基于遗传算法的可再用逆向物流网络规划研究
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摘要
随着国民经济的发展，越来越多的企业已经认识到物流管理的重要性，把物流管理提到一个较高的层次，甚至作为企业的核心能力来设计。然而，企业关注的物流管理大多是正向物流的管理，而在物流中还存在着逆向物流。
20世纪80年代，逆向物流一词才在国外的杂志出现。90年代初期，随着政府和顾客环保意识的增强以及绿色物流的提出，逆向物流开始逐步引起国外一些发达国家的重视。虽然我国对正向物流的关注呈现出白热化的状态，但对逆向物流方面的研究还甚少。伴随着经济全球化的发展，我国企业要与国际接轨，建立逆向物流网络已势在必行，而逆向物流网络有很多种，本文对其中的一种—可再用逆向物流网络进行研究。
本文首先介绍了逆向物流的产生、定义及逆向物流与正向物流的区别，并分析了逆向物流网络的构建环境、构建原则和几种常见的逆向物流网络，在此基础上，介绍了本文要进行研究的可再用逆向物流网络及其设计步骤。
由于可再用逆向物流网络设计的复杂性，本文选用遗传算法进行求解。根据研究的实际情况，本文在介绍遗传算法的思想、基本操作和工作流程的同时，对遗传算法做出了两点改进：通过引入改进罚函数法，既限制了遗传算法迭代初期过早收敛，又避免了迭代后期搜索的随机性；通过设计自适应交叉率，既增强了遗传算法迭代初期的搜索能力，又加快了迭代后期的收敛速度。
本文的核心是对可再用逆向物流网络进行规划。在对可再用逆向物流网络以及遗传算法进行分析的基础上，通过考虑各节点之间的运输费用以及各处理厂的初始投资和运营成本等因素，建立了可再用逆向物流网络规划的模型；然后借助改进的遗传算法，对已建的模型进行分析求解，并运用C++语言编写了具体的求解的程序。
为了验证模型的实用性，本文引入了诸城酒业股份有限公司的案例。通过分析公司的现状，指出公司目前酒瓶回收网络存在的问题；然后根据建立的模型，重新规划了诸城酒业股份有限公司的酒瓶回收网络。结果表明：重新规划后的网络不仅减少了物流成本，而且大大提高了物流效率。
最后对全文进行了总结，并提出了可再用逆向物流网络未来的研究展望。
With the development of economy in our country, more and more companies have known the importance of logistics management. They pay more attention to logistics management, even take it as the company's core capacity. However, most companies only attach importance to forward logistics, reverse logistics is often ignored.
In 1980s, the word of "reverse logistics" appeared in an oversea journal. In the early of 1990s, reverse logistics began to be widely concerned by some developed countries as the government and consumers were more attached importance to environment. China has paid more attention to forward logistics, but there is little concern about reverse logistics. As the development of economic globalization, Chinese companies will be confronted with fierce competition. It is necessary for Chinese companies to set up the product recovery and re-use network. This network has many types, the dissertation mainly researches re-use reverse logistics network.
At first, the dissertation introduces the definition of reverse logistics and the difference between reverse logistics and forward logistics; and then analyzes the method, principle of network programming and several reverse logistics network structures; on this basis, the re-use reverse logistics network is described in detail.
Because of the complication of re-use reverse logistics network, the dissertation chooses Genetic Algorithm to resolve this problem. It introduces the idea, operation and process of Genetic Algorithm, then according to the practical situation, the author changes some parameters in Genetic Algorithm, including penalty function and fitness rate, which not only restrict the maturation of this method and increase searching ability during earlier generation, but also avoid the random situation and increase maturing speed during later generation.
The most important part of this dissertation is how to design re-use reverse logistics network. On the basis of accounting for transportation cost, original investment and operating cost, the author designs the model of re-use reverse logistics network programming, C++ language is also used to design program of Genetic Algorithm to settle this problem.
