AZ80镁合金负重轮冲击响应特性测试分析
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摘要
构件及材料的动态测试是高性能新型装备研究、抗冲击新材料研发和高速制造技术开发的必要前提和理论基础。镁合金是迄今在工程中应用最轻的金属结构材料，在航空航天、交通运输、武器装备等对结构重量敏感的领域，具有广泛的应用前景和发展潜力。负重轮是应用镁合金作为替代新材料的典型部件，可减轻履带式车辆重量增强其机动性和通行能力，同时能有效吸振提高装甲车辆人机适应性，但这类构件需要有良好的抗冲击性能。因此，系统测试分析镁合金负重轮的冲击响应特性，对镁合金负重轮承载能力评价、结构设计优化、材料选择改进以及推动其应用具有重要的意义。
在构建的自由式Hopkinson压杆测试系统上，对从AZ80镁合金负重轮切取的长细杆，测试了其弹性应力波传播及应力幅值衰减规律，分析了镁合金冲击作用下的阻尼性能。研究表明应力波在AZ80合金杆中传播时，应力波幅值随子弹速度增加而增大，随传播距离的增加明显减小；不同位置处的应力波幅值差值随子弹速度增加而增大，但不受子弹长度和形状的影响。测试范围内，AZ80合金的应力衰减系数在2.79～5.91m-1，应力幅值减小13～27%。对应力-时间曲线的傅立叶转换结果表明，幅值谱在1～4Hz频段出现幅值峰且急剧下降的现象，表明AZ80合金负重轮减振性能的最佳频率为1～4Hz。借助G-L位错钉扎理论模型分析表明，由于存在大量的弱钉钉扎位错，AZ80镁合金表现出良好的阻尼性能。
借助构建的分离式Hopkinson压杆试验系统，测试分析了挤压成形的AZ80合金负重轮（沿与幅板径向成0°、45°、和90°方向）、ZK60合金挤压棒材以及AZ31合金铸棒的动态力学性能，应变速率范围在800s-1至3000s-1之间，并与准静态下的力学行为进行了比较。AZ80、ZK60、AZ31合金均表现出正的应变速率效应，AZ80合金0°、45°、和90°方向的应变率敏感系数分别为0.00669、0.03189、0.03004。随应变率的提高，断裂强度（最大应力）呈逐步递增的趋势，受加载方向影响较大，而断裂应变（最大应变）呈突增的趋势，基本不受加载方向影响。从0.001s-1至3000s-1，三个方向断裂强度平均提高51.4%，断裂应变平均提高124.6%。以Johnson-Cook本构方程为基础，分别建立了AZ80合金三个方向的本构模型。
采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜等手段，开展了AZ80合金负重轮微观组织测试技术研究，探讨了镁合金动态冲击下的微观变形机制、应变速率敏感性及断裂机制。结果表明：高应变率下的微观变形机制与加载方向密切相关，90°、45°和0°方向的塑性变形机制分别为以拉伸孪生加位错滑移、基面滑移及锥面滑移为主，同时伴随着动态再结晶。随着镁合金中合金含量的增加，孪晶所占的面积百分数不断的减少，孪生在塑性变形中所起到的作用降低。不同压缩方向的局域化变形机制与加载方向密切相关，0°方向形成了由孪晶组成的变形局域化区域，其它两个方向的局域化变形不明显；AZ80合金负重轮的断裂机制基本以脆性断裂为主，随加载应变率的增加塑性有所改善。
Dynamic testing on components and materials is necessary precondition and theoreticalbasis for R&D of new equipment with high performance, anti impact new materials and highspeed manufacturing technology. Magnesium alloy is the lightest metal structural materials inengineering applications. There are good application prospects in the fields such as aerospace,transportation and weapon equipment. The magnesium alloy loading wheel can enhancemobility and capacity of the armored vehicle by weight reduction and improve theadaptability because of excellent shock absorbing performance. Therefore, it is necessary totest and analyze the dynamic response characteristics of magnesium alloy loading wheels inorder to optimize structure design, improve material to and promote its application.
