20世纪70年代以来美国左、右翼社会运动的政治过程比较研究
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摘要
论文以政治过程理论为学术基础，提出了以运动组织动员、运动诉求、运动话语构建与传播、运动策略与手段以及运动所处的外部社会政治经济环境为五个核心变量的美国左右翼社会运动的政治过程分析模型，比较研究了20世纪70年代以来美国左右翼社会运动的政治过程，并辅以近些年发生的最新左右翼社会运动——“占领华尔街”运动与茶党运动——案例考察。
本文开篇提出了这样一个假设，即，社会运动是否具有完善的社区基层组织基础、是否具有统一的运动诉求、是否注重运动话语道德层面的构建与传播、是否具有重心放在影响政党和选举政治层面的策略与手段、是否具有有利的社会结构性诱因与其对社会和政治的影响的大小有关系。为了验证此假设，本文首先在政治过程理论的基础上提出了左右翼社会运动比较分析模型。随后以20世纪70年代以来美国社会运动发展以及社会政治经济文化发展的相关史料为依据，从新社会运动理论、后工业社会理论与社会资本三个视角对该时期的左右翼社会运动自身结构性特征及其与外部机遇环境的关系进行了考察。论文研究对象主要针对20世纪70年代以来有代表性的美国左右翼社会运动。其中，左翼社会运动包括环境保护运动、妇女运动、劳工运动、反战和平运动、反全球化运动、支持堕胎运动、“占领华尔街”运动；右翼社会运动包括新基督教右翼运动、反对堕胎运动、茶党运动。对该时期社会运动变迁进行了总体考察之后，本文使用左右翼社会运动比较分析模型对该时期美国左右翼社会运动的政治过程进行了具体地描述与剖析。最后辅以对“占领华尔街”运动与茶党运动最新左右翼社会运动案例的研究。
研究发现：第一，具有完善的社区基层组织基础、统一的运动诉求、注重运动话语道德层面的构建与传播、具有重心放在影响政党和选举政治层面的策略与手段、有利的社会结构性诱因与社会运动影响成正向关系。其中，有利的社会结构性诱因与社会运动影响之间不仅存在正向关联，而且两者的关系要更为复杂，即社会结构性诱因既有可能导致处在有利环境下的社会运动的不作为（如“占领华尔街”运动），也会激起处于不利外部环境中的社会运动的勃兴（如茶党运动）。此外，新兴信息传播技术在未来社会运动中愈加广泛的应用或许对具有完善的社区基层组织基础与社会运动影响的关系提出挑战。第二，尽管上世纪70年代以来社会运动仍然频繁发生，其中也不乏规模浩大的运动，然而大多是运动诉求单一，并经常是昙花一现，缺少持续的、以社区组织为基础的运动的跟进。上世纪70年代以来美国社会运动相对衰退的主要原因在于社会运动自身结构性变化（诸如社会运动组织职业化、运动诉求碎片化与运动策略手段对草根动员方式的忽视）以及社会运动所处外部机遇环境的变迁（诸如美国社会资本的衰退、社会进步导致的社会问题的减少与问题强度的减弱、20世纪60年代社会运动的冒进导致的社会与政治的全面右倾、以及上世纪70年代至今大部分时间内的经济总体向好掩盖了新自由主义经济政策对美国社会酿成的恶果）。第三，20世纪70年代以来右翼社会运动相对强势于左翼运动的主要原因在于右翼运动以完善的社区基层组织为基础的草根动员模式、统一的运动诉求、运动话语在道德层面的构建与有效传播、与传统政党结盟、以及有利的社会结构性诱因。第四，最新左右翼社会运动个案基本延续了20世纪70年代以来左右翼社会运动力量对比的特点。最初的国外策动、国内缺乏核心领袖、缺乏线下草根组织支持、诉求过于多元、运动话语道德层面构建缺失、运动策略单一、忽视与政治精英的结盟、缺少传统政治同盟的有效呼应以及左翼传统媒体的支持都是“占领华尔街”运动势衰于茶党运动的重要原因。尽管“占领华尔街”运动总体来讲较之茶党运动相对式微，但也表现出了有别于20世纪70年代以来其他左翼社会运动的新特点，如在组织动员方面更加广泛地使用新兴信息传播技术、左翼社会运动对政府经济政策、税收政策、福利政策、社会不公、社会贫富差距等宏观议题的重新关注。特别是新兴信息传播技术在社会运动中的使用可能成为改变未来左右翼社会运动力量对比的关键因素。
社会运动是宏观社会变迁的一面镜子，是社会结构、政治经济体制以及文化变迁的晴雨表。从理论意义上讲，论文延续了社会运动的政治过程理论研究的脉络与分析逻辑，突出了学界关注不够的左右翼社会运动案例的比较研究。从现实意义上讲，论文有助于更好地了解20世纪60年代美国社会运动高涨时期之后左右翼社会运动的发展与嬗变，并有助于从左右翼社会运动力量对比的特点、社会运动发展的内在规律以及周期性来认识美国在该段时期内的社会政治经济变迁。
论文有两点创新之处：第一，将右翼社会运动置于政治过程理论框架下研究。第二，以政治过程理论为学术基础，对美国左右翼运动进行比较研究，并辅以最近发生的美国左右翼运动案例分析。
In the light of political process theory, this dissertation proposes afive-core-variable political process analysis model for the investigation of theAmerican left-and right-wing social movements, conducts a comparative study of thepolitical process of the American left-and right-wing social movements since the1970s and explores the two recent cases of left-and right-wing social movements, i.e.the Occupy Wall Street movement and Tea Party movement.
This dissertation begins with a hypothesis, that is, there exists a correlationbetween the social and political impact of social movements and their soundcommunity basis, unified movement appeals, attaching great importance to theconstructing and communication of movement discourse at the moral level, thestrategies and means of influencing party and electoral politics, and the favorablesocial incentives. In order to test this hypothesis, an analysis model for thecomparative study of left-and right-wing social movements is first proposed based onthe political process theory. Then this dissertation probes the structural characteristicsof left-and right-wing social movements and their connection with externalopportunities and environment from the perspectives of new social movement theory,post-industrial social theory and social capital based on the development of Americansocial movements and relevant historical data of socio-political, economic andcultural development since the1970s. The study mainly revolves around the mostrepresentative left-and right-wing social movements since the1970s. Left-wing socialmovements include the environmental movement, the women’s movement, the labormovement, the peace movement, the anti-globalization movement, the pro-choicemovement, and the Occupy Wall Street movement. Right-wing social movementsinclude the new Christian Right movement, the pro-life movement, and Tea Partymovement. After an overall investigation of the changes in social movements duringthis period, this dissertation will use a comparative analysis model to describe andanalyze the political process of American left-and right-wing social movements sincethe1970s in great details. Finally, this dissertation ends with a study of two recentcases of American left-and right-wing social movements, i.e. the Occupy Wall Streetmovement and Tea Party movement.
The findings of this study can be listed as follows: first, there exists a positiverelationship between the impact of social movements and their sound communitybasis, unified movement appeals, attaching great importance to the constructing andcommunication of movement discourse at the moral level, the strategies and means ofinfluencing party and electoral politics, and the favorable social incentives. It isnoteworthy that the relationship between favorable social incentives and the impact ofsocial movements is more complex, i.e. favorable social incentives may not only leadto the inaction of social movements which lies in the favorable social environment(e.g. the Occupy Wall Street movement), but also provoke the emergence of thosesocial movements which lie in the unfavorable social environment (e.g. Tea Partymovement). Moreover, the increasing use of emerging information and communication technologies in future social movements might pose a challenge to thepositive relationship between a sound community basis and the impact of socialmovements. Second, social movements have been occurring frequently since the1970s, many of which were large-scale. However, these movements were short-livedwith simplistic appeals, lacking the follow-up of sustained community-basedmovements. The relative decline of social movements since the1970s is attributed tothe change of structural characteristics of social movements per se (includingprofessionalization of social movement organizations, fragmented appeals, and themeans of mobilization shifting from grassroot mobilization to direct mail mobilization)and the transformation of social, political and economic environment (including thedecline of social capital in the United States, the diminishing of the number andseriousness of social problems with the social progress, the right-turn of Americansociety and politics after the radicalness of1960s social movements, and theeconomic prosperity in most of time since the1970s covering up the bad socialconsequences of neo-liberal economic policies). Third, the community-basedgrassroot mobilization model, unified movement appeals, the construction andeffective communication of movement discourse at the moral level, alliance withtraditional political parties and favorable social incentives are the major reasons forthe relative prevalence of right-wing social movements over left-wing ones since the1970s. Fourth, the latest cases of left-and right-wing social movements retained thepower imbalance between left-and right-wing social movements since the1970s.Being initially instigated abroad, lack of core leaders and the support of grassrootorganizations, absence of movement discourse construction at the moral level,simplistic movement strategy, neglect of alliance with the political elite, lack ofeffective echoes from traditional political allies and support from left-wing traditionalmedia, all these account for the weakness of the Occupy Wall Street Movementcompared with Tea Party Movement. Although the Occupy Wall Street Movement isgenerally less powerful in its influence than Tea Party Movement, it manifests somenew characteristics different from other left-wing social movements since the1970s,i.e. the use of emerging information and communication technologies to organize andmobilize large-scale protests and demonstrations, the left-wing social movements’renewed focus on such macroeconomic issues as the government’s economic policy,tax and welfare policies, social injustice, and the social gap between rich and poor. Itis noteworthy that the use of emerging information and communication technologiesin the social movements will probably become a key factor in changing the futurebalance of power between left-and right-wing social movements.
The social movement is a mirror of the micro-social change, a barometer of thesocial structure, political and economic systems and cultural changes as well.Theoretically speaking, this dissertation continues the context and analysis logic ofpolitical process theory in the study of social movements, highlighting thecomparative study of left-and right-wing social movements to which enough attentionis not given by the academic world. In a practical sense, this dissertation helps betterunderstand the development and evolution of left-and right-wing social movementsafter the boom of American social movements in the1960s, and the socio-political and economic changes with regard to the balance of power between left-andright-wing social movements, and the intrinsic pattern and periodicity of socialmovements as well.
There are two innovations in this dissertation: first, it places the study ofright-wing social movements under the theoretical framework of political processtheory; second, based on political process theory, it conducts a comparative study ofAmerican left-and right-wing social movements, supplemented with an analysis ofrecent cases of American left-and right-wing social movements.
本文开篇提出了这样一个假设，即，社会运动是否具有完善的社区基层组织基础、是否具有统一的运动诉求、是否注重运动话语道德层面的构建与传播、是否具有重心放在影响政党和选举政治层面的策略与手段、是否具有有利的社会结构性诱因与其对社会和政治的影响的大小有关系。为了验证此假设，本文首先在政治过程理论的基础上提出了左右翼社会运动比较分析模型。随后以20世纪70年代以来美国社会运动发展以及社会政治经济文化发展的相关史料为依据，从新社会运动理论、后工业社会理论与社会资本三个视角对该时期的左右翼社会运动自身结构性特征及其与外部机遇环境的关系进行了考察。论文研究对象主要针对20世纪70年代以来有代表性的美国左右翼社会运动。其中，左翼社会运动包括环境保护运动、妇女运动、劳工运动、反战和平运动、反全球化运动、支持堕胎运动、“占领华尔街”运动；右翼社会运动包括新基督教右翼运动、反对堕胎运动、茶党运动。对该时期社会运动变迁进行了总体考察之后，本文使用左右翼社会运动比较分析模型对该时期美国左右翼社会运动的政治过程进行了具体地描述与剖析。最后辅以对“占领华尔街”运动与茶党运动最新左右翼社会运动案例的研究。
研究发现：第一，具有完善的社区基层组织基础、统一的运动诉求、注重运动话语道德层面的构建与传播、具有重心放在影响政党和选举政治层面的策略与手段、有利的社会结构性诱因与社会运动影响成正向关系。其中，有利的社会结构性诱因与社会运动影响之间不仅存在正向关联，而且两者的关系要更为复杂，即社会结构性诱因既有可能导致处在有利环境下的社会运动的不作为（如“占领华尔街”运动），也会激起处于不利外部环境中的社会运动的勃兴（如茶党运动）。此外，新兴信息传播技术在未来社会运动中愈加广泛的应用或许对具有完善的社区基层组织基础与社会运动影响的关系提出挑战。第二，尽管上世纪70年代以来社会运动仍然频繁发生，其中也不乏规模浩大的运动，然而大多是运动诉求单一，并经常是昙花一现，缺少持续的、以社区组织为基础的运动的跟进。上世纪70年代以来美国社会运动相对衰退的主要原因在于社会运动自身结构性变化（诸如社会运动组织职业化、运动诉求碎片化与运动策略手段对草根动员方式的忽视）以及社会运动所处外部机遇环境的变迁（诸如美国社会资本的衰退、社会进步导致的社会问题的减少与问题强度的减弱、20世纪60年代社会运动的冒进导致的社会与政治的全面右倾、以及上世纪70年代至今大部分时间内的经济总体向好掩盖了新自由主义经济政策对美国社会酿成的恶果）。第三，20世纪70年代以来右翼社会运动相对强势于左翼运动的主要原因在于右翼运动以完善的社区基层组织为基础的草根动员模式、统一的运动诉求、运动话语在道德层面的构建与有效传播、与传统政党结盟、以及有利的社会结构性诱因。第四，最新左右翼社会运动个案基本延续了20世纪70年代以来左右翼社会运动力量对比的特点。最初的国外策动、国内缺乏核心领袖、缺乏线下草根组织支持、诉求过于多元、运动话语道德层面构建缺失、运动策略单一、忽视与政治精英的结盟、缺少传统政治同盟的有效呼应以及左翼传统媒体的支持都是“占领华尔街”运动势衰于茶党运动的重要原因。尽管“占领华尔街”运动总体来讲较之茶党运动相对式微，但也表现出了有别于20世纪70年代以来其他左翼社会运动的新特点，如在组织动员方面更加广泛地使用新兴信息传播技术、左翼社会运动对政府经济政策、税收政策、福利政策、社会不公、社会贫富差距等宏观议题的重新关注。特别是新兴信息传播技术在社会运动中的使用可能成为改变未来左右翼社会运动力量对比的关键因素。
社会运动是宏观社会变迁的一面镜子，是社会结构、政治经济体制以及文化变迁的晴雨表。从理论意义上讲，论文延续了社会运动的政治过程理论研究的脉络与分析逻辑，突出了学界关注不够的左右翼社会运动案例的比较研究。从现实意义上讲，论文有助于更好地了解20世纪60年代美国社会运动高涨时期之后左右翼社会运动的发展与嬗变，并有助于从左右翼社会运动力量对比的特点、社会运动发展的内在规律以及周期性来认识美国在该段时期内的社会政治经济变迁。
论文有两点创新之处：第一，将右翼社会运动置于政治过程理论框架下研究。第二，以政治过程理论为学术基础，对美国左右翼运动进行比较研究，并辅以最近发生的美国左右翼运动案例分析。
In the light of political process theory, this dissertation proposes afive-core-variable political process analysis model for the investigation of theAmerican left-and right-wing social movements, conducts a comparative study of thepolitical process of the American left-and right-wing social movements since the1970s and explores the two recent cases of left-and right-wing social movements, i.e.the Occupy Wall Street movement and Tea Party movement.
