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东北土地资源及畜牧业发展研究
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摘要
东北具有丰富的草地资源和玉米秸秆资源,充分利用这些草地饲草资源和农田玉米秸秆资源,结合豆科牧草,发展“草地-秸秆畜牧业”,促进东北地区畜牧业发展,振兴东北农村经济,同时,减轻草地压力,达到生态保护目的,是本论文的研究目标。
     鉴于此,本研究在准确数量化东北土地资源基础上,对东北地貌格局及其决定的土地利用、东北植被区划及其分布规律、松嫩草地盐碱化及东北畜牧业发展等几个基本问题进行了研究。
     一、东北地貌格局及其决定的土地利用。采用中国东北地区Landsat TM7遥感影像和SRTM高程数据、科尔沁地区1:50万地质图、东北土壤图等数据,应用GIS的水文分析、空间分析方法和遥感影像监督分类方法对东北地区基本地貌类型和土地利用类型信息进行了数量化研究。结果表明,大兴安岭山脊线以东、七老图山山地以北的东北区面积107.27万km~2,分为山地、丘陵、台地、平原四种基本地貌,所占面积比例分别为21.2%、35.6%、16.1%、27.1%。明确了松嫩平原、松辽平原和科尔沁平原的位置及界线和相互关系。土地利用类型被分为林地、草地、耕地、沙地、盐碱荒地、湿地滩涂、水域和建设用地,分别占41.1%、14.0%、33.8%、0.9%、1.5%、4.7%、1.4%和2.8%。最后讨论了土地利用与地貌相关的问题。
     二、东北植被区划及其分布规律。根据综合生态环境要素排序所确定的松辽平原的植被性质、地貌分异、气候区划和土壤区划,对东北植被进行了重新区划,并论述了海拔高度决定的东北植被的垂直分布规律。松嫩平原、辽河平原构成的松辽平原的植被主体为草甸,针茅群落分布于较高地势的二级台地或沙丘上,为草甸植被中不连续分布的沙地植被类型。据此,将松辽平原植被区划为温带落叶阔叶林区域,既将温带草原区东侧界限划定在大兴安岭西侧,北部寒温带针林南部界限和南部暖温带落叶林北部界线不变,分别遵从已有研究结果。东北植被分布具有明显受海拔决定的垂直地带性上的环状分布格局特点。
     三、松嫩平原羊草草地盐碱化过程研究。野外调查及定位研究了松嫩羊草草地盐碱化发生过程,界定了一些含混的概念,论证了土壤干扰裸露假说。松嫩平原未发生干扰的羊草草地土壤表层(0-20cm)以下土壤层(40-50cm)的盐分含量高,本文定义松嫩平原这种状态的羊草草地为土壤盐渍化草地,土壤表层盐分含量增多的过程为松嫩草地盐碱化过程,盐碱化后所形成的草地为盐碱化草地或盐生植物群落,包括原生的盐碱化草地或盐生植物群落。土壤表层盐分增多的主导原因是原初含盐量低的土壤表层被干扰消失、表层以下富含盐分的土层直接裸露成新的地表,包括上下层被干扰混合成新的地表层。表层消失后,深层盐分在新的地表层积累增多,这种积累也表现在其他各层。盐生植物群落是在土壤表层干扰后的裸地上形成,不是盐渍化草地盐碱化过程中逐渐演替发生形成的结果,各盐生植物群落间没有演替序列关系。松嫩平原的羊草草地退化,即盐碱化,是土壤退化在先、植被退化在后,盐生植物侵入并形成群落及后续的演替近乎于原生演替。
     四、东北草食牲畜畜牧业发展途经研究。利用遥感信息,GIS技术分析了东北土地资源,结合统计资料,研究了东北草食牲畜发展的关联要素,并根据粗饲料的主体来源和饲养方式,总结了草食牲畜生产模式。根据植被类型和草地、农田、林地的比例,对草食牲畜生产模式进行了区划。东北草地资源匮乏,草地区草食牲畜发展能力饱和,草食牲畜畜牧业的发展空间和潜力在农区和林区。草地畜牧业区,发展草食牲畜的潜力在于发展高产饲料作物,并提高饲养效率;秸秆畜牧业区、草地-秸秆畜牧业区、林地-秸秆畜牧业区,草食牲畜发展的潜力是充分利用粗饲料资源,发展数量型畜牧业,在此基础上提高出生率、生长率、出栏率、产肉率,发展效益型草食牲畜畜牧业。
     综上所诉,本文明确了东北地貌格局,东北植被分布规律,松嫩平原羊草草地盐碱化过程,东北草食牲畜畜牧业发展途经,为合理利用东北土地资源,保护生态环境,发展畜牧业提供了科学参考。
The Northeast region has advantaged grassland and corn stalks resources, Therefore, thispaper aims to make good use of forage resources and corn stalks in the Northeast with thecombination of legumes to develop “Grass-Straw Livestock husbandry”, promoting thedevelopment of livestock husbandry in the Northeast, revitalizing the rural economy of theNortheast and meanwhile, reducing the pressure on grass to achieve of ecological protection.