The stress wave propagation characteristics and shock damping of AZ80alloy weretested and analyzed on the freestyle Hopkinson pressure bar. The results show that the stressamplitude increases with bullet speed increasing and decreases obviously with thepropagation distance increasing. While the difference value of the stress amplitude increaseswith the bullets velocity increasing, this is not affected by the length and shape of the bullet.Within the testing range, the stress attenuation coefficient of AZ80alloy was between2.79m-1and5.91m-1and stress amplitude decreases by13～27%. The results of Fouriertransformation of stress-time curve show that the peak of amplitude appears and then declinessharply in the1～4Hz frequency band, which indicates that the optimal frequency of dampingproperties of AZ80alloy wheel is1～4Hz. The AZ80alloy wheel behaves good dampingproperties due to the presence of a large number of weak pinning dislocations according to theG-L dislocation pinning theoretical model.
The dynamic mechanical response of AZ80loading wheel (along with the direction ofthe radial direction of plate into0°,45°, and90°), ZK60bar extruded and AZ31castingsamples were tested and analyzed on the split Hopkinson pressure bar. The range of strain rate in this experiment is about800s-1～3000s-1. The dynamic mechanical behaviors werecompared with the quasi-static mechanical behavior. These three kinds of alloy exhibitpositive effect of strain rate. The strain rate sensitivity coefficient of AZ80alloy at0°,45°,and90°directions is0.00669、0.03189and0.03004respectively. With the increasing of strainrate, the maximum stress shows a trend of gradual increasing, which is greatly affected bycompression direction. The maximum strain behaves a trend of suddenly increasing, which isnot affected by the compression direction. For three direction from10-3s-1to3×10-3s-1,themaximum stress increased an average of51.4%and the maximum strain increased an averageof124.6%. On the basis of Johnson-Cook constitutive equation, constitutive model of AZ80alloy at three directions were established.
Microstructures and fracture morphology of the samples after testing were analyzed bymeans of the optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy etc. The deformationmechanism, the strain rate sensitivity and fracture mechanism of magnesium alloy under thedynamic impact were discussed. The results show that the deformation mechanism of AZ80alloy under high strain rate is closely related to the loading direction. The plastic deformationmechanism of different directions (90°,45°and0°) is given priority to tensile twin dislocationglide, basal slip and cone slip respectively, accompanied by dynamic recrystallization. Withthe increase of alloy content in magnesium alloy, the area percentages of the twin reducecontinuously, and the role of twin playing in the plastic deformation reduce. Localizeddeformation mechanism of different compression directions is closely related to the loadingdirections. The sample of0°direction formed a deformation localization area consisted oftwin, and the localized deformation of the other two directions is not obvious. Fracturemechanism of AZ80magnesium alloy is the brittle fracture basically. The plasticity improvedwith the increasing of the strain rate.
在构建的自由式Hopkinson压杆测试系统上，对从AZ80镁合金负重轮切取的长细杆，测试了其弹性应力波传播及应力幅值衰减规律，分析了镁合金冲击作用下的阻尼性能。研究表明应力波在AZ80合金杆中传播时，应力波幅值随子弹速度增加而增大，随传播距离的增加明显减小；不同位置处的应力波幅值差值随子弹速度增加而增大，但不受子弹长度和形状的影响。测试范围内，AZ80合金的应力衰减系数在2.79～5.91m-1，应力幅值减小13～27%。对应力-时间曲线的傅立叶转换结果表明，幅值谱在1～4Hz频段出现幅值峰且急剧下降的现象，表明AZ80合金负重轮减振性能的最佳频率为1～4Hz。借助G-L位错钉扎理论模型分析表明，由于存在大量的弱钉钉扎位错，AZ80镁合金表现出良好的阻尼性能。
借助构建的分离式Hopkinson压杆试验系统，测试分析了挤压成形的AZ80合金负重轮（沿与幅板径向成0°、45°、和90°方向）、ZK60合金挤压棒材以及AZ31合金铸棒的动态力学性能，应变速率范围在800s-1至3000s-1之间，并与准静态下的力学行为进行了比较。AZ80、ZK60、AZ31合金均表现出正的应变速率效应，AZ80合金0°、45°、和90°方向的应变率敏感系数分别为0.00669、0.03189、0.03004。随应变率的提高，断裂强度（最大应力）呈逐步递增的趋势，受加载方向影响较大，而断裂应变（最大应变）呈突增的趋势，基本不受加载方向影响。从0.001s-1至3000s-1，三个方向断裂强度平均提高51.4%，断裂应变平均提高124.6%。以Johnson-Cook本构方程为基础，分别建立了AZ80合金三个方向的本构模型。
采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜等手段，开展了AZ80合金负重轮微观组织测试技术研究，探讨了镁合金动态冲击下的微观变形机制、应变速率敏感性及断裂机制。结果表明：高应变率下的微观变形机制与加载方向密切相关，90°、45°和0°方向的塑性变形机制分别为以拉伸孪生加位错滑移、基面滑移及锥面滑移为主，同时伴随着动态再结晶。随着镁合金中合金含量的增加，孪晶所占的面积百分数不断的减少，孪生在塑性变形中所起到的作用降低。不同压缩方向的局域化变形机制与加载方向密切相关，0°方向形成了由孪晶组成的变形局域化区域，其它两个方向的局域化变形不明显；AZ80合金负重轮的断裂机制基本以脆性断裂为主，随加载应变率的增加塑性有所改善。