This dissertation begins with a hypothesis, that is, there exists a correlationbetween the social and political impact of social movements and their soundcommunity basis, unified movement appeals, attaching great importance to theconstructing and communication of movement discourse at the moral level, thestrategies and means of influencing party and electoral politics, and the favorablesocial incentives. In order to test this hypothesis, an analysis model for thecomparative study of left-and right-wing social movements is first proposed based onthe political process theory. Then this dissertation probes the structural characteristicsof left-and right-wing social movements and their connection with externalopportunities and environment from the perspectives of new social movement theory,post-industrial social theory and social capital based on the development of Americansocial movements and relevant historical data of socio-political, economic andcultural development since the1970s. The study mainly revolves around the mostrepresentative left-and right-wing social movements since the1970s. Left-wing socialmovements include the environmental movement, the women’s movement, the labormovement, the peace movement, the anti-globalization movement, the pro-choicemovement, and the Occupy Wall Street movement. Right-wing social movementsinclude the new Christian Right movement, the pro-life movement, and Tea Partymovement. After an overall investigation of the changes in social movements duringthis period, this dissertation will use a comparative analysis model to describe andanalyze the political process of American left-and right-wing social movements sincethe1970s in great details. Finally, this dissertation ends with a study of two recentcases of American left-and right-wing social movements, i.e. the Occupy Wall Streetmovement and Tea Party movement.
The findings of this study can be listed as follows: first, there exists a positiverelationship between the impact of social movements and their sound communitybasis, unified movement appeals, attaching great importance to the constructing andcommunication of movement discourse at the moral level, the strategies and means ofinfluencing party and electoral politics, and the favorable social incentives. It isnoteworthy that the relationship between favorable social incentives and the impact ofsocial movements is more complex, i.e. favorable social incentives may not only leadto the inaction of social movements which lies in the favorable social environment(e.g. the Occupy Wall Street movement), but also provoke the emergence of thosesocial movements which lie in the unfavorable social environment (e.g. Tea Partymovement). Moreover, the increasing use of emerging information and communication technologies in future social movements might pose a challenge to thepositive relationship between a sound community basis and the impact of socialmovements. Second, social movements have been occurring frequently since the1970s, many of which were large-scale. However, these movements were short-livedwith simplistic appeals, lacking the follow-up of sustained community-basedmovements. The relative decline of social movements since the1970s is attributed tothe change of structural characteristics of social movements per se (includingprofessionalization of social movement organizations, fragmented appeals, and themeans of mobilization shifting from grassroot mobilization to direct mail mobilization)and the transformation of social, political and economic environment (including thedecline of social capital in the United States, the diminishing of the number andseriousness of social problems with the social progress, the right-turn of Americansociety and politics after the radicalness of1960s social movements, and theeconomic prosperity in most of time since the1970s covering up the bad socialconsequences of neo-liberal economic policies). Third, the community-basedgrassroot mobilization model, unified movement appeals, the construction andeffective communication of movement discourse at the moral level, alliance withtraditional political parties and favorable social incentives are the major reasons forthe relative prevalence of right-wing social movements over left-wing ones since the1970s. Fourth, the latest cases of left-and right-wing social movements retained thepower imbalance between left-and right-wing social movements since the1970s.Being initially instigated abroad, lack of core leaders and the support of grassrootorganizations, absence of movement discourse construction at the moral level,simplistic movement strategy, neglect of alliance with the political elite, lack ofeffective echoes from traditional political allies and support from left-wing traditionalmedia, all these account for the weakness of the Occupy Wall Street Movementcompared with Tea Party Movement. Although the Occupy Wall Street Movement isgenerally less powerful in its influence than Tea Party Movement, it manifests somenew characteristics different from other left-wing social movements since the1970s,i.e. the use of emerging information and communication technologies to organize andmobilize large-scale protests and demonstrations, the left-wing social movements’renewed focus on such macroeconomic issues as the government’s economic policy,tax and welfare policies, social injustice, and the social gap between rich and poor. Itis noteworthy that the use of emerging information and communication technologiesin the social movements will probably become a key factor in changing the futurebalance of power between left-and right-wing social movements.
The social movement is a mirror of the micro-social change, a barometer of thesocial structure, political and economic systems and cultural changes as well.Theoretically speaking, this dissertation continues the context and analysis logic ofpolitical process theory in the study of social movements, highlighting thecomparative study of left-and right-wing social movements to which enough attentionis not given by the academic world. In a practical sense, this dissertation helps betterunderstand the development and evolution of left-and right-wing social movementsafter the boom of American social movements in the1960s, and the socio-political and economic changes with regard to the balance of power between left-andright-wing social movements, and the intrinsic pattern and periodicity of socialmovements as well.
There are two innovations in this dissertation: first, it places the study ofright-wing social movements under the theoretical framework of political processtheory; second, based on political process theory, it conducts a comparative study ofAmerican left-and right-wing social movements, supplemented with an analysis ofrecent cases of American left-and right-wing social movements.
引文
①参见Hanspeter Kriesi,“Movements of the Left, Movements of the Right: Putting the Mobilization of Two NewTypes of Social Movements into Political Context,” in Herbert Kitschelt et al. ed. Continuity and Change inContemporary Capitalism, New York: Cambridge University Press,1999, pp.398-423.
②克里斯托弗·考德威尔：《“占领”运动的警示》，载《金融时报》，2011年11月25日。http://www.ftchinese.com/story/001041906?page=2，访问日期2012年12月20日。
③PR Newswire.“Tea Party Numbers Released:2Million,2Thousand,” April29,2010，http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=xprnw.20100429.DC96062&show_article=1,访问日期2012年12月20日。
④Scott Rasmussen&Douglas Schoen, Mad as Hell: How the Tea Party Movement is Fundamentally Remakingour Two-Party System, NY: New York HarperCollins Publishers,2009, p146.
⑤Tea Party Movement, http://www.conservapedia.com/Tea_Party_Movement, Conservapedia.com, June22,2012,访问日期2012年12月20日。
①Election Day Tea Party2010, http://www.electiondayteaparty.com/, ElectionDayTeaParty.com, a project of theNationwide Tea Party Coalition,访问日期2012年12月20日。
②本节中有关“占领华尔街”运动的基本信息均来自占领运动的官方网站www.occupywallst.org.
③“Wall Street Protests Receive Limited Attention,”http://www.people-press.org/2011/10/12/wall-street-protests-receive-limited-attention/?src=prc-headline, PewResearch Center for the People and the Press, Oct.12,2011,访问日期2012年12月20日。
④Occupy Movement,http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/o/occupy_wall_street/index.html, The New YorkTimes, May2,2012,访问日期2012年12月20日。
①The Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States of America, The Cato Institute,1998,p43.
②郦菁：《美国社会运动兴衰的秘密》，载《社会观察》，2011年第11期，第30页。
①郦菁：《美国社会运动兴衰的秘密》，第28-30页。
②[美]丹尼尔·贝尔著：《后工业社会的来临：对社会预测的一项探索》，高铦，王宏周，魏章玲译，北京：新华出版社1997年版，第15页。
③1959年夏，丹尼尔·贝尔在奥地利萨尔茨堡的一次学术讨论会上首次使用“后工业社会”一词。
④贝尔著：《后工业社会的来临：对社会预测的一项探索》，第12页。
①[美]查尔斯·蒂利著：《社会运动，1768-2004》，胡位钧译，上海：上海人民出版社2009年版，第4页。
②同上。
①蒂利著：《社会运动，1768-2004》，第9页。
②参见Werner J. Cahnman,“Book Review: Lorenz von Stein: The History of the Social Movement in France,1789-1850Translated by Kaethe Mengelberg,” The American Journal of Sociology, Vol.71, No.6, May,1966,pp.746-747.
③表一中“社会运动”定义依次引自以下文献: H. Toch, The Social Psychology of Social Movements,Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill,1965, p.5; Mayer N. Zald&Roberta Ash,“Social Movement Organizations:Growth, Decay and Change,” Social Forces,44,1966, p.328; John D. McCarthy&Mayer N. Zald,“The Trend ofSocial Movements in America: Professionalization and Resource Mobilization,” monograph, Morristown: GeneralLearning Press,1973, p.2; Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics,2ndedition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1998, p.4;蒂利著：《社会运动，1768-2004》，第10页; J. C.Jenkins&W. Form,“Social Movements and Social Change, in T. Janoski, R. Alford, A. Hicks&M. A. Schwartz
(eds) The Handbook of Political Sociology: States, Civil Societies, and Globalization. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press,2005, p.331.
①蒂利著：《社会运动，1768-2004》，第4-5页。
②David A. Snow&Pamela E. Oliver,“Social Movements and Collective Behavior: Social PsychologicalDimensions and Considerations,” in Karen S. Cook, Gary Alan Fine&James S. House (eds) SociologicalPerspectives on Social Psychology, Boston: Allyn and Bacon,1995，p571.
①蒂利著：《社会运动，1768-2004》，第8页。
②[美]杰克·A.戈德斯通著：《国家、政党与社会运动》，章延杰译，上海：上海人民出版社，2009年第
1版，序言第22页。
③参见John D. McCarthy, Clark McPhail&Jackie Smith,“Images of Protest: Dimensions of Selection Bias inMedia Coverage of Washington Demonstrations1982and1991,” American Sociology Review6,1996, pp478-499;Donatella della Porta, Social Movements, Political Violence, and the State. A Comparative Analysis of Italy andGermany. New York: Cambridge University Press,1995.
①Sidney Tarrow,““The Very Excess of Democracy”: State Building and Contentious Politics in America”, inAnn N. Constain,&Andrew S. McFarland, Social Movements and American Political Institution, New York:Rowman&Littlefield Publishers,1998, p.33.
②参见Paul Wapner,“Politics beyond the State: Environmental Activism and World Civic Politics,” WorldPolitics,47,1995, pp.311-340.
③Graeme Chesters&Ian Welsh, Social Movements: The Key Concepts, New York: Routledge,2011, p.153.
④Mayer N. Zald&Roberta Ash,“Social Movement Organizations: Growth, Decay and Change,” p.327.
⑤John D. McCarthy&Mayer. N. Zald,“Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory,”American Journal of Sociology，Vol.82, No.6,1977, p.1221.
⑥参见Doug McAdam, Sidney Tarrow, and Charles Tilly,“To Map Contentious Politics,” Mobilization,1,1996,pp.17-34.
①Paul Burstein,“Interest Organizations, Political Parties, and the Study of Democratic Politics,” in Ann N.Constain,&Andrew S. McFarland, Social Movements and American Political Institution, New York: Rowman&Littlefield Publishers,1998, p.39.
②David Truman, The Governmental Process: Political Interests and Public Opinion, Knopf, New York,1951,p.28.
③J. D. McCarthy&M. N. Zald,“Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory,” p.1227; Jo.Freeman, The Politics of Women’s Liberation, New York: McKay,1975, pp.46-47; Doug McAdam, PoliticalProcess and the Development of Black Insurgency,1930-1970, Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1982, p.25;Charles Tilly,“Social Movements and National Politics,” in Charles Bright and Susan Harding, Statemaking andSocial Movements, ed.,297-317, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press,1984, p.306.
④刘杰著：《当代美国政治》（修订版），北京：社会科学文献出版社，2011年版，第247页。
⑤同上，第245页。
①参见William A. Gamson, The Strategy of Social Protest,2nd Ed., Belmont, CA: Wasdsworth,[1975]1990.
②John P. Heinz, Edward Laumann, Robert L. Nelson, and Robert H. Salisbury, The Hollow Core: PrivateInterests in National Policy Making, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,1993.
③Alain Noel,&Jean-Philippe Therien, Left and Right in Global Politics, New York: Cambridge University Press,2008, p.3.
④雅各宾派（Jacobins）是法国大革命时期激进派成员，因其俱乐部会址设在巴黎雅各宾修道院而得名。雅各宾派成员大多是小业主，代表中小资产阶级利益，主张严惩国王、废除君主制、实行共和。
⑤吉伦特派（Girondins）是法国大革命时期立法大会和国民公会中的一个政治派别。最初的吉伦特派主要成员来自雅各宾派，后来形成了独立的新派别，因大多该派领袖来自吉伦特郡而得名。
①周琪主编：《意识形态与美国外交》，上海：上海人民出版社，2006年版。
②Ruy Teixeira&John Halpin,“The Progressive Tradition in American Politics: Part Two of the ProgressiveTradition Series,” Center for American Progress,2010, p.1.
③Duane Murray Oldfield, The Right and the Righteous: The Christian Right Confronts the Republican Party,Lanham, Md.: Rowman&Littlefield Publishers,1996, p.55.
④Marshall Ganz,“Left Behind: Social Movements, Parties, and the Politics of Reform,” prepared for AnnualMeeting of the American Sociological Association, Montreal, P. Q.,2006.
①Jeni Krencicki&Dahvi Wilson,“Lessons from the Right: Saving the Soul of the Environmental Movement,”Spring2005http://www.commonwealinstitute.org/cw/files/LessonsFromTheRightSavingEnvironMovt.pdf,访问日期2012年12月22日。
①Robert C. Tucker, ed., The Marx-Engels Reader,2nd ed., New York: Norton,1978, p.481.
②Ted R. Gurr, Why Men Rebel, Princeton: Princeton University Press,1971; Ralph T. Turner&Lewis M. Killian,Collective Behavior,2nd ed., Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice Hall,1972; Neil Smelser, Theory of CollectiveBehavior, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul,1962.
③Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press,1965.
④Mayer. N. Zald&John, D. McCarthy,“The Trend of Social Movements in America: Professionalization andResource Mobilization”.
⑤John D. McCarthy&Mayer N. Zald,“Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory”.
①Frances Fox Piven&Richard A. Cloward, Poor People’s Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fall, NewYork: Vintage Books,1977.
②Charles Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution, Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley,1978.
③Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency1930-1970,1982/1999.
④Bert Klandermans, Hanspeter Kriesi, and Sidney G. Tarrow, eds., From Structure to Action: Comparing SocialMovement Research across Cultures, International Social Movement Research, vol.1, Greenwich, Conn.: JAI,1988.
⑤Anthony Oberschall, Social Movements: Ideologies, Interests, and Identities, New Brunswick, NJ: TransactionBooks,1993.
⑥W. A. Gamson&D. S. Meyer,“Framing Political Opportunity,” in D. McAdam, J. McCarthy&M. N. Zald eds.,Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements, Political Opportunities, and Cultural Framings, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1996, pp.275-290.
⑦Jeff Goodwin, James M. Jasper&Francesca Polletta eds., Passionate Politics: Emotions and Social Movements,Chicago: University of Chicago Press,2001.
①赵鼎新著：《社会与政治运动讲义》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2012年第2版。由于此书是《清华社会学讲义》系列著述之一，因此作者将其列为国内文献范畴。
②谢岳著：《抗议政治学》，上海：上海教育出版社，2010年版。
③杨灵：《社会运动的政治过程——评《美国黑人运动的政治过程和发展(1930-1970)》》，载《社会学研究》，2009年第1期。杨灵与本文作者对麦克亚当的著述Political Process and the Development of BlackInsurgency1930-1970的中文译名有所不同，但都指代同一本书。作者将其译为《政治过程与黑人运动的发展（1930-1970）》。
④谢岳、曹开雄：《集体行动理论化系谱:从社会运动理论到抗争政治理论》，载《上海交通大学学报》
（哲学社会科学版），2009年第3期。
⑤何平立：《认同感政治:西方新社会运动述评》，载《探索与争鸣》，2007年第9期。
⑥冯建华、周林刚：《西方集体行动理论的四种取向》，载《国外社会科学》，2008年第4期。
⑦McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency1930-1970.