In order to check the practicality of this model, the dissertation puts the solution into the case of Zhucheng Brewing Company Limited. Through analyzing the bottle recovery network of company, the problems in present network are found, and then according to
20世纪80年代，逆向物流一词才在国外的杂志出现。90年代初期，随着政府和顾客环保意识的增强以及绿色物流的提出，逆向物流开始逐步引起国外一些发达国家的重视。虽然我国对正向物流的关注呈现出白热化的状态，但对逆向物流方面的研究还甚少。伴随着经济全球化的发展，我国企业要与国际接轨，建立逆向物流网络已势在必行，而逆向物流网络有很多种，本文对其中的一种—可再用逆向物流网络进行研究。
本文首先介绍了逆向物流的产生、定义及逆向物流与正向物流的区别，并分析了逆向物流网络的构建环境、构建原则和几种常见的逆向物流网络，在此基础上，介绍了本文要进行研究的可再用逆向物流网络及其设计步骤。
由于可再用逆向物流网络设计的复杂性，本文选用遗传算法进行求解。根据研究的实际情况，本文在介绍遗传算法的思想、基本操作和工作流程的同时，对遗传算法做出了两点改进：通过引入改进罚函数法，既限制了遗传算法迭代初期过早收敛，又避免了迭代后期搜索的随机性；通过设计自适应交叉率，既增强了遗传算法迭代初期的搜索能力，又加快了迭代后期的收敛速度。
本文的核心是对可再用逆向物流网络进行规划。在对可再用逆向物流网络以及遗传算法进行分析的基础上，通过考虑各节点之间的运输费用以及各处理厂的初始投资和运营成本等因素，建立了可再用逆向物流网络规划的模型；然后借助改进的遗传算法，对已建的模型进行分析求解，并运用C++语言编写了具体的求解的程序。
为了验证模型的实用性，本文引入了诸城酒业股份有限公司的案例。通过分析公司的现状，指出公司目前酒瓶回收网络存在的问题；然后根据建立的模型，重新规划了诸城酒业股份有限公司的酒瓶回收网络。结果表明：重新规划后的网络不仅减少了物流成本，而且大大提高了物流效率。
最后对全文进行了总结，并提出了可再用逆向物流网络未来的研究展望。
With the development of economy in our country, more and more companies have known the importance of logistics management. They pay more attention to logistics management, even take it as the company's core capacity. However, most companies only attach importance to forward logistics, reverse logistics is often ignored.
In 1980s, the word of "reverse logistics" appeared in an oversea journal. In the early of 1990s, reverse logistics began to be widely concerned by some developed countries as the government and consumers were more attached importance to environment. China has paid more attention to forward logistics, but there is little concern about reverse logistics. As the development of economic globalization, Chinese companies will be confronted with fierce competition. It is necessary for Chinese companies to set up the product recovery and re-use network. This network has many types, the dissertation mainly researches re-use reverse logistics network.
At first, the dissertation introduces the definition of reverse logistics and the difference between reverse logistics and forward logistics; and then analyzes the method, principle of network programming and several reverse logistics network structures; on this basis, the re-use reverse logistics network is described in detail.
Because of the complication of re-use reverse logistics network, the dissertation chooses Genetic Algorithm to resolve this problem. It introduces the idea, operation and process of Genetic Algorithm, then according to the practical situation, the author changes some parameters in Genetic Algorithm, including penalty function and fitness rate, which not only restrict the maturation of this method and increase searching ability during earlier generation, but also avoid the random situation and increase maturing speed during later generation.
The most important part of this dissertation is how to design re-use reverse logistics network. On the basis of accounting for transportation cost, original investment and operating cost, the author designs the model of re-use reverse logistics network programming, C++ language is also used to design program of Genetic Algorithm to settle this problem.
