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青藏高原聂荣微陆块构造演化
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摘要
聂荣微陆块处于羌南-保山板块与冈底斯板块的结合部位,是藏北地区唯一大范围出露结晶基底的构造块体,是认识和研究青藏高原早期形成与演化的重要窗口。虽然有关微陆块的构造属性及前寒武纪聂荣岩群的认识经历了较漫长的过程,但随着研究的深入,微陆块上出露的基底正片麻岩的原岩是一套变质变形的新元古代及寒武纪古老花岗岩基这一地质事实已被越来越多的研究所证实。目前关于微陆块基底岩石的研究程度仍然较低,对基底岩石获得的同位素年龄数据尚缺乏统一的认识,尤其缺乏对其岩石成因方面的研究。为更好认识微陆块上泛非-早古生代构造热事件并约束其构造演化,本论文通过对聂荣微陆块上岩浆活动的岩石学、同位素年代学、地球化学研究,分析探讨了聂荣微陆块上的基底的成因及形成的构造环境,并结合已有的研究资料和成果讨论了聂荣微陆块从新元古代到中生代各个演化阶段的基本特征,为探讨聂荣微陆块的构造演化提供了年代学和地球化学制约,也为探讨青藏高原的早期形成与演化提供了重要依据。
     本文对聂荣微陆块广泛出露的聂荣片麻岩进行了锆石U-Pb定年研究。片麻岩的野外产状、矿物组成、结构构造以及全岩地球化学特征研究表明,本文的片麻岩样品的原岩均为中酸性侵入岩,锆石的微量元素示踪、成因分析表明锆石具有典型岩浆锆石的特征。3件样品的年龄集中在817Ma~842Ma,为新元古代;6件样品的年龄集中在517Ma~488Ma,为寒武纪;目前微陆块上已有大量的中生代岩浆活动年龄信息,集中在185~170Ma。结合已有年代学研究,建立了聂荣微陆块构造-岩浆演化的年代学格架,将微陆块上的岩浆活动主要分为新元古代、寒武纪、中生代三个演化阶段。
     地球化学研究表明,新元古代片麻岩成分上属于亚碱性准铝质-过铝质的闪长岩类和花岗闪长岩类,总体具有低硅、高铝、贫碱的特征,富集轻稀土元素,轻重稀土分馏较为显著,Eu负异常,强烈亏损Sr,Nb和Ta相对于La亏损。本文认为该期岩浆活动是罗迪尼亚超大陆裂解初期伸展背景下的产物。寒武纪片麻岩成分上属于亚碱性过铝质花岗岩或花岗闪长岩,原岩成因类型属于分异的I型花岗岩,富集轻稀土元素,轻、重稀土元素的分馏程度强,强烈亏损高场强元素,原岩具有火山弧花岗岩的特点,本文认为可能是环冈瓦纳边缘安第斯型造山运动的产物。
     对聂荣微陆块中的高压麻粒岩锆石U-Pb定年研究发现,高压麻粒岩中的锆石有两类,第一类是具有核-边结构的继承锆石,核部(岩浆锆石)的U-Pb年龄为541±8Ma~834±11Ma;第二类是变质新生锆石,U-Pb谐和年龄为179±2Ma。研究表明麻粒岩的原岩经历了晚元古代-早古生代造山作用,并于早-中侏罗世发生了峰期高压变质作用改造。本文也对基底正片麻岩类和侏罗纪花岗岩进行了40Ar-39Ar定年研究,坪年龄集中在166~176Ma,代表了基底片麻岩最终变形和侏罗纪岩浆的冷确时代。
     结合聂荣微陆块上已取得的研究资料,本文将聂荣微陆块与全球性超大陆事件进行了耦合研究,认为聂荣微陆块在810~910Ma与扬子板块可能更具亲缘性,新元古代岩浆事件是罗迪尼亚超大陆裂解初期伸展背景下的产物。随着罗迪尼亚超大陆的裂解,聂荣微陆块很可能从扬子板块的边缘裂解游离出来,到寒武纪初汇聚到冈瓦纳大陆北缘。在寒武纪初期受到了泛非运动的影响,随着微陆块向印度大陆北缘的持续汇聚造成了寒武纪I型花岗岩的侵位,奥陶纪早期微陆块的结晶基底最终形成。寒武纪末期的构造运动对聂荣微陆块的影响可能一直持续到二叠纪,在超过200Ma的地质历史时期,聂荣微陆块异常隆起而缺乏古生代的沉积。聂荣微陆块上古老的基底岩石在侏罗纪早期强烈的构造变形事件,与侏罗纪早期大规模花岗岩的发育在区域上具有统一的动力学背景。
Located in the juncture of the South Qiangtang block and Gangdise block, theNyainrong microcontinent is the only tectonic block that has a large outcrop ofcrystalline basement, and it is one of the most favorable areas for understanding andresearching early formation and evolution of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Althoughthe exploration into the tectonical attributes of microcontinent and PrecambrianNyainrong Group has started long ago, different understandings and names of themremain. However, more and more researches indicate that there are theNeoproterozoic-early Paleozoic crystalline basement rocks in the Nyainrongmicrocontient. Currently, the study of crystalline basement is limited, mainly aimingat the geochronology of basement gneisses, and the obtained ages are not consistent,especially lack of the petrogenesis research。To better understand the tectonothermalevent of the Pan-African and early Paleozoic in the Nyainrong microcontinent andconstraints on its tectonic evolution, we based our study on detailed field observations,precise zircon U-Pb dating, and geochemical study of basement orthogneiss inAmdo area. We discussed the original age, nature, and origin.