⑧Anne N. Costain, Inviting Women’s Rebellion: A Political Process Interpretation of the Women’s Movement,Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press,1992; Anne N. Costain, Richard Braunstein, and Heidi Berggren,
“Framing the Women’s Movement,” in Women, Media, and Politics, ed. Pippa Norris, New York: OxfordUniversity Press,1996, pp.205-220.
①Hanspeter Kriesi,“The Political Opportunity Structure of New Social Movements: its Impact on theirMobilization,” in The Politics of Social Protest, ed. J. Craig Jenkins and Bert Klandermans, Minneapolis: Universityof Minnesota Press,1995, pp.167-198.
②David Meyer,“Protest Cycles and Political Process: American Peace Movements in the Nuclear Age,” PoliticalResearch Quarterly47,1993, pp.451-479.
③Jack L. Walker, Mobilizing Interest Groups in America: Patrons, Professions, and Social Movements, Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press,1991.
④Laura L. Toussaint, The Contemporary U.S. Peace Movement, New York: Routledge,2009.
⑤Anne N. Costain&Andrew S. McFarland, Social Movements and American Political Institutions, New York:Rowman&Littlefield Publishers,1998.
⑥Jack A. Goldstone, States, Political Parties and Social Movements, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press,2003.
①Victoria Carty, Wired and Mobilizing: Social Movements, New Technology, and Electoral Politics, New York:Routledge,2011.
②Theda Skocpol&Vanessa Williamson, The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism, NewYork: Oxford University Press,2012.
③Mark J. Rozell&Clyde Wilcox, God at the Grass Roots1996: the Christian Right in the1996Elections, NewYork: Rowman&Littlefield Publishers,1997.
④Erik W. Johnson,“Social Movement Size, Organizational Diversity and the Making of Federal Law,” SocialForces, Vol.86, No.3,2008.
⑤Kenneth D. Wald&Jeffrey C. Corey,“The Christian Right and Public Policy: Social Movement Elites asInstitutional Activists,” State Politics&Policy Quarterly, Vol.2, No.2,2002, pp.99-125.
⑥Paul Burstein&April Linton,“The Impact of Political Parties, Interest Groups, and Social MovementOrganizations on Public Policy: Some Recent Evidence and Theoretical Concerns,” Social Forces, Vol.81, No.2,2002, pp.380-408.
⑦Henry P. Caufield,“The Conservation and Environmental Movements: An Historical Analysis,” inEnvironmental Politics and Policy: Theories and Evidence, ed. James P. Lester, Durham, NC: Duke UniversityPress,1989, pp.13-56.
⑧Steve Bruce, The Rise and Fall of the New Christian Right, New York: Clarendon,1988.
⑨Jo. Freeman, Social Movements of the Sixties and Seventies, New York: Longman,1983.
⑩张友伦著：《当代美国社会运动和美国工人阶级》，天津：天津人民出版社，1993年。,张惠玲：《当代美国政治中的新基督教右翼运动》（博士论文），上海：华东师范大学，2007年。-刘颖：《新社会运动理论视角下的反全球化运动》（博士论文），济南：山东大学，2006年。
①郦菁：《美国社会运动兴衰的秘密》。
②周琪等：《占领华尔街：资本主义的困惑》，载《世界知识》，2011年第21期。
③江涛：《茶党搅局美国中期选举》，《瞭望》，2012年第Z2期。
④胡文涛：《“占领华尔街”运动的特征、动因及影响》，《现代国际关系》，2011年第11期。
⑤张友伦、李剑鸣著：《美国历史上的社会运动和政府改革》，天津：天津教育出版社，1992年。
①Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action.
①[法]埃米尔·涂尔干著：《社会学方法的准则》，狄玉明译，北京：商务印书馆，1995年第1版。
②美国集体行为研究是社会运动研究的先驱。
③Neil J. Smelser, Theory of Collective Behavior.
④[法]埃米尔·涂尔干著：《社会学方法的准则》，第66-93页,第106-138页。
⑤[法]埃米尔·涂尔干著：《社会分工论》，渠东译，北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店，2000年第1版，第240-262页。
⑥同上，第313-333页。
①Emile Durkheim, Suicide, New York: Free Press,1951, p.246.
②Robert C. Tucker ed., The Marx-Engels Reader, pp.70-81.
③马克思：《共产党宣言》。见[美]西德尼·塔罗著：《运动中的力量：社会运动与斗争政治》，吴庆宏译，南京：译林出版社，2005年第1版，第15页。
①[美]塞缪尔·P.亨廷顿著：《变化社会中的政治秩序》，王冠华等译，上海：上海人民出版社，2008年第1版，第31-44页。
②Frances Fox Piven&Richard A. Cloward, Poor People’s Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fall.
③[英]约翰·洛克著：《政府论》，刘晓根译，北京：北京出版社，2007年第1版，第一章；[英]托马斯·霍布斯著：《论公民》（剑桥政治思想史原著系列影印本），北京：中国政法大学出版社，2003年第
1版，第一章。
④[英]亚当·斯密著：《国富论》（英文版），北京：中央编译出版社，2012年第1版，导论部分
（Introduction and Plan of the Work）。
⑤Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action; Anthony Oberschall, Social Movements: Ideologies, Interests, andIdentities.
①赵鼎新著：《社会与政治运动讲义》，第26页。
②[法]古斯塔夫·勒庞著：《乌合之众：大众心理研究》，冯克利译，北京：中央编译出版社，2004年第1版，第9-11页。
③Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency1930-19702nd ed., p7.
①William Kornhauser, The Politics of Mass Society, Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press,1959, p.32.
②Herbert Blumer,“Elementary Collective Behavior,” in New Outline of the Principles of Sociology, edited byAlfred McClung Lee, Barnes&Noble, Inc.,1951, pp.166-222.
③Ted R. Gurr, Why Men Rebel.
④Neil Smelser, Theory of Collective Behavior, p.11.
⑤Ibid.,p.48.
①Gerhard Lenski,“Status Crystallization: A Non-vertical Dimension of Social Status,” American SociologicalReview19, August1954, pp.405-413.
②Nick Crossley, Making Sense of Social Movements, Philadelphia: Open University Press,2002.
③Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency1930-19702nd ed.,p9.
④[美]曼瑟尔·奥尔森著：《集体行动的理论》，陈郁等译，上海：上海世纪格致出版社，2011年第1版，第2页。
①[美]曼瑟尔·奥尔森著：《集体行动的理论》，第13页。
②同上，第3页。
③同上，第71页。
④同上，第71-72页。
⑤Peter B. Clark&James Q. Wilson,“Incentive Systems: A Theory of Organizations,” Administrative ScienceQuarterly VI, September1961, pp.129-166.
⑥Lars Udehn,“Twenty-five Years with The Logic of Collective Action,” Acta Sociologica, vol.36, July1993,pp.239-261, p.240.
⑦[美]曼瑟尔·奥尔森著：《集体行动的理论》，第6页。
①参见S.E. Finkel, E.N.Muller&K. D. Opp,“Personal Influence, Collective Rationality, and Mass PoliticalAction,” American Political Science Review83,1989, pp.885-903; M. L. Gibson,“Public Goods, Alienation, andPolitical Protest: The Sanctuary Movement as a Test of the Public Goods Model of Collective RebelliousBehavior,” Political Psychology12,1991, pp.623-651.
②[美]曼瑟尔·奥尔森著：《集体行动的理论》，第6页。
①[美]艾尔东·莫里斯、卡洛尔·麦克拉吉·缪勒编：《社会运动理论的前沿领域》，刘能译，北京：北京大学出版社，2002年第1版，第3页。
①Graeme Chesters&Ian Welsh, Social Movements: the Key Concepts, pp.7-9.
②Nathan Leites&Charles Wolf Jr., Rebellion and Authority: An Analytic Essay on Insurgent Conflicts, Chicago:Markham,1970.
③Michael Lipsky,“Protest as a Political Resource,” American Political Science Review62,1968, pp.1144-1158.
④Anthony Oberschall, Social Conflict and Social Movements, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall,1973.
⑤J. D. McCarthy&M. N. Zald, The Trend of Social Movements in America: Professionalization and ResourceMobilization.
⑥J. D. McCarthy&M. N. Zald,“Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory”.
⑦艾尔东·莫里斯、卡洛尔·麦克拉吉·缪勒编：《社会运动理论的前沿领域》，第382-383页。
①Anthony Oberschall, Social Conflict and Social Movements, chapter1.
②Anthony Oberschall, Social Movements: Ideologies, Interests, and Identities, pp.22-23.
③Ibid., p.22.
④Ibid., p.37.
⑤J. D. McCarthy&M. N. Zald, The Trend of Social Movements in America: Professionalization and ResourceMobilization, p.1.
①J. D. McCarthy&M. N. Zald,“Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory,” p.1213.
②Ibid.
③Ibid., p.1221.
④J. D. McCarthy&M. N. Zald,“Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory,” pp.1216-1217.
⑤Graeme Chesters&Ian Welsh, Social Movements: the Key Concepts, pp.9-10.
①[美]西德尼·塔罗著：《运动中的力量：社会运动与斗争政治》，第22页。
②Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency1930-1970,1982.
③Michael Lipsky,“Protest as a Political Resource”.
④Peter K. Eisinger,“The Conditions of Protest Behavior in American Cities,” American Political Science Review
67, March1973, p.11.
⑤Ibid., p.27.
①Charles Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution, chapter3pp.1-4.
②Ibid., chapter3pp.4-7.
①Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency1930-1970,1999, p.36.
②Ibid., p.37.
③Ibid., pp.29-30.
④Ibid., p.38.
⑤Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency1930-1970,1999, p.35.
①Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency1930-1970,1982, pp.51-52.
②参见Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency1930-1970,1982/1999.
①Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency1930-1970,1999，preface to thesecond edition.
②F. F. Piven&R. Cloward, Poor People’s Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fall, pp.3-4.
③Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency1930-1970,1982, chapter3.
④Ibid., p.53.
⑤Ibid.
①参见Louis A. Zurcher Jr.&David A. Snow,“Collective Behavior: Social Movements,” in Social Psychology:Sociological Perspectives, ed. Morris Rosenberg and Ralph H. Turner, New York: Basic Books,1981, pp.447-482;Bruce Fireman&William A. Gamson,“Utilitarian Logic in the Resource Mobilization Perspective,” in TheDynamics of Social Movements, ed. Mayer N. Zald&John D. McCarthy, Cambridge, Mass.: Winthrop,1979,pp.8-44; Craig J. Jenkins,“Resource Mobilization Theory and the Study of Social Movements,” Annual Review ofSociology9,1983, pp.527-553；Bert Klandermans,“Mobilization and Participation: Social-PsychologicalExpansions of Resource Mobilization Theory,” American Sociological Review49,1984, pp.583-600.
②Jean L. Cohen,“Strategy or Identity: New Theoretical Paradigms and Contemporary Social Movements,” SocialResearch52,1985, pp.663-716.
③Jürgen Habermas,“New Social Movements,” Telos49,1981, pp.33-37.
④Alberto Melluci, Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society,Philadelphia: Temple University Press,1989.
⑤Alain Touraine,“An Introduction to the Study of Social Movement,” Social Research52,1985, pp.749-787.
①参见David A. Snow, B. Rochford, S. Worden&R. Benford,“Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization,and Movement Participation,” American Sociological Review51,1986, pp.464-481; David A. Snow&R. Benford,Ideology, Frame Resonance, and Participant Mobilization, International Social Movement Research1,1988,pp.197-218.
②参见D. McAdam, J. D. McCarthy&M. N. Zald, Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: PoliticalOpportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Culture Framing, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,1996.
③Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency1930-1970,1999, p.53.
④Ibid., pp.43-48.
①参见J. Goodwin&J. M. Jasper, Rethinking Social Movements: Structure, Meaning and Emotions, Rowman&Littlefield, Lanham, MD,2004.
②Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency1930-1970,1999, p.48.
③Ibid., p.37.
①Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency1930-1970,1999, p.37.
②Ibid., p.36.
④Arthur Marwick,“The Cultural Revolution of the Long Sixties: Voices of Reaction, Protest, and Permeation,”The International History Review Vol.27, No.4, Dec.2005, p.780.
⑤朱世达著：《当代美国文化》（修订版），北京：社会科学文献出版社，2011年版，第18页。
①姚佩芝，谢文玉：《战后美国经济发展与20世纪60年代美国新左派运动》，载《科教文汇》，2012年第3期，第197页。
②同等保护权的依据是美国宪法第十四修正案第一项：“任何人，凡在合众国出生或归化合众国并受其管辖者，均为合众国及所居住之州的公民。任何州不得制定或执行任何剥夺合众国公民特权或豁免权的法律；任何州亦不得未经正当法律程序而剥夺任何人的生命、自由或财产；亦不得对任何在其管辖下的人，拒绝给予平等的法律保护。”其中的“不得对任何在其管辖下的人，拒绝给予平等的法律保护。”即为美国宪法的同等保护权条款（equal protection clause），保障公民在法律上被同等的对待，这也就是美国宪法中同等保护权的规范由来。
③姚佩芝，谢文玉：《战后美国经济发展与20世纪60年代美国新左派运动》，第197页。
①[美]彼德·科利尔、戴维·霍洛维茨著：《破坏性的一代：对六十年代的再思考》，北京：文津出版社，2004年第一版，引言第4页。
②同上，引言第5页。
①Hans H. Gerth&C. Wright Mills, From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, New York: Oxford University Press,1946, pp.297-301; Sheldon L. Messinger,“Organizational Transformation: A Case Study of a Declining SocialMovement,” American Sociological Review20,1955, pp.3-10.
②J. D. McCarthy&M. N. Zald, The Trend of Social Movements in America: Professionalization and ResourceMobilization.
③Anthony Oberschall, Social Conflict and Social Movements.
④Luther P. Gerlach&Virginia H. Hine, People, Power, Change: Movements of Social Transformation,Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill,1970.
⑤William A. Gamson, The Strategy of Social Protest,2nd ed.
①Jo Freeman&Victoria Johnson, Waves of Protest: Social Movements since the Sixties, Maryland: Rowman&Littlefield Publishers, Inc.,1999, pp.328-329.
①Kenneth B. Clark,“The Civil Rights Movement: Momentum and Organization,” in Roots of Rebellion: theEvolution of Black Politics and Protest since World War II, ed., Richard P. Young, New York: Harper&Row,1970,p.295.
②Jo Freeman&Victoria Johnson, Waves of Protest: Social Movements since the Sixties, pp.328-330.
①郑飞：《鲜为人知的美国黑人民权运动另一面》，载《文史参考》2010年第11期，http://www.people.com.cn/GB/198221/198819/198855/12346592.html#，访问日期2012-8-29。
①Jo Freeman&Victoria Johnson, Waves of Protest: Social Movements since the Sixties, pp.331-332.
②Anthony Oberschall, Social Movements: Ideologies, Interests, and Identities, pp.267-268.
①August Meier&Elliot Rudwick, CORE, A Study in the Civil Rights Movement,1942-1968, New York: OxfordUniversity Press,1973, p.311.