     Based on the accurate characterization of land resources in the Northeast, this paperfocuses on utilization of physiognomy-decided land resources, Northeast vegetation,vegetation-decided forage resources, Songnen grassland salinization as well as thedevelopment of livestock husbandry in the Northeast.
     1、Northeast physiognomy pattern and land-use.
     The data of this part came form remote sensing image in the Northeast China LandsatTM7, SRTM elevation, and1:500000geological map of Horqin and Northeast soil map etc.We quantitatively study the information of Northeast basic physiognomy types and land-usetypes by GIS-hydrological analysis, spatial analysis and remote sensing image supervisedclassification. The results showed that Daxinganling ridgeline to the east and qilaotuMountain to the north of the northeast area is1.0727million km~2. This area is divided intomountains, hills, plateaus, plains four basic landforms. The proportion of the share,respectively are21.2%,35.6%,16.1%,27.1%. We also pinned down the relationship betweenthe location and boundaries of Songnen Plain, Songliao Plain and Horqin Plains. Land-usetypes are divided into woodland, grassland, arable land, sand, salinized-wasteland, wetlands,water and construction land, accounting for41.1%,14.0%,33.8%,0.9%,1.5%,4.7%,1.4%,and2.8%. This part also discussed on land use correlation with physiognomy issues.
     2、The Northeast Division and Distribution of Vegetation.
     Songliao Plain vegetation characteristics, physiognomy differentiation, climate zoningand soil divisions identified by sequencing integrated eco-environment factors re-zoned thevegetation of the Northeast and then discussed the vertical distribution of vegetation inNortheast decided by altitude. The main body of Songliao Plain which is constituted bySongnen Plain and Liaohe Plain is meadow vegetation. Stipa communities which are not continuously distributed sand vegetation located in the higher terrain of2Mesa or sand dunes.Thus, Songliao Plain vegetation division belongs to temperate deciduous broad-leaved forestregion which delimit the eastern boundaries of temperate steppe region as the west side ofDaxing'anling, whereas the southern boundary of boreal coniferous in the North and thenorthern boundary of warm temperate deciduous forest in the South remain unchanged andrespectively, which comply with previous study. The distribution of Northeast vegetation wassignificantly affected by the vertical zonal and takes on ring distribution.
     3、The salinization process studies of Leymus chinensis grassland in Songnen Plain
     Field survey and locating could finely study the salinization process of Leymus chinensisgrassland, defining a number of vague concepts, and demonstrating the bare soil disturbancehypothesis. Below the non-interferefering soil surface (0-20cm) of Songnen Plain Leymuschinensis grassland, the soil layer (40-50cm) has high levels of salt. This paper defines suchstate of Leymus chinensis grassland as soil-salinized grassland and the process of increasingsalt in soil surface as salinization. Grassland formed after salinization is calledsalinized-grassland or saline plant communities including native of its kind. The leadingreason of the increase of salinity in the soil surface is that original soil surface with lowsalinity has been disturbed to disappearance making the below salt-rich soil directly expose tothe surface which include upper and lower layers mixed into a new surface layer. With thevanish of the soil surface, deep buried salt accumulated in the newly-formed surface layer.This sort of accumulation can also be readily found in other soil layers. Saline plantcommunities were formed in the bare ground of soil surface endured interference which arenot the outcome of gradual salinization succession happened in the salinized-grassland. Thereis no succession sequencing relationship among different saline plant communities.Salinization is the product of first soil degradation and vegetation degradation in the postfollowed by the invasion of halophytes. The follow-up succession of the halophytes can beregarded as primary succession.
     4、The study of the development always of grazing livestock husbandry from Northeast.
     GIS analyzed land resources in the Northeast by remote sensing information. Statisticaldata helps study the relevant factors of the development of grazing livestock in Northeast. Themain source of roughage and rearing methods summed up the production patterns of grazinglivestock. Vegetation types and proportions of grassland, farmland, and woodland zoned the production patterns of grazing livestock. Grassland resources in Northeast are pinched and thegrazing livestock’s developing-capacity of the region is already saturated. The potential ofgrazing livestock husbandry lies in the forest and agriculture areas and that of grasslandlivestock husbandry area are developing high-yielding forage as well as rearing efficiency.The potential of straw livestock husbandry areas, grass-straw livestock husbandry areas,woodlands-straw livestock husbandry areas are making full use of roughage and developingquantitative livestock husbandry which acts on the basis of improving birth rate, growth rate,slaughter rate and the rate of production of meat.
     To sum up the above argument, this study made clear the northeast morphological pattern,the northeast vegetation distribution, songnen plain grass salinization process, thedevelopment always of grazing livestock husbandry from Northeast, which provide somereference for the rational utilization of land resources of the northeast, and protection theecological environment and the development of animal husbandry.
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