In order to check the practicality of this model, the dissertation puts the solution into the case of Zhucheng Brewing Company Limited. Through analyzing the bottle recovery network of company, the problems in present network are found, and then according to
引文
[1] Stock J R. Reverse Logistics. Oak Brook IL: Council of Logistics Management, 1992
[2] Kopicki R. Reuse and Recycling—Reverse Logistics Opportunities. Oak Brook IL: Council of Logistics Management, 1993
[3] Rogers and Tibben Lembke. Going Backwards: Reverse Logistics Trends and Practice [M].Nevada Reno: Reverse Logistics Executive Council, 1999
[4] Guiltinan J P, Nwokoye N G, Developing distribution channels and systems in the emerging recycling industries [J].International Journal of physical Distribution, 1995.6
[5] De Brito MP, Dekker R. Reverse Logistics-a framework [J].Econometric Institute Report EI 2002, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands.2002.
[6] Markus Biehl, Edmund Prater Assessing performance and uncertainty in developing carpet, reverse logistics systems [J].Computers & Operations Research, 2005.3
[7] Kris Lieckens, Nico Vandaele Reverse logistics network design with stochastic lead times [J].Computers & Operations Research, 2005.4
[8] Berger T, Debaillie Location of disassembly centers for reuse to extend an existing distribution network [D].Unpublished Masters Thesis, University of Leuven, 1997.
[9] Ovidiu Liste, Rommert Dekker A stochastic approach to a case study for product recovery network design [J].European Journal of Operational Research 2004.12
[10] Krikke H R, van HartenA, Schuur P C Business case: Reverse logistic network redesign for copiers [J] OR Spektrun, 1999
[11] FleischmannM, Krikke H R, DekkerR, Flapper S D P. A Characterization of Logistics Networks for product Recovery [J].Omega, 2000.
[12] 李忠全《逆向物流系统的回收再利用网络规划研究》上海海事大学 硕士学位论文 2005．6
[13] 杨柳 《供应链中配送中心选址方法研究》上海海运学院 硕士学位论文 2004．6
[14] 官东 《基于遗传算法的物流配送优化研究》湖南大学 硕士学位论文 2003．10
[15] 黎钧琪《改进遗传算法及其在物流配送中心选址优化的应用》武汉理工大学 硕士学位论文 2003．3
[16] 益宇明 《基于逆向物流的库存控制研究》上海海运学院 硕士学位论文 2004．1
[17] 曾强银，王加亮《逆向物流回收模式研究》南京审计学院学报 2005．1 76-78
[18] 朱道立，崔益明，陈妹妮《逆向物流系统和技术》复旦学报(自然科学版) 2003．10 673-679
[19] 冷杰，熊寿刚《再制造逆向物流网络选址模型研究》物流技术 2005．5 36-38
[20] 黄芳，李宗平《可再用运输包装容器的逆向物流网络优化设计》物流技术 2005．4 44-46
[21] 马祖军，代颖，张殿业《再制造逆向物流网络优化设计模型研究》交通运输工程与信息学报 2004．6 53-58
[22] 赵宜《集装器具回收再利用物流系统设计》综合运输 2004．6 26-28
[23] 曾凡婷，孙蛟《正向物流、逆向物流与环保物流》物流科技 2004．3 36-39
[24] 储洪胜，宋士吉《反向物流及再制造技术的研究现状和发展趋势》计算机集成制造系统 2004．1 10-13
[25] 胡继灵，方青《供应链的逆向物流管理》物流技术 2004．1 47-49
[26] 邓云霞《企业逆向物流实施障碍及决策流程分析》水运管理 2004．02 4-6
[27] 张琦伟《我国制造型企业逆向物流的回收再利用渠道初探》经济师 2004．8 32-35
[28] 徐剑《废旧电子产品回收网络研究》物流科技2005．1 56-59