②Jeniffer Warren,“Former Black Panther Eldridge Cleaver Dies at62,” Los Angeles Times, May02,1998,http://articles.latimes.com/1998/may/02/news/mn-45607,访问日期2012-08-30。
③Anthony Oberschall, Social Movements: Ideologies, Interests, and Identities, p.270.
④Jerome H. Skolnick, The Politics of Protest, New York: Ballantine Books,1969, p.31.
①Anthony Oberschall, Social Movements: Ideologies, Interests, and Identities, p.270.
②Ibid., pp.30-31.
①Paul Levine&Harry Papasotiriou, America since1945: the American Moment,2nd ed., Palgrave Macmillan,2011, pp.157-158.
②Jo Freeman&Victoria Johnson, Waves of Protest: Social Movements since the Sixties, p.333.
③Thomas R. Brooks, Walls Come Tumbling Down: A History of the Civil Rights Movement,1940-1970, EnglewoodCliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall,1974, p.17.
④Nancy J. Weiss,“The Negro and the New Freedom,” in The Segregation Era1863-1954, Allen Weinstein andFrank Otto Gatell, New York: Orford University Press,1970, p.130.
⑤Louis E. Lomax, The Negro Revolt, New York: Harper&Row,1962.
⑥Oscar Glanz,“The Black Vote,” in The Segregation Era1863-1954, Allen Weinstein and Frank Otto Gatell, NewYork: Orford University Press,1970, p.261.
①Steven F. Lawson, Black Ballots: Voting Rights in the South,1944-1969, New York: Columbia University Press,1976, p.256.
②Thomas R. Brooks, Walls Come Tumbling Down: A History of the Civil Rights Movement,1940-1970, p.237.
①Samuel Lubell, White and Black, Test of a Nation, New York: Harper&Row,1964, pp.127-128.
②Paul Levine&Harry Papasotiriou, America since1945: the American Moment,2nd ed., p.145.
①Paul Levine&Harry Papasotiriou, America since1945: the American Moment,2nd ed., p.146.
②Ibid., p.147.
①Gray T. Marx,“External Efforts to Damage or Facilitate Social Movements: Some Patterns, Explanations,Outcomes, and Complications,” Paper prepared for conference on the Dynamics of Social Movements: ResourceMobilization, Tactics and Social Control, Vanderbilt University,1976, p.5.
②Reginald Major, A Panther is a Black Cat, New York: Morrow,1971, p.297.
③William B. Helmreich, The Black Crusaders: A Case Study of a Black Militant Organization, New York: Harper&Row,1973, pp.120-121.
④Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Final Report.Hearings, vols1-7, Washington D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office,1976, pp.50-52.
⑤Anthony Oberschall, Social Movements: Ideologies, Interests, and Identities, p.286.
⑥The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act, Pub. L.90-351, June19,1968,82Stat.197,42U.S.C.§3711.
⑦Anthony Oberschall, Social Movements: Ideologies, Interests, and Identities, p.343.
⑧Joe R. Feagin&Harlan Hahn, Ghetto Revolts, the Politics of Violence in American Cities, New York: Macmillan,1973.
⑨Horace Webb,“Police Preparedness for Control of Civil Disorders,” Municipal Yearbook, Washington D.C.:International City Management Association,1969.
①Lemberg Center for the Study of Violence,“April Aftermath of the King Assassination,” Riot Data Review,no.2(August), Brandeis University Mimeographed,1968.
②Dave Dellinger, More Power than We Know, Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor,1975, p.278.
③丁雄飞，郑诗亮：《康纳里谈60年代以来的欧美社会运动》，载《东方早报》，2011年9月25日，http://www.dfdaily.com/html/2529/2011/9/25/670650_s.shtml，访问日期，2012年9月2日。
④Gary M. Walton&Hugh Rockoff, History of the American Economy,11th ed., OH: South-Western, CengageLearning,2010, pp.510-511.
①丁雄飞，郑诗亮：《康纳里谈60年代以来的欧美社会运动》。
②Jo Freeman&Victoria Johnson, Waves of Protest: Social Movements since the Sixties, p.336.
③Peter Goldman, Report from Black America, p.201.
④Lewis M. Killian, The Impossible Revolution, Phase II: Black Power and the American Dream, New York:Random House,1975, p.146.
⑤Paul Levine&Harry Papasotiriou, America since1945: the American Moment,2nd ed., p.153.
⑥Ibid.
①Paul Levine&Harry Papasotiriou, America since1945: the American Moment,2nd ed., p.153.
②Anthony Oberschall, Social Movements: Ideologies, Interests, and Identities, p.283.
③Seymour Spilerman,“The Causes of Racial Disturbances: A Comparison of Alternative Explanations,” AmericanSociological Review35,4,1970, pp.645-646.
④Dave Dellinger, More Power than We Know, p.99.
⑤Jerry Rubin, Do It, New York: Simon and Schuster,1970, p.107.
①[美]彼德·科利尔、戴维·霍洛维茨著：《破坏性的一代：对六十年代的再思考》，引言第6页。
①塞内卡福尔斯会议于1948年7月19-20日在纽约塞内卡福尔斯举行，是美国早期一次具有重要影响力的关于妇女权利的会议。会议上通过的感伤宣言与决议是美国妇女投票权运动的基本文件。
②Immanuel Ness, ed, Encyclopedia of American Social Movements, NY: M.E. Sharpe Inc.,2004, p.429.
③Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique, New York: W.W. Norton,1963.
④Sara Evans, Personal Politics: The Roots of Women’s Liberation in the Civil Rights Movement and the New Left,New York: Vintage Books,1991.
⑤Immanuel Ness, ed, Encyclopedia of American Social Movements, p.400.
⑥Robin Morgan, Goodbye to All That, reprint, Pittsburgh, PA: Know, Inc.,1971; Marge Piercy,“The Grand CoolieDamn,” in Sisterhood is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings from the Women’s Liberation Movement, ed., RobinMorgan, New York: Vintage Books,1970, pp.473-492.
①王恩铭：《当代美国的妇女运动》，载《美国研究》，1995年第3期。
②Rebecca Walker,“Becoming the Third Wave,” in Women: Images and Realities, A Multicultural Anthology,2nded., ed. Amy Kesselman, Lily D. McNair, and Nancy Schniedewind, Mountain View, CA: Mayfield,1999,pp.532-533.
③教友派又称贵格会或公谊会，是基督教新教的一个派别；一神论，又称一神教，目前包括犹太教、基督教、伊斯兰教以及印度的锡克教，认为只存在一种囊括一切的神。两者都主张和平主义。
①Immanuel Ness, ed, Encyclopedia of American Social Movements, p.1052.
②David S. Meyer,“Protest Cycles and Political Process: American Peace Movements in the Nuclear Age”, p.459.
③Immanuel Ness, ed, Encyclopedia of American Social Movements, p.1080-1096.
④Milton Katz, Ban the Bomb: A History of SANE,1957-1985, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press,1986.
⑤Adam Garfinkle,Telltale Hearts: The Origins and Impact of the Vietnam Antiwar Movement, New York: St.Martin's Press,1995, pp.20-21.
⑥David S. Meyer,“Protest Cycles and Political Process: American Peace Movements in the Nuclear Age,” p.459.
⑦Immanuel Ness, ed, Encyclopedia of American Social Movements, p.1057.
⑧Ibid., p.1058.
①Immanuel Ness, ed, Encyclopedia of American Social Movements, p.624.
②Michael Goldfield, The Decline of Organized Labor in the United States, Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1987, pp.221-231.
③Immanuel Ness, ed, Encyclopedia of American Social Movements, p.633.
①Immanuel Ness, ed, Encyclopedia of American Social Movements, pp.633-634.
②Robert J. Brulle,“The U.S. Environmental Movement,”2003, p.1,http://www.pages.drexel.edu/~brullerj/Twenty%20Lessons%20in%20Environmental%20Sociology-Brulle.pdf,访问日期2012年9月8日。
③Ibid., pp.1-11.
④Erik W. Johnson,“Social Movement Size, Organizational Diversity and the Making of Federal Law”, p.3.
⑤Robert J. Brulle,“The U.S. Environmental Movement,” p.11.
⑥美国十大环境保护运动组织：塞拉俱乐部（Sierra Club,1892）、国家奥杜邦协会（the National AudubonSociety，1905）、国家公园保护协会（National Parks and Conservation Association，1919）、艾扎克沃尔顿联盟（Izaak Walton League，1922）、荒野保护协会（Wilderness Society，1935）、全国野生动物联合会
（National Wildlife Federation，1936）、美国环保基金（Environmental Defense Fund，1967）、地球之友
（Friends of the Earth，1970）、国家资源保护委员会（National Resources Defense Council，1970）、绿色和平组织（Greenpeace，1970）。
①Jacqueline Vaughn Switzer, Environmental Politics: Domestic and Global Dimensions, NY: St. Martin’s Press,1994, pp.24-25.
②Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, Boston: Houghton Mifflin,1962.
③Richard N. L. Andrews, Managing the Environment, Managing Ourselves: A History of AmericanEnvironmental Policy, Yale University Press,1999; Paul Portnoy, Public Policies for Environmental Protection,Johns Hopkins University Press,1990.
④George Tyler Miller Jr., Environmental Science: Sustaining the Earth, Wadsworth,1991, p.11.
⑤Debra C. Minkoff,“The Sequencing of Social Movements,” American Sociological Review, Vol.62, No.5,1997,p.779.
①Ayn Rand, The Virtue of Selfishness, New York: Penguine,1964, p.131.
②[英]约翰·米克尔思韦特、阿德里安·伍尔德里奇著：《右翼美国：美国保守派的实力》，王传兴译，上海：上海人民出版社，2008，第67页。
③“Executive Order10925-Establishing the President’s Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity,” TheAmerican Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=58863,访问日期2012年9月
11日。
①Thomas Byrne Edsall&Mary D. Edsall, Chain Reaction: the Impact of Race, Rights and Taxes on AmericanPolitics, New York: W.W. Norton,1991, p.52.
②410U.S.113.
③Thomas Byrne Edsall&Mary D. Edsall, Chain Reaction: the Impact of Race, Rights and Taxes on AmericanPolitics, pp.111-112.
④密歇根大学全国选举研究资料库，http://www.umich/edu/_nes/nes-guide/nesguide.htm,访问日期2012年9月11日。
⑤张敏谦著:《大觉醒：美国宗教与社会关系》，北京：时事出版社，2001年版，第260页。
①张敏谦著:《大觉醒：美国宗教与社会关系》，北京：时事出版社，2001年版，第218页。
②刘澎：《宗教右翼与美国政治》，载《美国研究》，1997年第4期，第33页。
③Clyde Wilcox, God’s Warriors: The Christian Right in Twentieth-Century America, Baltimore, Maryland: TheJohn Hopkins University Press,1992, p.1.
①Immanuel Ness, ed, Encyclopedia of American Social Movements, p.1402.
②Clyde Wilcox, God’s Warriors: The Christian Right in Twentieth-Century America, p.14.
①[美]丹尼尔·贝尔著：《后工业社会的来临：对社会预测的一项探索》，第15页。
②同上，第14页。
③Albeno Melucci,“The New Social Movements Revisited: Reflections on a Sociological Misunderstanding,” in L.Maheu ed. Social Movements and Social Classes: The Future of Collective Action, London: Sage,1995, p.113.
④Alan Touraine, The Voice and the Eye, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1981, p.30.
①Jürgen Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action, Cambridge: Polity,1981.
②Claus Offe,“New Social Movements: Changing Boundaries of the Political,” Social Research,52,1985,pp.817-868.
③Russell J. Dalton&Manfred Kuechler, Challenging the Political Order: New Social and Political Movements inWestern Democracies, Oxford University Press,1990, p.232-233.
④Bert Klandermans, Hanspeter Kriesi, and Sidney G. Tarrow, eds., From Structure to Action: Comparing SocialMovement Research across Cultures.
⑤Andre Gortz, Farewell to the Working Class: An Essay on Post-Industrial Socialism, London: Pluto Press,1982.
⑥[美]丹尼尔·贝尔著：《后工业社会的来临：对社会预测的一项探索》，第24页。
⑦Manuel Castells,“The Rise of the Network Society,” in Volume1of The Information Age: Economy, Societyand Culture, Oxford: Blackwell,1996, pp.208-220.
⑧Ronald Inglehart, Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,1990.
⑨Louis Maheu ed., Social Movements and Social Classes: The Future of Collective Action, London: Sage,1995.
①Ronald Inglehart, Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society.
②[美]丹尼尔·贝尔著：《资本主义文化矛盾》，赵一凡等译，上海：三联书店出版社，1989年版，第70页。
③Albeno Melucci,“The New Social Movements Revisited: Reflections on a Sociological Misunderstanding”.
④[美]罗伯特·帕特南著：《独自打保龄：美国社区的衰落与复兴》，刘波等译，北京：北京大学出版社，2011年版，第172-173页。
①John D. McCarthy&Mayer. N. Zald,“The Trend of Social Movements in America: Professionalization andResource Mobilization,” p.3.
②Ronald G. Shaiko,“More Bang for the Buck,” in Interest Group Politics,3rd ed., Allan J. Cigler&Burdett A.Loomis,1991, p.124.
③直邮方式是运动组织通过向民众寄送吸纳成员信件，接收者只需要回复并缴纳一定的费用即可成为组织成员的方式。
④[美]罗伯特·帕特南著：《独自打保龄：美国社区的衰落与复兴》，第186页。
⑤同上，第7页。
⑥同上，第59-60页。
①[美]罗伯特·帕特南著：《独自打保龄：美国社区的衰落与复兴》，第329-330页。
②Kenneth T. Andrews,“The Impacts of Social Movements on the Political Process: The Civil Rights Movementand Black Electoral Politics in Mississippi,” American Sociological Review62,1997, pp.800-819.
③Doug McAdam, Freedom Summer, Oxford University Press,1990, pp.132.
④John D. McCarthy&Mayer. N. Zald,“The Trend of Social Movements in America: Professionalization andResource Mobilization”.
⑤Margit Mayer,“Social Movement Research and Social Movement Practice: the U.S. Pattern,” in Research onSocial Movements: the State of the Art in Western Europe and the USA, ed. Dieter Rucht, Boulder, Colo: WestviewPress,1991, p.64.
①Jacqueline Vaughn Switzer, Environmental Politics: Domestic and Global Dimensions, p.25.
②Robert Wuthnow, Sharing the Journey, Free Press,1996, pp.3-6,转引自帕特南著：《独自打保龄：美国社区的衰落与复兴》，第171页。
③R. Kenneth Godwin, One Billion Dollars of Influence: The Direct Marketing of Politics, Chatham House Pub,1988, p.48.
④Minkoff,“Producing Social Capital,” p.613.
①John D. McCarthy,“Pro-Life and Pro-Choice Mobilization: Infrastructure Deficits and New Technologies,” inSocial Movements in an Organizational Society: Collected Essays, ed. Mayer N. Zald&John D. McCarthy, NewBrunswick, N. J.: Transaction Books,1987, pp.49-66.
②Caryle Murphy,“Promise Keepers at a Prayerful Crossroads: One Year after Mall Rally, Men’s Religious GroupGrapples with Message, Money,” The Washington Post, October7,1998.