Dynamic testing on components and materials is necessary precondition and theoreticalbasis for R&D of new equipment with high performance, anti impact new materials and highspeed manufacturing technology. Magnesium alloy is the lightest metal structural materials inengineering applications. There are good application prospects in the fields such as aerospace,transportation and weapon equipment. The magnesium alloy loading wheel can enhancemobility and capacity of the armored vehicle by weight reduction and improve theadaptability because of excellent shock absorbing performance. Therefore, it is necessary totest and analyze the dynamic response characteristics of magnesium alloy loading wheels inorder to optimize structure design, improve material to and promote its application.
The stress wave propagation characteristics and shock damping of AZ80alloy weretested and analyzed on the freestyle Hopkinson pressure bar. The results show that the stressamplitude increases with bullet speed increasing and decreases obviously with thepropagation distance increasing. While the difference value of the stress amplitude increaseswith the bullets velocity increasing, this is not affected by the length and shape of the bullet.Within the testing range, the stress attenuation coefficient of AZ80alloy was between2.79m-1and5.91m-1and stress amplitude decreases by13～27%. The results of Fouriertransformation of stress-time curve show that the peak of amplitude appears and then declinessharply in the1～4Hz frequency band, which indicates that the optimal frequency of dampingproperties of AZ80alloy wheel is1～4Hz. The AZ80alloy wheel behaves good dampingproperties due to the presence of a large number of weak pinning dislocations according to theG-L dislocation pinning theoretical model.
The dynamic mechanical response of AZ80loading wheel (along with the direction ofthe radial direction of plate into0°,45°, and90°), ZK60bar extruded and AZ31castingsamples were tested and analyzed on the split Hopkinson pressure bar. The range of strain rate in this experiment is about800s-1～3000s-1. The dynamic mechanical behaviors werecompared with the quasi-static mechanical behavior. These three kinds of alloy exhibitpositive effect of strain rate. The strain rate sensitivity coefficient of AZ80alloy at0°,45°,and90°directions is0.00669、0.03189and0.03004respectively. With the increasing of strainrate, the maximum stress shows a trend of gradual increasing, which is greatly affected bycompression direction. The maximum strain behaves a trend of suddenly increasing, which isnot affected by the compression direction. For three direction from10-3s-1to3×10-3s-1,themaximum stress increased an average of51.4%and the maximum strain increased an averageof124.6%. On the basis of Johnson-Cook constitutive equation, constitutive model of AZ80alloy at three directions were established.
Microstructures and fracture morphology of the samples after testing were analyzed bymeans of the optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy etc. The deformationmechanism, the strain rate sensitivity and fracture mechanism of magnesium alloy under thedynamic impact were discussed. The results show that the deformation mechanism of AZ80alloy under high strain rate is closely related to the loading direction. The plastic deformationmechanism of different directions (90°,45°and0°) is given priority to tensile twin dislocationglide, basal slip and cone slip respectively, accompanied by dynamic recrystallization. Withthe increase of alloy content in magnesium alloy, the area percentages of the twin reducecontinuously, and the role of twin playing in the plastic deformation reduce. Localizeddeformation mechanism of different compression directions is closely related to the loadingdirections. The sample of0°direction formed a deformation localization area consisted oftwin, and the localized deformation of the other two directions is not obvious. Fracturemechanism of AZ80magnesium alloy is the brittle fracture basically. The plasticity improvedwith the increasing of the strain rate.
引文
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