[29] 柳键《供应链的逆向物流》商业经济与管理2002．6 11-13
[30] 胡敬锋，邓坤《可直接再利用物品回收模型的构建》商场现代化 2005．1 58-59
[31] 马祖军，代颖，张殿业《逆向物流网络结构与设计》物流技术2004．4 12-14
[32] 达庆利，黄祖庆，张钦《逆向物流系统结构研究的现状及展望》 中国管理科学2004．2 131-137
[33] 姚卫新 《再制造条件下逆向物流回收再利用模式的研究》 管理科学 2004 2 41-45
[34] 王荣，吴春旭《国内反向物流的过程模型分析》科技进步与对策 2005．1 113-115
[35] 霍红《配送中心选址问题的研究》物流技术 2004．2 50-52
[36] 王战权，杨东援，汪超《配送中心选址的遗传算法研究》物流技术 2005．3 11-14
[37] 姜大力，杨西龙《易腐物品配送中心连续选址模型及其遗传算法》系统工程2003．2 62-67
[38] 袁慧梅《具有自适应交换率和变异率的遗传算法》首都师范大学学报2000．3 14-19
[39] M．Grazia speranza，Paul Stahly 著 张耀，王明志，黄艾舟 译《配送物流新趋势》清华大学出版社2003．6
[40] 高自友，孙会君《现代物流与交通运输系统》人民交通出版社 2003．5
[41] 蔡临宁《物流系统规划—建模及实例分析》机械工业出版社 2003．5
[42] 张新颖，郑明 《回收物流》中国物资出版社 2003．7
[43] Ronald H．Ballou 著 王晓东，胡瑞娟 译《企业物流管理》机械工业出版社2003．3『
[44] 王小平，曹立明 《遗传算法——理论、应用与软件实现》西安交通大学出版社 2003．4
[45] 李敏强《遗传算法的基本理论与应用》科学出版社，2002．10
[46] 邹辉霞，荆海霞《基于供应链的逆向物流管理》中国流通经济 2003．7 19-21
[47] 赵会君《逆向物流》 中国物流与采购 2003．18 26-29
[48] 周耿《逆向物流浅析》管理百科 2003．12 24-26
[49] 糜仲春、苗缅云《废旧家电回收再利用的反向物流系统模型研究》科技进步与对策 2003．10 21-24
[50] 《逆向物流的现状及发展趋势》www.e-works.net.cn 2004．1
[51] 《浅谈逆向物流的控制》www.itpub.net 2004．6
[52] 《三“W”——逆向物流的操作秘诀》www.jx.cn 2004．7
[53] 《物流管理中容易遗忘的一环——逆向物流》www.myhard.com 2003．1
[54] 《循环物流系统的结构和优化策略》www.al156.com 2004．9
[2] Kopicki R. Reuse and Recycling—Reverse Logistics Opportunities. Oak Brook IL: Council of Logistics Management, 1993
[3] Rogers and Tibben Lembke. Going Backwards: Reverse Logistics Trends and Practice [M].Nevada Reno: Reverse Logistics Executive Council, 1999
[4] Guiltinan J P, Nwokoye N G, Developing distribution channels and systems in the emerging recycling industries [J].International Journal of physical Distribution, 1995.6
[5] De Brito MP, Dekker R. Reverse Logistics-a framework [J].Econometric Institute Report EI 2002, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands.2002.
[6] Markus Biehl, Edmund Prater Assessing performance and uncertainty in developing carpet, reverse logistics systems [J].Computers & Operations Research, 2005.3
[7] Kris Lieckens, Nico Vandaele Reverse logistics network design with stochastic lead times [J].Computers & Operations Research, 2005.4
[8] Berger T, Debaillie Location of disassembly centers for reuse to extend an existing distribution network [D].Unpublished Masters Thesis, University of Leuven, 1997.
[9] Ovidiu Liste, Rommert Dekker A stochastic approach to a case study for product recovery network design [J].European Journal of Operational Research 2004.12
[10] Krikke H R, van HartenA, Schuur P C Business case: Reverse logistic network redesign for copiers [J] OR Spektrun, 1999
[11] FleischmannM, Krikke H R, DekkerR, Flapper S D P. A Characterization of Logistics Networks for product Recovery [J].Omega, 2000.