③James L. Guth, Lyman A. Kellstedt, John C. Green&Corwin E. Smidt,“Onward Christian Soldiers?: Religionand the Bush Doctrine,” Books and Culture, August2005,http://www.booksandculture.com/articles/2005/julaug/13.20.html,访问日期2012年9月17日。
①Anne N. Costain, Inviting Women’s Rebellion: A Political Process Interpretation of the Women’s Movements,pp.79-121.
②Marshall Ganz,“Left Behind: Social Movements, Parties, and the Politics of Reform”; Nathan Newman,“Governing the Nation from the Statehouses: The Rightwing Agenda in the States and How Progressives can FightBack,” The Progressive Legislative Action Network, February21,2006; Sara Robinson,“What can We Learn fromConservatives about Winning in Politics,” AlterNet, March13,2008; Sara Robinson,“How did ConservativesConvince the Public to Think Differently about Government?” AlterNet, March15,2008.
③Mayer N. Zald&Roberta Ash,“Social Movement Organizations: Growth, Decay, and Change”, pp.327-340.
①Beth Schaefer Caniglia&JoAnn Carmin,“Scholarship on Social Movement Organizations: Classic Views andEmerging Trends,” Mobilization: An International Journal,10(2),2005, pp.201-212.
②Paul Osterman,“Overcoming Oligarchy: Culture and Agency in Social Movement Organizations,” AdministrativeScience Quarterly,51,2006, p.622.
③John D. McCarthy&Mayer. N. Zald,“The Trend of Social Movements in America: Professionalization andResource Mobilization,” p.20.
④Ibid.，p.25.
⑤Margit Mayer,“Social Movement Research and Social Movement Practice: the U.S. Pattern”, p.64.
①Margit Mayer,“Social Movement Research and Social Movement Practice: the U.S. Pattern”, p.11.
②Marshall Ganz,“Left Behind: Social Movements, Parties, and the Politics of Reform”, p.9.
①Donal Snow, Inside the Environmental Movement: Meeting the Leadership Challenge, Washington D.C.: IslandPress,1991, p.9.
②Riley E. Dunlap&Angela G. Mertig eds, American Environmentalism: The U.S. Environmental Movement,1970-1990, Washington D.C.: Taylor and Francis,1992, pp.11-26.; Christopher J. Bosso,“Facing the Future:Environmentalists and the New Political Landscape,” in Allan J. Cigler&Burdett A. Loomis eds, Interest GroupPolitics,5th ed.,1999, pp.101-130.
①Robert Cameron Mitchell, Angela G. Mertig&Riley E. Dunlap,“Twenty Years of Environmental Mobilization:Trends among National Environmental Organizations,” Society and Natural Resources, vol.4,1991, pp.219-234.
②Ibid., p.223.
③John D. McCarthy,“Pro-Life and Pro-Choice Mobilization: Infrastructure Deficits and New Technologies”, p.62.
④R. Kenneth Godwin, One Billion Dollars of Influence: The Direct Marketing of Politics, p.55.
⑤Linda L. Fowler&Ronald G. Shaiko,“The Grass Roots Connection: Environmental Activists and Senate RollCalls,” American Journal of Political Science31,1987, p.490.
⑥Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics,2nd edition, p.133.
①Philip A. Mundo, Interest Groups: Cases and Characteristics, Chicago: Nelson-Hall,1992, p.178.
②Roper Report97-3, New York: Roper Starch Worldwide,1997, pp.117-121.
③http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/about/our-staff/phil-radford/，访问日期2012年9月27日。
④http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/media-center/experts/，访问日期2012年9月27日。
⑤Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy&Mayer. N. Zald eds, Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements:Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framing, p.12.
⑥Erik W. Johnson,“Social Movement Size, Organizational Diversity and the Making of Federal Law”, p.1.
①David A. Snow, Sarah A. Soule&Hanspeter Kriesi, The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, Malden,MA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd,2004, p.633.
②http://www.thirdwavefoundation.org，访问日期2012年9月28日。
③Immanuel Ness, ed, Encyclopedia of American Social Movements, p.429.
①Laurie Goodstein,“Coalition’s Woes May Hinder Goals of Christian Right,” New York Times, August2,1999.
②James L. Guth, Lyman A. Kellstedt, John C. Green&Corwin E. Smidt,“Onward Christian Soldiers?: Religionand the Bush Doctrine”, p.73.
①John D. McCarthy,“Pro-Life and Pro-Choice Mobilization: Infrastructure Deficits and New Technologies”, p.56.
②[美]罗伯特·帕特南著：《独自打保龄：美国社区的衰落与复兴》，第174页。
③Deborah R. McFarlane&Kenneth J. Meier, The Politics of Fertility Control: Family Planning and AbortionPolicies in the American States, New York, N.Y.: Chatham House,2001, pp.94-95; Melody Rose, Safe, Legal, andUnavailable? Washington, D.C.: CQ Press,2007, pp.103-104.
①“Union Members Summary,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, January27,2012,http://www.bls.gov/news.release/union2.nr0.htm,访问日期2012年9月28日。
②Immanuel Ness, ed, Encyclopedia of American Social Movements, p.429.
①[美] R. G.哈切森：《白宫中的上帝》，段琦、晓镛译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，1992年版，第198页。
①Marshall Ganz,“Left Behind: Social Movements, Parties, and the Politics of Reform,” pp.8-9.
②Ari Berman,“Big$$for Progressive Politics,” The Nation, October16,2006.
①Clyde Wilcox&Carin Robinson, Onward Christian Soldiers?: The Religious Right in American Politics，Bolder,CO: Westview Press,1996, pp.111-129.
②John Hicks,“The Political Subsistence of the Religious Right: Why the Christian Right Survives and Does notThrive,” The American Religious Experience,2001, pp.5-6.
③Pat Robertson,“A Message from the President,” Christian Coalition of America,http://www.robertsonelectric.com/president-message.php,访问日期2012年9月26日。
④赵梅：《“选择权”与“生命权”——美国有关堕胎问题的论争》，载《美国研究》，1997年第4期，第67页。
①Ari Berman,“Big$$for Progressive Politics”.
②参见Frances Fox Piven&Richard A. Cloward, Poor People’s Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fall;Suzanne Staggenborg,“The Consequences of Professionalization and Formalization in the Pro-Choice Movement,”in Jo Freeman&Victoria Johnson, Waves of Protest: Social Movements since the Sixties, pp.99-135.
③Suzanne Staggenborg,“The Consequences of Professionalization and Formalization in the Pro-ChoiceMovement,” p.121.
①刘澎：《宗教右翼与美国政治》，第38页。
①James L. Guth, Lyman A. Kellstedt, John C. Green&Corwin E. Smidt,“Onward Christian Soldiers?: Religionand the Bush Doctrine,” p.73.
②刘澎：《宗教右翼与美国政治》，第39页。
①[美]丹尼尔·贝尔著：《后工业社会的来临：对社会预测的一项探索》，第15页。
②同上，第14页。
①[美]丹尼尔·贝尔著：《资本主义文化矛盾》，第198，200页。
②同上，第195页。
③同上，第37页。
④同上，第74页。
①[美]丹尼尔·贝尔著：《资本主义文化矛盾》，第26-27页。
②同上，第13页。
③同上，第205-206页。
④美国统计局官网，http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0133.pdf，访问日期2012年10月3日。
⑤张惠玲：《当代美国政治中的新基督教右翼运动》（博士论文），第27页。
⑥盖洛普官方网站，http://www.gallup.com/poll/6961/What-Percentage-Population-Gay.aspx，访问日期2012年10月3日。
⑦Duane Murray Oldfield, The Right and the Righteous: the Christian Right Confronts the Republican Party,Lanham, p.62.
①Duane Murray Oldfield, The Right and the Righteous: the Christian Right Confronts the Republican Party,Lanham, p.6.
②盖洛普官方网站，http://www.gallup.com/poll/9904/Public-Opinion-About-Abortion-InDepth-Review.aspx，访问日期2012年10月3日。
①[英]安东尼·吉登斯著：《现代性的后果》，田禾译，黄平校，南京：译林出版社，2011年版，第143页。
①[英]安东尼·吉登斯著：《现代性的后果》，田禾译，黄平校，南京：译林出版社，2011年版，第143-149页。
②同上，第141-142页。
①Charles W. Dunn, The Future of Conservatism: Conflict and Consensus in the Post-Reagan Era, Wilmington, Del.:ISI Books,2007, pp.vi-vii.
②Friedrich Hayek, The Road to Serfdom, Routledge Press (the UK),1944.
①关于新保守主义起源也可参见，周琪：《“布什主义”与美国新保守主义》，载《美国研究》，2007年第2期，第15-18页。
②[美]丹尼尔·贝尔著：《资本主义文化矛盾》，第21页。
①袁晓明：《保守仍然是美国本色》，载《环球时报》，2006年12月7日。
②George H. Nash,“The Uneasy Future of American Conservatism,” in Charles W. Dunn, The Future ofConservatism: Conflict and Consensus in the Post-Reagan Era, p.9.
③李道揆：《九十年代的美国政治》，载《美国研究》，1997年第4期，第9页。
①李道揆：《九十年代的美国政治》，第11页。
②George H. Nash,“The Uneasy Future of American Conservatism,” p.15.
①Alan I. Abramowitz&Kyle L. Saunders,“Is Polarization a Myth?,” The Journal of Politics, Vol.70, No.2,2008,pp.542-555; Morris P. Fiorina&Samuel J. Abrams,“Where’s the Polarization?,” in Richard G. Niemi, Herbert F.Weisberg&David C. Kimball, Controversies in Voting Behavior, Washington D.C.: CQ Press,2011, pp.309-318.
①Nolan McCarty, Keith T. Poole&Howard Rosenthal, Polarized America: the Dance of Ideology and UnequalRiches, MA: The MIT Press,2008, p.17.
①[美]大卫·哈维著：《资本之谜》，陈静译，北京：电子工业出版社，2011年版，第9页。
②同上，第11-12页。
①李道揆著：《美国政府与美国政治》，北京：商务印书馆，1999年版，第572-579页；郦菁：《美国社会运动兴衰的秘密》，第28-29页。
②美国统计局官网，http://www.census.gov/ces/dataproducts/economicdata.html，访问日期2012年10月15日。
①美国统计局官网，http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0469.pdf，访问日期2012年10月15日。
②美国统计局官网，http://www.census.gov/ces/dataproducts/economicdata.html，访问日期2012年10月15日。
③巴拉克·奥巴马2009年1月20日就职演说：《开创负责任的新时代》，载《奥巴马演说集》，王瑞泽编译，南京：译林出版社，2009年版，第291页。
④严海波：《奥巴马新政与新自由主义的终结》，载《人民论坛》，2009年第6期。
①美国统计局官网，http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/data/historical/inequality/IE-1.pdf，访问日期2012年10月15日。
②基尼系数是20世纪初意大利学者基尼（Corrado Gini）根据劳伦茨曲线所定义的判断收入分配公平程度的指标。是比例数值，在0-1之间。若低于0.2表示收入绝对平均；0.2-0.3表示比较平均；0.3-0.4表示相对合理；0.4-0.5表示收入差距大；0.6以上表示收入差距悬殊。
③美国统计局官网，http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/about/overview/index.html，访问日期2012年10月15日。
①陈宝森、王荣军、罗振兴主编：《当代美国经济》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2011年版，第3页。
②Frank Rich,“Hollywood’s Brilliant Coda to America’s Dark Year,” New York Times, December12,2009.
①参见赵敏：《美国“茶党”运动初探》，载《现代国际关系》，2010年第10期，第31—33页。
②James F. Smith,“Ron Paul’s Tea Party for Dollars,” Boston Globe, December16,2007,www.boston.com/news/politics/politicalintelligence/2007/12/ron_pauls_tea_p.html,访问日期2012年10月30日。
③David Boaz,“We Miss You, Bubba,” Washington Times, January11,2010.
①Scott Rasmussen&Douglas Schoen, Mad as Hell: How the Tea Party Movement is Fundamentally Remakingour Two-Party System, p.118.
②猪肉桶（pork barrel）是美国政界常用的一个词汇。它源于美国南北战争前，南方种植园主家里都有几个放着腌猪肉的大木桶。这些腌猪肉是用来分给奴隶的，故指人人都有一块。后来，美国政界将国会议员在通过拨款法案时拨款给各自选区或各自热衷的项目的做法称为“猪肉桶”。
③Kate Zernike,“Unlikely Activist Who Got to the Tea Party Early,” New York Times, February28,2010.
④John V. Last,“A Growing ‘Tea Party’ Movement?” Weekly Standard, March4,2009,www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/03/04/opinion/main4843055.shtml,访问日期2012年10月31日。
⑤Ibid.
⑥David Gardner,“A Million March to US Capitol to Protest against ‘Obama the Socialist’,”http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1213056/Up-million-march-US-Capitol-protest-Obamas-spending-tea-party-demonstration.html,访问日期2012年10月30日。
①Brian Beutler,“Pelosi: This is Astroturf, Not Grassroots Protests,” Talkingpointsmemo.com, April15,2009,http://tpmdc.takingpointsmemo.com/2009/04/pelosi-this-is-astroturf-not-grassroots-protest.php，访问日期2012年10月30日。
②Theda Skocpol&Vanessa Williamson, The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism, p.11.
③RasmussenReports,“35%View Tea Party Favorably,42%Do Not,” July11,2012,http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/general_politics/july_2012/35_view_tea_party_favorably_42_do_not,访问日期2012年10月31日。
①Scott Rasmussen&Douglas Schoen, Mad as Hell: How the Tea Party Movement is Fundamentally Remakingour Two-Party System, p.148.
②Charles Hurt,“Sarah’s Tea Talk Sounds Presidential,” New York Post, February8,2010,www.nypost.com/p/news/national/sarah_tea_talk_sounds_presidential_w3U7DqYM18s7uhq6ydzDiL,访问日期，2012年11月1日。
①Sarah Palin,“Speech to the2008Republican National Convention,” September3,2008,http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26535811/ns/politics-decision_08/t/transcript-palins-speech-convention/,访问日期2012年11月1日。
②The Economist/YouGov poll，February20,2010,http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2010/02/economistyougov_poll_0,访问日期2012年11月1日。
③“Who are the Tea Party Activists?” CNN Polling Center, February18,2010,www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/02/17/tea.party.poll/index.html,访问日期2012年11月1日。
④The Economist/YouGov poll，February20,2010,http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2010/02/economistyougov_poll_0,访问日期2012年11月1日。
①盖洛普官方网站，http://www.gallup.com/poll/148841/Tea-Party-Supporters-Oppose-Debt-Agreement.aspx，访问日期2012年11月1日。
②Amy Garder,“Gauging the Scope of the Tea Party Movement in America,” Washington Post, October24,2010.
③Theda Skocpol&Vanessa Williamson, The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism, p.90.
④“The Rolling Stone Interview of Barack Obama,” Rolling Stone Magazine, October15,2010.