     Combined with the existing research data and results to discuss the basiccharacteristics of the Nyainrong microcontinent from Neoproterozoic to Mesozoic ineach evolution stage, These newly obtained data gave important constraints on thespatio-temporal evolution and geodynamic setting of the Nyainrong microcontinent.
     We study the zircon U-Pb dating of the Nyainrong gneiss which widelyexposed on the Nyainrong microcontinent. The field geological characteristics,petrology and geochemistry of all dating samples show that its protolith is acid ormedium-acid intrusive rocks. morphological and composition characteristics of Gneiss zircon indicated their mantle origins.
     Three samples have206Pb/238U ages ranging from817±20to842±13Ma, in theNeoproterozoic; Six samples have206Pb/238U ages ranging from517±4to488±4Ma,in the Cambrian. Combined with the existing chronological study, Nyainrongmicrocontinent tectonic-magmatic evolution geochronological framework couldbe established. The magmatic evolution in the Nyainrong microcontinent can bedivided into three main evolution stages: Neoproterozoic, Cambrian, Mesozoic.Geochemical studies have shown that the composition of Neoproterozoic igneousrocks belong to sub-alkaline metaluminous-peraluminous diorite and granite-diorite rocks, with low silicon, high aluminum, alkali-poor, abound of light REE.LREE fractionation is more significant, Eu negative anomalies, strongly depleted inSr, Nb and Ta is loss relative to La. The view is that the magmatism was the productof stretch contextin beginning of the Rodinia supercontinent breakup。
     The composition of Precambrian gneiss rock protolith belongs to granite andgranodiorite. The genetic types of the Amdo gneiss protolith is the differentiation ofsubalkaline over aluminum I-type granite. The rocks with varying degrees ofenrichment of LREE, the degree of fractionation of HREE and LREE is strong, Theprimitive mantle-normalized spider diagram exhibits the characteristics of beingstrongly depleted in high field strength elements, showed that the tectonic setting isvolcanic island arc granite. The preliminary view is that the Middle-Late Cambrianmagmatic events developed on the microcontinent could be the result of Andean-type orogeny along the Gondwana super-continental margin after the end of the Pan-African orogeny.
     This paper reports the results of U-Pb dating of the zircon in high-pressuregranulite. There are two types of zircon in High-pressure granulites, the first type isa core-edge microstructure, the zircon residualed cores with typical features ofmagmatic zircon, zircon U-Pb age is541±8Ma~834±11Ma; the second zirconwith typical structural characteristics of the causes metamorphic zircon, zircon U-Pbage is179±2Ma. Age data show granulite had experienced the Pan-Africanorogeny, and occurred peak high-pressure metamorphism transformation in theEarly-Middle Jurassic. Ar-Ar dating results by laser stepwise heating indicate that the basement orthogneiss class and Jurassic granite plateau age concentrated in166~176Ma, represents the final deformation of the basement gneiss and Jurassicmagmatic cooling times.
     Combined with the existing results, we have study on Nyainrong microcontinentand the global super-continent event in this paper. The author thinks that theNyainrong microcontinent was more affinity with the Yangtze plate from810Ma to910Ma, and Neoproterozoic magmatic event was the product of stretch contextinbeginning of the Rodinia supercontinent breakup。With the Rodinia supercontinentbreakup, Nyainrong microcontinent is likely to be cleaved and freed from the edge ofthe Yangtze plate, and converge to the northern margin of Gondwana in earlyCambrian. Be impact by the Pan-African Movement in early Cambrian, with thecontinuing converge of microcontinent to the northern margin of the Indian continentresulting in the Cambrian I-type granite emplacement, and the microcontinentcrystalline basement eventually formed in the early Ordovician.
     Combined with the results of research on the microcontinent since the Paleozoic,thik that the affect of the late Precambrian tectonic movement to microcontinentprobably lasts to the Permian.More than200Ma geological history, Nyainrongmicrocontinent abnormal bulge and lack of Paleozoic sedimentary. Early Jurassicstrong tectonic deformation events of the ancient basement rocks on Nyainrongmicrocontinent, with the large-scale granite development of the early Jurassic hasunified dynamic background in the region.
引文
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