[12] 李忠全《逆向物流系统的回收再利用网络规划研究》上海海事大学 硕士学位论文 2005．6
[13] 杨柳 《供应链中配送中心选址方法研究》上海海运学院 硕士学位论文 2004．6
[14] 官东 《基于遗传算法的物流配送优化研究》湖南大学 硕士学位论文 2003．10
[15] 黎钧琪《改进遗传算法及其在物流配送中心选址优化的应用》武汉理工大学 硕士学位论文 2003．3
[16] 益宇明 《基于逆向物流的库存控制研究》上海海运学院 硕士学位论文 2004．1
[17] 曾强银，王加亮《逆向物流回收模式研究》南京审计学院学报 2005．1 76-78
[18] 朱道立，崔益明，陈妹妮《逆向物流系统和技术》复旦学报(自然科学版) 2003．10 673-679
[19] 冷杰，熊寿刚《再制造逆向物流网络选址模型研究》物流技术 2005．5 36-38
[20] 黄芳，李宗平《可再用运输包装容器的逆向物流网络优化设计》物流技术 2005．4 44-46
[21] 马祖军，代颖，张殿业《再制造逆向物流网络优化设计模型研究》交通运输工程与信息学报 2004．6 53-58
[22] 赵宜《集装器具回收再利用物流系统设计》综合运输 2004．6 26-28
[23] 曾凡婷，孙蛟《正向物流、逆向物流与环保物流》物流科技 2004．3 36-39
[24] 储洪胜，宋士吉《反向物流及再制造技术的研究现状和发展趋势》计算机集成制造系统 2004．1 10-13
[25] 胡继灵，方青《供应链的逆向物流管理》物流技术 2004．1 47-49
[26] 邓云霞《企业逆向物流实施障碍及决策流程分析》水运管理 2004．02 4-6
[27] 张琦伟《我国制造型企业逆向物流的回收再利用渠道初探》经济师 2004．8 32-35
[28] 徐剑《废旧电子产品回收网络研究》物流科技2005．1 56-59
[29] 柳键《供应链的逆向物流》商业经济与管理2002．6 11-13
[30] 胡敬锋，邓坤《可直接再利用物品回收模型的构建》商场现代化 2005．1 58-59
[31] 马祖军，代颖，张殿业《逆向物流网络结构与设计》物流技术2004．4 12-14
[32] 达庆利，黄祖庆，张钦《逆向物流系统结构研究的现状及展望》 中国管理科学2004．2 131-137
[33] 姚卫新 《再制造条件下逆向物流回收再利用模式的研究》 管理科学 2004 2 41-45
[34] 王荣，吴春旭《国内反向物流的过程模型分析》科技进步与对策 2005．1 113-115
[35] 霍红《配送中心选址问题的研究》物流技术 2004．2 50-52
[36] 王战权，杨东援，汪超《配送中心选址的遗传算法研究》物流技术 2005．3 11-14
[37] 姜大力，杨西龙《易腐物品配送中心连续选址模型及其遗传算法》系统工程2003．2 62-67
[38] 袁慧梅《具有自适应交换率和变异率的遗传算法》首都师范大学学报2000．3 14-19
[39] M．Grazia speranza，Paul Stahly 著 张耀，王明志，黄艾舟 译《配送物流新趋势》清华大学出版社2003．6
[40] 高自友，孙会君《现代物流与交通运输系统》人民交通出版社 2003．5
[41] 蔡临宁《物流系统规划—建模及实例分析》机械工业出版社 2003．5
[42] 张新颖，郑明 《回收物流》中国物资出版社 2003．7
[43] Ronald H．Ballou 著 王晓东，胡瑞娟 译《企业物流管理》机械工业出版社2003．3『
[44] 王小平，曹立明 《遗传算法——理论、应用与软件实现》西安交通大学出版社 2003．4
[45] 李敏强《遗传算法的基本理论与应用》科学出版社，2002．10
[46] 邹辉霞，荆海霞《基于供应链的逆向物流管理》中国流通经济 2003．7 19-21
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