①Matt Gertz,“Beck’s Mutually Beneficial Partnership with FreedomWorks,” June14,2010,http://mediamatters.org/research/2010/06/14/becks-mutually-beneficial-partnership-with-free/166159,访问日期2012年11月1日。
②“自由事业”的相关信息引自该组织的官方网站，http://www.freedomworks.org，访问日期2012年11月
2日。
③Our Country Deserves Better PAC，“Mission Statement,” http://www.teapartyexpress.org/mission,访问日期2012年11月2日。
④Our Country Deserves Better PAC，“Stop Obama Tour,”http://www.ourcountrydeservesbetter.com/campaigns/stopobamatour/,访问日期2012年11月2日。
⑤Our Country Deserves Better PAC，“Issues,” http://www.ourcountrydeservesbetter.com/about-us/issues/,访问日期2012年11月2日。
①David Weigel,“Behind the Cato-Koch Kerfuffle,” Slate, March1,2012,http://www.slate.com/blogs/weigel/2012/03/01/behind_the_cato_koch_kerfuffle.html,访问日期2012年11月2日。
②americansforprosperity.org,访问日期2012年11月2日。
③Tim Phillips, New York Times, March3,2012,http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/04/opinion/sunday/catching-up-with-tim-phillips-of-americans-for-prosperity.html,访问日期2012年11月2日。
④Tom Hambruger, Kathleen Hennessey, Neela Banerjee,“Koch Brothers Now at Heart of GOP Power,” LosAngeles Times, February6,2011, http://articles.latimes.com/2011/feb/06/nation/la-na-koch-brothers-20110206,访问日期2012年11月2日。
⑤Brody Mullins,“Americans for Prosperity to Air Ads Slamming Obama’s Ties to Solyndra,” Wall Street Journal,November9,2011,http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2012/01/14/americans-for-prosperity-to-air-ads-slamming-obamas-ties-to-solyndra/,访问日期2012年11月2日。
⑥Peter Wallsten&Tom Hamburger,“Conservative Groups Reaching New Levels of Sophistication in MobilizingVoters,” Washington Post, September20,2012,http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/decision2012/conservative-groups-reaching-new-levels-of-sophistication-in-mobilizing-voters/2012/09/20/3c3cd8e8-026c-11e2-91e7-2962c74e7738_story.html,访问日期2012年11月2日。
①Tea Party Patriots, https://www.teapartypatriots.org/about/,访问日期2012年11月2日。
②Kate Zernike, Boiling Mad: Inside Tea Party America, New York: Times Books,2010, p.101..
③Devin Burghart&Leonard Zeskind,“Tea Party Nationalism: A Critical ExTea Party Movement and the Size,Scope, and Focus of its National Factions,” Rep. Institute for Research and Education on Human Rights, Fall2010,http://justanothercoverup.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/TeaPartyNationalism.pdf,访问日期2012年11月2日。
④Bernie Becker,“A Revised Contract for America, Minus ‘With’ and Newt,” The New York Times, April15,2010.
⑤《来自美利坚的契约》内容见其官方网站，http://www.thecontract.org/the-contract-from-america/，访问日期2012年11月3日。
⑥Scott Rasmussen&Douglas Schoen, Mad as Hell: How the Tea Party Movement is Fundamentally Remakingour Two-Party System, p.150.
①Tea Party Nation, http://www.teapartynation.com,访问日期2012年11月2日。
②Tea Party Nation, http://www.teapartynation.com/profiles/members/,访问日期2012年11月2日。
③尽管2009年发生的茶党运动与“波士顿倾茶事件”都是与税收相关的抗议运动，但“波士顿事件”是由英国国会对东印度公司免税直接导致的抗议事件，而2009年的茶党运动则是反对奥巴马政府增加税收的抗议运动。相关内容见Joseph J. Thorndike,“A Tax Revolt or Revolting Taxes?” Tax History, December14,2005,http://www.taxhistory.org/thp/readings.nsf/ArtWeb/1BC5839831CD15EE852570DD0061D496?OpenDocument,访问日期2012年11月5日。
①Louis Jacobson,“Welcome to the Tea Party,” State Legislatures, September2011, pp.13-14.
②Eric Boehm,“Liquor Store Privatization Battle Begins, Again,” PA Independent, July8,2011.
③Louis Jacobson,“Welcome to the Tea Party,” p.14.
④Ibid.
①Theda Skocpol&Vanessa Williamson, The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism, p.81.
②Mark Leibovitch,“Being Glenn Beck,” New York Times, September29,2010.
③“西南大都市茶党”组织官方网站，http://www.swmetroteaparty.com/educate-motivate.php，访问日期2012年11月5日。
④W. J. Rorabaugh, Donald T. Critchlow, Paula C. Baker, America’s Promise: A Concise History of the UnitedStates, Rowman&Littlefield,2004, p.210.
⑤经济保皇派是美国前总统罗斯福在1936年接受总统候选人提名的演说中对希望控制政府活动的有财势者的称呼。
①http://mediamatters.org/video/2009/07/21/beck-health-care-reform-is-good-old-socialism-r/152294,访问日期2012年11月5日。
②David Boaz,“The Roots of the Tea Parties,” Cato@Liberty, May15,2010,http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/the-roots-of-the-tea-parties/,访问日期2012年11月5日。
③周琪等：《占领华尔街：资本主义的困惑》，第50页。
①Theda Skocpol&Vanessa Williamson, The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism, p.7.
②Frank Lambert, Religion in American Politics: A Short History, New Jersey: Princeton University Press,2010,pp.34-40.
③John B. Judis,“Tea Minus Zero: The Tea Party Menace will not Go Quietly,” The New Republic, May27,2010,p.20.
①The Economist/YouGov poll，February20,2010,http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2010/02/economistyougov_poll_0,访问日期2012年11月8日。
②周琪主编：《意识形态与美国外交》，第420页。
③John B. Judis,“Tea Minus Zero: The Tea Party Menace will not Go Quietly,” p.19.
①John V. Last,“A Growing ‘Tea Party’ Movement?”.
①Theda Skocpol&Vanessa Williamson, The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism,pp.131-133.
①9个原则与12个价值观见9/12计划官网，http://the9/12-project.com/about/the-9-principles-12-values/，访问日期2012年11月11日。
①Ned Ryun,“Wither the Tea Party?” The American Spectator, July/August2011, p.64.
②Ibid., p.65.
③Ibid., p.64.
①John B. Judis,“Tea Minus Zero: The Tea Party Menace will not Go Quietly”, p.21.
②Alex Pappas,“Congressional Tea Party Caucus Receives Mixed Reviews from Tea Party Activists,” The DailyCaller, July22,2010,http://dailycaller.com/2010/07/22/congressional-tea-party-caucus-receives-mixed-reviews-from-tea-party-activists/,访问日期2012年11月15日。
③Kate Zernike,“Republicans Strain to Ride Tea Party Tiger,” New York Times, January23,2010,www.nytimes.com/2010/01/23/us/politics/23teaparty.html?pagewanted=print,访问日期2012年11月12日。
④“Mark Kirk’s Extremely Liberal Voting Record,” Republican News Watch,http://republicannewswatch.com/wp/?p=30,访问日期2012年11月12日。
①Scott Rasmussen&Douglas Schoen, Mad as Hell: How the Tea Party Movement is Fundamentally Remakingour Two-Party System, p.183.
②Brett LoGlurato,“The Resurgent Tea Party is about to Take out a Six-Term Republican Senator,” May8,2012,http://www.businessinsider.com/dick-lugar-trails-tea-party-candidate-mourdock-in-indiana-republican-senate-2012-5,访问日期2012年11月13日。
③Adam Liptak,“Tea-ing Up the Constitution,” New York Times, March12,2010,www.nytimes.com/2010/03/14/weekinreview/14liptak.html,访问日期2012年11月14日。
①Frank Newport,“Americans’ Satisfaction at All-Time Low of9%,” Gallup Politics, October7,2008,http://www.gallup.com/poll/110983/americans-satisfaction-alltime-low.aspx,访问日期2012年11月14日。
②David Brooks,“The Tea Party Teens,” New York Times, January4,2010.
①Scott Rasmussen&Douglas Schoen, Mad as Hell: How the Tea Party Movement is Fundamentally Remakingour Two-Party System, p.53.
②Ibid., pp.83-84，97.
③Susan Page,“Analysis by Jim Norman of USA TODAY/Gallup Poll of1,007Adults Taken March27-29,” USATODAY, April14,2009, www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2009-04-14-biggovernment_N.htm#table,访问日期2012年11月14日。
④盖洛普官网，http://www.gallup.com/poll/152021/Conservatives-Remain-Largest-Ideological-Group.aspx，访问日期2012年11月15日。
⑤Frank Lambert, Religion in American Politics: A Short History, pp.23-25.
①盖洛普官网，http://www.gallup.com/poll/152021/Conservatives-Remain-Largest-Ideological-Group.aspx，访问日期2012年11月15日。
②该民调数据是根据1987至2012年间针对民主党与共和党就48个价值观层面问题的回答统计得来。
①Gerald F. Seib,“Lawmakers Seek Middle Ground at Their Own Risk,” Wall Street Journal, March12,2010,http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704349304575115583850338638.html,访问日期2012年11月
15日。
②Shailagh Murray&Lori Montgomery,“House Passes Health-care Reform Bill without Republican Votes,” TheWashington Post, March22,2010,http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/21/AR2010032100943.html,访问日期2012年
11月15日。
①Annalyn Censky,“A Rough10Years for the Middle Class,” CNNMoney, October14,2011,http://money.cnn.com/2011/09/21/news/economy/middle_class_income/index.htm,访问日期2012年11月15日。
①Jack Shenker&Adam Gabbatt,“Tahrir Square Protesters Send Message of Solidarity to Occupy Wall Street,”The Guardian, October25,2011,http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/25/egyptian-protesters-occupy-wall-street?newsfeed=true,访问日期2012年12月3日；Michael Saba,“Wall Street Protesters Inspired by Arab Spring Movement,” CNN, September
17,2011, http://edition.cnn.com/2011/09/16/tech/social-media/twitter-occupy-wall-street/index.html,访问日期2012年12月3日。
②http://www.adbusters.org/blogs/adbusters-blog/occupywallstreet.html，访问日期2012年12月3日。
③Michael Saba,“Wall Street Protesters Inspired by Arab Spring Movement”.
①What is Occupy? Inside the Global Movement, Time, NY: Time Books,2011, pp.8-9.
②Chris Barton,“‘Occupy Auckland’ Protest Speaks with Many Voices,” The New Zealand Herald, October29,2011, http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10762353,访问日期2012年12月3日。
③Richard Lambert,“Its Camp is Gone, but the Occupy Movement will Grow,” Financial Times, November15,2011,http://blogs.ft.com/the-a-list/2011/11/15/its-camp-is-gone-but-the-occupy-movement-will-grow/?Authorised=false#axzz2DxURXgGf,访问日期2012年12月3日。
④John Gapper,“A Better Way to Occupy Wall Street,” Financial Times, November16,2011,http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/3724b32a-1047-11e1-8211-00144feabdc0,Authorised=false.html?_i_location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F3724b32a-1047-11e1-8211-00144feabdc0.html&_i_referer=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOccupy_Wall_Street_Movement#axzz2DxV9Vx9a,访问日期2012年12月3日。
①占领运动网站的相关信息均来自“Adbusters”组织官网：www.adbusters.org.
②Stephen Kobrin,“The Clash of Globalizations,” Foreign Policy112,1998, pp.97-109.
①David Kidd,“Indymedia: A New Communications Commons,” in Barbara McCaughney&Michael Ayers,Cyberactivism: Online Acts in Theory and Practice, New York, NY: Routledge,2003, pp.47-69.
②Jürgen Habermas, Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,1983.
③Manuel Castells, The Power of Identity (The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Volume II),Oxford, UK: Blackwell Press,1997; The Internet Galaxy: Reflections on the Internet, Business and Society,Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers,2001.
④Henry Jenkins, Convergence Culture, New York, NY: New York University Press,2006; Mario Diani,“SocialMovement Networks Virtual and Real,” Information, Communication and Society3(3),2000, pp.386-401.
⑤见下列学者的研究：Jeremy Brecher, Tim Costello&Brendan Smith, Globalization from Below: The Power ofSolidarity, Cambridge, MA: South End Press,2000; Joyce Nipp,“The Queer Sisters and its Electronic BulletinBoard: A Study of the Internet for Social Movement Mobilization,” in Wim Van De Donk et al., Cyberprotest:New Media, Citizens and Social Movements, New York, NY: Routledge,2004, pp.233-258; William Bennet,“Communicating Global Activism,” Information, Communication and Society6(2),2003, pp.143-168.
⑥David Kidd,“Indymedia: A New Communications Commons”.
①Douglas Schoen,“Polling the Occupy Wall Street Crowd,” The Wall Street Journal, October18,2011,http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204479504576637082965745362.html?mod=WSJ_Opinion_LEADTop,访问日期2012年12月4日。
①Sean Captain,“Infographic: Who is Occupy Wall Street?” Fast Company, November2,2011,http://www.fastcompany.com/1792056/infographic-who-occupy-wall-street,访问日期2012年12月4日。
②Elizabeth Flock,“Occupy Wall Street: An Interview with Kalle Lasn, the Man behind it All,”, The WashingtonPost, October12,2011,http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/blogpost/post/occupy-wall-street-an-interview-with-kalle-lasn-the-man-behind-it-all/2011/10/12/gIQAC81xfL_blog.html,访问日期2012年12月4日。
①Sean Captain,“Infographic: Who is Occupy Wall Street?”.
①Eleazar David Melendez,“Occupy Wall Street’s May Day in New York Ends in Failed Plaza Occupation,”International Business Times, May2,2012,http://www.ibtimes.com/occupy-wall-streets-may-day-new-york-ends-failed-plaza-occupation-694899；JoeCoscarelli,“What Comes after May Day for Occupy Wall Street?” New York, May1,2012,http://nymag.com/daily/intel/2012/05/may-day-occupy-wall-street-uncertain-future.html; Justin Grant,“The TeaParty Remains Strong as Occupy Wall Street Sputters,” Advanced Trading, May9,2012,http://www.advancedtrading.com/regulations/the-tea-party-remains-strong-as-occupy-w/240000089,访问日期2012年12月5日。
②Adam Weinstein,““We are the99Percent” Creators Revealed,” Mother Jones, October7,2011,http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2011/10/we-are-the-99-percent-creators,访问日期2012年12月6日。
③Peter Whoriskey,“CBO: Incomes of Top Earners Grow at a Pace Far Faster than Everyone Else’s,” TheWashington Post, October27,2011,http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/cbo-incomes-of-top-earners-grow-at-a-pace-far-faster-than-everyone-elses/2011/10/26/gIQAHlVFKM_story.html,访问日期2012年12月6日。
①律商联讯未收录全球性财经有线电视卫星新闻台与福克斯新闻的日间节目。
②民众关注指民众关注相关新闻报道的百分比；媒体报道指对不同新闻报道的比例分配。
①Kat Stoeffel,“Occupy Wall Street’s Media Problems,” New York Observer, September26,2011,http://observer.com/2011/09/occupy-wall-streets-media-problems/,访问日期2012年12月6日。
②Edward Schumacher-Matos,“Newsworthy? Determining the Importance of Protests on Wall Street,” September
26,2011,http://www.npr.org/blogs/ombudsman/2011/09/26/140815394/newsworthy-determining-the-importance-of-protests-on-wall-street,访问日期2012年12月6日。
③Ginia Bellafante,“Gunning for Wall Street, With Faulty Aim,” New York Times, September25,2011,http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/nyregion/protesters-are-gunning-for-wall-street-with-faulty-aim.html?_r=1&pagewanted=print,访问日期2012年12月6日。
④Sean Captain,“Infographic: Who is Occupy Wall Street?”.
