;17(9):841-55.
[35] An'f I', Gu'rer T. Energy and exergy utilization in Turkey during 1995. Energy 1998;23(12):1099-106.
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