①http://occupywallst.org,访问日期2012年12月11日。
①Erik Eckholm,“Occupy Movement Regroups, Preparing for Its Next Phase,” The New York Times, February11,2012.
②Carolina Tamayo,“Occupy Anniversary Protests Fall Flat,” September17,2012,http://www.ntn24.com/news/news/occupy-anniversary-protests-fa-17431,访问日期2013年2月8日。
③Erik Eckholm,“Occupy Movement Regroups, Preparing for Its Next Phase”.
④What is Occupy? Inside the Global Movement, p.34.
①Douglas Schoen,“Polling the Occupy Wall Street Crowd”.
②Laura Marcinek,“Wall Street Areas Blocked as Police Arrest Seven in Protest,” Businessweek, September19,2011.
③Colin Moynihan,“80Arrested as Financial District Protest Moves North,” The New York Times, September24,2011.
④“700Arrested after Wall Street Protest on Brooklyn Bridge,” Foxnews.com, October2,2011,http://www.foxnews.com/us/2011/10/01/500-arrested-after-wall-street-protest-on-nys-brooklyn-bridge/,访问日期2012年12月11日。
⑤Alyssa Newcomb&Carlos Boettcher,“Occupy Wall Street Anniversary Protests Dwarfed by Police Presence,”ABCnews, September17,2012,http://abcnews.go.com/US/occupy-wall-street-celebrates-anniversary-protests/story?id=17249773#.UMZ_iqWzm9o,访问日期2012年12月11日。
⑥Daniel Edward Rosen,“Is Ray Kelly’s NYPD Spinning Out of Control?” The New York Observer, December1,2011, http://observer.com/2011/11/is-ray-kellys-nypd-spinning-out-of-control/?show=all,访问日期2012年12月
12日。
⑦Karen McVeigh,“Occupy Wall Street: the Direct Action Committee Driving the Protes’s Success,” TheGuardian, October5,2011, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/05/occupy-wall-street-direct-action,访问日期2012年12月12日。
①What is Occupy? Inside the Global Movement, p.38.
②Rick Hampson,“‘Occupy’ Movement Faces Challenge from Violent Fringe,” USA Today, November14,2011,http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/story/2011-11-13/occupy-movement-violent-fringe/51188258/1,访问日期2012年12月12日。
③Jeff Swicord,“Occupy Movement Works to Maintain Credibility,” VOANews, November16,2011,http://www.voanews.com/content/occupy-movement-works-to-maintain-credibility-133995808/148307.html,访问日期2012年12月12日。
①Ryan Devereaux,“Occupy Wall Street:‘There’s a Militant Animosity Bred by Direct Action’,” The Guardian,February3,2012,http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/feb/03/occupy-wall-street-animosity-direct-action?newsfeed=true,访问日期2012年12月12日。
②Erik Eckholm,“Occupy Movement Regroups, Preparing for Its Next Phase”.
③Douglas Schoen,“Polling the Occupy Wall Street Crowd”.
①Erik Eckholm,“Occupy Movement Regroups, Preparing for Its Next Phase”.
②Frank Newport,“Americans’ Satisfaction at All-Time Low of9%”.
①J. Craig Jenkins&Craig M. Eckert,“The Right Turn in Economic Policy: Business Elites and the NewConservative Economics,” Sociological Forum, Volume15, Issue2, June2000, pp.307-338.
②Thomas Ferguson&Joel Rogers, Right Turn: The Decline of the Democrats, New York: Hill and Wang,1986.
③Michael Sprinker et als, The Year Left: An American Socialist Yearbook1985, Verso Books,1985, p.82.
④M. Levinson&L. MIshel,“Whose Recovery is it, Anyway?” Democratic Left, September-October,1987, p.4.
①“An Interview with Victor Reuther, Paying Dues for Half a Century,” Multinational Monitor, February,1987,p.7.
②“Union Members Summary,” US Department of Labor.
③Thomas Byrne Edsall,“Money and Politics in Both Parties,” Dissent, Fall1986, p.406.
④Ibid.
⑤Thomas Byrne Edsall,“The Republican America,”http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1986/apr/24/republican-america/?pagination=false,1986,访问日期2012年12月17日。
⑥John R. Petrocik&Frederick T. Steeper,“The Political Landscape in1980,” Public Opinion,September-October,1987, p.42.
①Karlyn Bowman,“Election Results from A to Z,” The American, November7,2012,http://www.american.com/archive/2012/november/election-results-from-a-to-z,访问日期2012年12月17日。
②Thomas B. Edsall, New Politics of Inequality, New York: Norton Co.,1984, pp.245-246.
①[德]维尔纳·桑巴特著：《美国为什么没有社会主义》，赖海榕译，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2003年版。
①[德]维尔纳·桑巴特著：《美国为什么没有社会主义》，第12-15页。
②同上，第33页。
③同上。
④Anne N. Costain&Andrew S. McFarland, Social Movements and American Political Institutions,p.10.
①The Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States of America, p43.
②Elspeth Reeve,“Say Goodbye to Bachmann’s Tea Party,” The Atlantic Wire, Mar21,2013,http://news.yahoo.com/goodbye-bachmanns-tea-party-173523088.html,访问日期2013年3月29日。
③Ibid.
④Ibid.
Barton, Chris,“‘Occupy Auckland’ Protest Speaks with Many Voices,” The New Zealand Herald,October29,2011, http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10762353,访问日期2012年12月3日。
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Turner, Ralph T.&Lewis M. Killian, Collective Behavior,2nd ed., Englewood Cliffs, N. J.:Prentice Hall,1972.
Walker, Jack L., Mobilizing Interest Groups in America: Patrons, Professions, and SocialMovements, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press,1991.
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——Carin Robinson, Onward Christian Soldiers?: The Religious Right in American Politics，Bolder, CO: Westview Press,1996.
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丁雄飞，郑诗亮：《康纳里谈60年代以来的欧美社会运动》，载《东方早报》，2011年9月25日，http://www.dfdaily.com/html/2529/2011/9/25/670650_s.shtml，访问日期，2012年9月2日。
克里斯托弗·考德威尔：《“占领”运动的警示》，载《金融时报》，2011年11月25日。http://www.ftchinese.com/story/001041906?page=2，访问日期2012年12月20日。
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郑飞：《鲜为人知的美国黑人民权运动另一面》，载《文史参考》2010年第11期，http://www.people.com.cn/GB/198221/198819/198855/12346592.html#，访问日期
2012-8-29。
巴拉克·奥巴马2009年1月20日就职演说：《开创负责任的新时代》，载《奥巴马演说集》，王瑞泽编译，南京：译林出版社，2009年版。
冯建华、周林刚：《西方集体行动理论的四种取向》，载《国外社会科学》，2008年第4期。
何平立：《认同感政治:西方新社会运动述评》，载《探索与争鸣》，2007年第9期。
胡文涛：《“占领华尔街”运动的特征、动因及影响》，《现代国际关系》，2011年第11期。
江涛：《茶党搅局美国中期选举》，《瞭望》，2012年第Z2期。
李道揆：《九十年代的美国政治》，载《美国研究》，1997年第4期。
郦菁：《美国社会运动兴衰的秘密》，载《社会观察》，2011年第11期。
刘澎：《宗教右翼与美国政治》，载《美国研究》，1997年第4期，第33页。[美] R. G.哈切森：《白宫中的上帝》，段琦、晓镛译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，1992年版。
王恩铭：《当代美国的妇女运动》，载《美国研究》，1995年第3期。谢岳、曹开雄：《集体行动理论化系谱:从社会运动理论到抗争政治理论》，载《上海交通大学学报》（哲学社会科学版），2009年第3期。
严海波：《奥巴马新政与新自由主义的终结》，载《人民论坛》，2009年第6期。
杨灵：《社会运动的政治过程——评《美国黑人运动的政治过程和发展(1930-1970)》》，载《社会学研究》，2009年第1期。
姚佩芝，谢文玉：《战后美国经济发展与20世纪60年代美国新左派运动》，载《科教文汇》，2012年第3期。
袁晓明：《保守仍然是美国本色》，载《环球时报》，2006年12月7日。
赵梅：《“选择权”与“生命权”——美国有关堕胎问题的论争》，载《美国研究》，1997年第4期。
赵敏：《美国“茶党”运动初探》，载《现代国际关系》，2010年第10期。
周琪：《“布什主义”与美国新保守主义》，载《美国研究》，2007年第2期。
周琪等：《占领华尔街：资本主义的困惑》，载《世界知识》，2011年第21期。
刘颖：《新社会运动理论视角下的反全球化运动》（博士论文），济南：山东大学，2006年。
张惠玲：《当代美国政治中的新基督教右翼运动》（博士论文），上海：华东师范大学，2007年。
[美]艾尔东·莫里斯、卡洛尔·麦克拉吉·缪勒编：《社会运动理论的前沿领域》，刘能译，北京：北京大学出版社，2002年第1版。
[法]埃米尔·涂尔干著：《社会学方法的准则》，狄玉明译，北京：商务印书馆，1995年第1版。
[法]埃米尔·涂尔干著：《社会分工论》，渠东译，北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店，2000年第1版。
[英]安东尼·吉登斯著：《现代性的后果》，田禾译，黄平校，南京：译林出版社，2011年版。
[美]彼德·科利尔、戴维·霍洛维茨著：《破坏性的一代：对六十年代的再思考》，北京：文津出版社，2004年第一版。
[美]查尔斯·蒂利著：《社会运动，1768-2004》，胡位钧译，上海：上海人民出版社2009年版。
陈宝森、王荣军、罗振兴主编：《当代美国经济》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2011年版。
[美]大卫·哈维著：《资本之谜》，陈静译，北京：电子工业出版社，2011年版。
[美]丹尼尔·贝尔著：《后工业社会的来临：对社会预测的一项探索》，高铦，王宏周，魏章玲译，北京：新华出版社1997年版。
——《资本主义文化矛盾》，赵一凡等译，上海：三联书店出版社，1989年版。
[法]古斯塔夫·勒庞著：《乌合之众：大众心理研究》，冯克利译，北京：中央编译出版社，2004年第1版。
[美]杰克·A.戈德斯通著：《国家、政党与社会运动》，章延杰译，上海：上海人民出版社，2009年第1版。
李道揆著：《美国政府与美国政治》，北京：商务印书馆，1999年版。
刘杰著：《当代美国政治》（修订版），北京：社会科学文献出版社，2011年版。
[美]罗伯特·帕特南著：《独自打保龄：美国社区的衰落与复兴》，刘波等译，北京：北京大学出版社，2011年版。
[美]曼瑟尔·奥尔森著：《集体行动的理论》，陈郁等译，上海：上海世纪格致出版社，2011年第1版。
[美]塞缪尔·P.亨廷顿著：《变化社会中的政治秩序》，王冠华等译，上海：上海人民出版社，2008年第1版。
[英]托马斯·霍布斯著：《论公民》（剑桥政治思想史原著系列影印本），北京：中国政法大学出版社，2003年第1版。
[德]维尔纳·桑巴特著：《美国为什么没有社会主义》，赖海榕译，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2003年版。
[美]西德尼·塔罗著：《运动中的力量：社会运动与斗争政治》，吴庆宏译，南京：译林出版社，2005年第1版。
谢岳著：《抗议政治学》，上海：上海教育出版社，2010年版。
[英]亚当·斯密著：《国富论》（英文版），北京：中央编译出版社，2012年第1版。
[英]约翰·洛克著：《政府论》，刘晓根译，北京：北京出版社，2007年第1版。
[英]约翰·米克尔思韦特、阿德里安·伍尔德里奇著：《右翼美国：美国保守派的实力》，王传兴译，上海：上海人民出版社，2008。
张敏谦著:《大觉醒：美国宗教与社会关系》，北京：时事出版社，2001年版。
张友伦著：《当代美国社会运动和美国工人阶级》，天津：天津人民出版社，1993年。
张友伦、李剑鸣著：《美国历史上的社会运动和政府改革》，天津：天津教育出版社，1992年。
赵鼎新著：《社会与政治运动讲义》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2012年第2版。
周琪主编：《意识形态与美国外交》，上海：上海人民出版社，2006年版。
朱世达著：《当代美国文化》（修订版），北京：社会科学文献出版社，2011年版。
②克里斯托弗·考德威尔：《“占领”运动的警示》，载《金融时报》，2011年11月25日。http://www.ftchinese.com/story/001041906?page=2，访问日期2012年12月20日。
③PR Newswire.“Tea Party Numbers Released:2Million,2Thousand,” April29,2010，http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=xprnw.20100429.DC96062&show_article=1,访问日期2012年12月20日。
④Scott Rasmussen&Douglas Schoen, Mad as Hell: How the Tea Party Movement is Fundamentally Remakingour Two-Party System, NY: New York HarperCollins Publishers,2009, p146.
⑤Tea Party Movement, http://www.conservapedia.com/Tea_Party_Movement, Conservapedia.com, June22,2012,访问日期2012年12月20日。
①Election Day Tea Party2010, http://www.electiondayteaparty.com/, ElectionDayTeaParty.com, a project of theNationwide Tea Party Coalition,访问日期2012年12月20日。
②本节中有关“占领华尔街”运动的基本信息均来自占领运动的官方网站www.occupywallst.org.
③“Wall Street Protests Receive Limited Attention,”http://www.people-press.org/2011/10/12/wall-street-protests-receive-limited-attention/?src=prc-headline, PewResearch Center for the People and the Press, Oct.12,2011,访问日期2012年12月20日。
④Occupy Movement,http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/o/occupy_wall_street/index.html, The New YorkTimes, May2,2012,访问日期2012年12月20日。
①The Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States of America, The Cato Institute,1998,p43.
②郦菁：《美国社会运动兴衰的秘密》，载《社会观察》，2011年第11期，第30页。
①郦菁：《美国社会运动兴衰的秘密》，第28-30页。
②[美]丹尼尔·贝尔著：《后工业社会的来临：对社会预测的一项探索》，高铦，王宏周，魏章玲译，北京：新华出版社1997年版，第15页。
③1959年夏，丹尼尔·贝尔在奥地利萨尔茨堡的一次学术讨论会上首次使用“后工业社会”一词。
④贝尔著：《后工业社会的来临：对社会预测的一项探索》，第12页。
①[美]查尔斯·蒂利著：《社会运动，1768-2004》，胡位钧译，上海：上海人民出版社2009年版，第4页。
②同上。
①蒂利著：《社会运动，1768-2004》，第9页。
②参见Werner J. Cahnman,“Book Review: Lorenz von Stein: The History of the Social Movement in France,1789-1850Translated by Kaethe Mengelberg,” The American Journal of Sociology, Vol.71, No.6, May,1966,pp.746-747.
③表一中“社会运动”定义依次引自以下文献: H. Toch, The Social Psychology of Social Movements,Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill,1965, p.5; Mayer N. Zald&Roberta Ash,“Social Movement Organizations:Growth, Decay and Change,” Social Forces,44,1966, p.328; John D. McCarthy&Mayer N. Zald,“The Trend ofSocial Movements in America: Professionalization and Resource Mobilization,” monograph, Morristown: GeneralLearning Press,1973, p.2; Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics,2ndedition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1998, p.4;蒂利著：《社会运动，1768-2004》，第10页; J. C.Jenkins&W. Form,“Social Movements and Social Change, in T. Janoski, R. Alford, A. Hicks&M. A. Schwartz
(eds) The Handbook of Political Sociology: States, Civil Societies, and Globalization. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press,2005, p.331.
①蒂利著：《社会运动，1768-2004》，第4-5页。
②David A. Snow&Pamela E. Oliver,“Social Movements and Collective Behavior: Social PsychologicalDimensions and Considerations,” in Karen S. Cook, Gary Alan Fine&James S. House (eds) SociologicalPerspectives on Social Psychology, Boston: Allyn and Bacon,1995，p571.
①蒂利著：《社会运动，1768-2004》，第8页。
②[美]杰克·A.戈德斯通著：《国家、政党与社会运动》，章延杰译，上海：上海人民出版社，2009年第
1版，序言第22页。
③参见John D. McCarthy, Clark McPhail&Jackie Smith,“Images of Protest: Dimensions of Selection Bias inMedia Coverage of Washington Demonstrations1982and1991,” American Sociology Review6,1996, pp478-499;Donatella della Porta, Social Movements, Political Violence, and the State. A Comparative Analysis of Italy andGermany. New York: Cambridge University Press,1995.
①Sidney Tarrow,““The Very Excess of Democracy”: State Building and Contentious Politics in America”, inAnn N. Constain,&Andrew S. McFarland, Social Movements and American Political Institution, New York:Rowman&Littlefield Publishers,1998, p.33.
②参见Paul Wapner,“Politics beyond the State: Environmental Activism and World Civic Politics,” WorldPolitics,47,1995, pp.311-340.
③Graeme Chesters&Ian Welsh, Social Movements: The Key Concepts, New York: Routledge,2011, p.153.
④Mayer N. Zald&Roberta Ash,“Social Movement Organizations: Growth, Decay and Change,” p.327.
⑤John D. McCarthy&Mayer. N. Zald,“Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory,”American Journal of Sociology，Vol.82, No.6,1977, p.1221.
⑥参见Doug McAdam, Sidney Tarrow, and Charles Tilly,“To Map Contentious Politics,” Mobilization,1,1996,pp.17-34.
①Paul Burstein,“Interest Organizations, Political Parties, and the Study of Democratic Politics,” in Ann N.Constain,&Andrew S. McFarland, Social Movements and American Political Institution, New York: Rowman&Littlefield Publishers,1998, p.39.
②David Truman, The Governmental Process: Political Interests and Public Opinion, Knopf, New York,1951,p.28.
③J. D. McCarthy&M. N. Zald,“Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory,” p.1227; Jo.Freeman, The Politics of Women’s Liberation, New York: McKay,1975, pp.46-47; Doug McAdam, PoliticalProcess and the Development of Black Insurgency,1930-1970, Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1982, p.25;Charles Tilly,“Social Movements and National Politics,” in Charles Bright and Susan Harding, Statemaking andSocial Movements, ed.,297-317, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press,1984, p.306.
④刘杰著：《当代美国政治》（修订版），北京：社会科学文献出版社，2011年版，第247页。
⑤同上，第245页。
①参见William A. Gamson, The Strategy of Social Protest,2nd Ed., Belmont, CA: Wasdsworth,[1975]1990.
②John P. Heinz, Edward Laumann, Robert L. Nelson, and Robert H. Salisbury, The Hollow Core: PrivateInterests in National Policy Making, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,1993.
③Alain Noel,&Jean-Philippe Therien, Left and Right in Global Politics, New York: Cambridge University Press,2008, p.3.
④雅各宾派（Jacobins）是法国大革命时期激进派成员，因其俱乐部会址设在巴黎雅各宾修道院而得名。雅各宾派成员大多是小业主，代表中小资产阶级利益，主张严惩国王、废除君主制、实行共和。
⑤吉伦特派（Girondins）是法国大革命时期立法大会和国民公会中的一个政治派别。最初的吉伦特派主要成员来自雅各宾派，后来形成了独立的新派别，因大多该派领袖来自吉伦特郡而得名。
①周琪主编：《意识形态与美国外交》，上海：上海人民出版社，2006年版。
②Ruy Teixeira&John Halpin,“The Progressive Tradition in American Politics: Part Two of the ProgressiveTradition Series,” Center for American Progress,2010, p.1.
③Duane Murray Oldfield, The Right and the Righteous: The Christian Right Confronts the Republican Party,Lanham, Md.: Rowman&Littlefield Publishers,1996, p.55.
④Marshall Ganz,“Left Behind: Social Movements, Parties, and the Politics of Reform,” prepared for AnnualMeeting of the American Sociological Association, Montreal, P. Q.,2006.
①Jeni Krencicki&Dahvi Wilson,“Lessons from the Right: Saving the Soul of the Environmental Movement,”Spring2005http://www.commonwealinstitute.org/cw/files/LessonsFromTheRightSavingEnvironMovt.pdf,访问日期2012年12月22日。
①Robert C. Tucker, ed., The Marx-Engels Reader,2nd ed., New York: Norton,1978, p.481.
②Ted R. Gurr, Why Men Rebel, Princeton: Princeton University Press,1971; Ralph T. Turner&Lewis M. Killian,Collective Behavior,2nd ed., Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice Hall,1972; Neil Smelser, Theory of CollectiveBehavior, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul,1962.
③Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press,1965.
④Mayer. N. Zald&John, D. McCarthy,“The Trend of Social Movements in America: Professionalization andResource Mobilization”.
⑤John D. McCarthy&Mayer N. Zald,“Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory”.
①Frances Fox Piven&Richard A. Cloward, Poor People’s Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fall, NewYork: Vintage Books,1977.
②Charles Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution, Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley,1978.
③Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency1930-1970,1982/1999.
④Bert Klandermans, Hanspeter Kriesi, and Sidney G. Tarrow, eds., From Structure to Action: Comparing SocialMovement Research across Cultures, International Social Movement Research, vol.1, Greenwich, Conn.: JAI,1988.
⑤Anthony Oberschall, Social Movements: Ideologies, Interests, and Identities, New Brunswick, NJ: TransactionBooks,1993.
⑥W. A. Gamson&D. S. Meyer,“Framing Political Opportunity,” in D. McAdam, J. McCarthy&M. N. Zald eds.,Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements, Political Opportunities, and Cultural Framings, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1996, pp.275-290.
⑦Jeff Goodwin, James M. Jasper&Francesca Polletta eds., Passionate Politics: Emotions and Social Movements,Chicago: University of Chicago Press,2001.
①赵鼎新著：《社会与政治运动讲义》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2012年第2版。由于此书是《清华社会学讲义》系列著述之一，因此作者将其列为国内文献范畴。
②谢岳著：《抗议政治学》，上海：上海教育出版社，2010年版。
③杨灵：《社会运动的政治过程——评《美国黑人运动的政治过程和发展(1930-1970)》》，载《社会学研究》，2009年第1期。杨灵与本文作者对麦克亚当的著述Political Process and the Development of BlackInsurgency1930-1970的中文译名有所不同，但都指代同一本书。作者将其译为《政治过程与黑人运动的发展（1930-1970）》。
④谢岳、曹开雄：《集体行动理论化系谱:从社会运动理论到抗争政治理论》，载《上海交通大学学报》
（哲学社会科学版），2009年第3期。
⑤何平立：《认同感政治:西方新社会运动述评》，载《探索与争鸣》，2007年第9期。
⑥冯建华、周林刚：《西方集体行动理论的四种取向》，载《国外社会科学》，2008年第4期。
⑦McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency1930-1970.
⑧Anne N. Costain, Inviting Women’s Rebellion: A Political Process Interpretation of the Women’s Movement,Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press,1992; Anne N. Costain, Richard Braunstein, and Heidi Berggren,
“Framing the Women’s Movement,” in Women, Media, and Politics, ed. Pippa Norris, New York: OxfordUniversity Press,1996, pp.205-220.
①Hanspeter Kriesi,“The Political Opportunity Structure of New Social Movements: its Impact on theirMobilization,” in The Politics of Social Protest, ed. J. Craig Jenkins and Bert Klandermans, Minneapolis: Universityof Minnesota Press,1995, pp.167-198.
②David Meyer,“Protest Cycles and Political Process: American Peace Movements in the Nuclear Age,” PoliticalResearch Quarterly47,1993, pp.451-479.
③Jack L. Walker, Mobilizing Interest Groups in America: Patrons, Professions, and Social Movements, Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press,1991.
④Laura L. Toussaint, The Contemporary U.S. Peace Movement, New York: Routledge,2009.
⑤Anne N. Costain&Andrew S. McFarland, Social Movements and American Political Institutions, New York:Rowman&Littlefield Publishers,1998.
⑥Jack A. Goldstone, States, Political Parties and Social Movements, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press,2003.
①Victoria Carty, Wired and Mobilizing: Social Movements, New Technology, and Electoral Politics, New York:Routledge,2011.
②Theda Skocpol&Vanessa Williamson, The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism, NewYork: Oxford University Press,2012.
③Mark J. Rozell&Clyde Wilcox, God at the Grass Roots1996: the Christian Right in the1996Elections, NewYork: Rowman&Littlefield Publishers,1997.
④Erik W. Johnson,“Social Movement Size, Organizational Diversity and the Making of Federal Law,” SocialForces, Vol.86, No.3,2008.
⑤Kenneth D. Wald&Jeffrey C. Corey,“The Christian Right and Public Policy: Social Movement Elites asInstitutional Activists,” State Politics&Policy Quarterly, Vol.2, No.2,2002, pp.99-125.
⑥Paul Burstein&April Linton,“The Impact of Political Parties, Interest Groups, and Social MovementOrganizations on Public Policy: Some Recent Evidence and Theoretical Concerns,” Social Forces, Vol.81, No.2,2002, pp.380-408.
⑦Henry P. Caufield,“The Conservation and Environmental Movements: An Historical Analysis,” inEnvironmental Politics and Policy: Theories and Evidence, ed. James P. Lester, Durham, NC: Duke UniversityPress,1989, pp.13-56.
⑧Steve Bruce, The Rise and Fall of the New Christian Right, New York: Clarendon,1988.
⑨Jo. Freeman, Social Movements of the Sixties and Seventies, New York: Longman,1983.
⑩张友伦著：《当代美国社会运动和美国工人阶级》，天津：天津人民出版社，1993年。,张惠玲：《当代美国政治中的新基督教右翼运动》（博士论文），上海：华东师范大学，2007年。-刘颖：《新社会运动理论视角下的反全球化运动》（博士论文），济南：山东大学，2006年。
①郦菁：《美国社会运动兴衰的秘密》。
②周琪等：《占领华尔街：资本主义的困惑》，载《世界知识》，2011年第21期。
③江涛：《茶党搅局美国中期选举》，《瞭望》，2012年第Z2期。
④胡文涛：《“占领华尔街”运动的特征、动因及影响》，《现代国际关系》，2011年第11期。
⑤张友伦、李剑鸣著：《美国历史上的社会运动和政府改革》，天津：天津教育出版社，1992年。
①Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action.
①[法]埃米尔·涂尔干著：《社会学方法的准则》，狄玉明译，北京：商务印书馆，1995年第1版。
②美国集体行为研究是社会运动研究的先驱。
③Neil J. Smelser, Theory of Collective Behavior.
④[法]埃米尔·涂尔干著：《社会学方法的准则》，第66-93页,第106-138页。
⑤[法]埃米尔·涂尔干著：《社会分工论》，渠东译，北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店，2000年第1版，第240-262页。
⑥同上，第313-333页。
①Emile Durkheim, Suicide, New York: Free Press,1951, p.246.
②Robert C. Tucker ed., The Marx-Engels Reader, pp.70-81.
③马克思：《共产党宣言》。见[美]西德尼·塔罗著：《运动中的力量：社会运动与斗争政治》，吴庆宏译，南京：译林出版社，2005年第1版，第15页。
①[美]塞缪尔·P.亨廷顿著：《变化社会中的政治秩序》，王冠华等译，上海：上海人民出版社，2008年第1版，第31-44页。
②Frances Fox Piven&Richard A. Cloward, Poor People’s Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fall.
③[英]约翰·洛克著：《政府论》，刘晓根译，北京：北京出版社，2007年第1版，第一章；[英]托马斯·霍布斯著：《论公民》（剑桥政治思想史原著系列影印本），北京：中国政法大学出版社，2003年第
1版，第一章。
④[英]亚当·斯密著：《国富论》（英文版），北京：中央编译出版社，2012年第1版，导论部分
（Introduction and Plan of the Work）。
⑤Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action; Anthony Oberschall, Social Movements: Ideologies, Interests, andIdentities.
①赵鼎新著：《社会与政治运动讲义》，第26页。
②[法]古斯塔夫·勒庞著：《乌合之众：大众心理研究》，冯克利译，北京：中央编译出版社，2004年第1版，第9-11页。
③Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency1930-19702nd ed., p7.
①William Kornhauser, The Politics of Mass Society, Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press,1959, p.32.
②Herbert Blumer,“Elementary Collective Behavior,” in New Outline of the Principles of Sociology, edited byAlfred McClung Lee, Barnes&Noble, Inc.,1951, pp.166-222.
③Ted R. Gurr, Why Men Rebel.
④Neil Smelser, Theory of Collective Behavior, p.11.
⑤Ibid.,p.48.
①Gerhard Lenski,“Status Crystallization: A Non-vertical Dimension of Social Status,” American SociologicalReview19, August1954, pp.405-413.
②Nick Crossley, Making Sense of Social Movements, Philadelphia: Open University Press,2002.
③Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency1930-19702nd ed.,p9.
④[美]曼瑟尔·奥尔森著：《集体行动的理论》，陈郁等译，上海：上海世纪格致出版社，2011年第1版，第2页。
①[美]曼瑟尔·奥尔森著：《集体行动的理论》，第13页。
②同上，第3页。
③同上，第71页。
④同上，第71-72页。
⑤Peter B. Clark&James Q. Wilson,“Incentive Systems: A Theory of Organizations,” Administrative ScienceQuarterly VI, September1961, pp.129-166.
⑥Lars Udehn,“Twenty-five Years with The Logic of Collective Action,” Acta Sociologica, vol.36, July1993,pp.239-261, p.240.
⑦[美]曼瑟尔·奥尔森著：《集体行动的理论》，第6页。
①参见S.E. Finkel, E.N.Muller&K. D. Opp,“Personal Influence, Collective Rationality, and Mass PoliticalAction,” American Political Science Review83,1989, pp.885-903; M. L. Gibson,“Public Goods, Alienation, andPolitical Protest: The Sanctuary Movement as a Test of the Public Goods Model of Collective RebelliousBehavior,” Political Psychology12,1991, pp.623-651.
②[美]曼瑟尔·奥尔森著：《集体行动的理论》，第6页。
①[美]艾尔东·莫里斯、卡洛尔·麦克拉吉·缪勒编：《社会运动理论的前沿领域》，刘能译，北京：北京大学出版社，2002年第1版，第3页。
①Graeme Chesters&Ian Welsh, Social Movements: the Key Concepts, pp.7-9.
②Nathan Leites&Charles Wolf Jr., Rebellion and Authority: An Analytic Essay on Insurgent Conflicts, Chicago:Markham,1970.
③Michael Lipsky,“Protest as a Political Resource,” American Political Science Review62,1968, pp.1144-1158.
④Anthony Oberschall, Social Conflict and Social Movements, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall,1973.
⑤J. D. McCarthy&M. N. Zald, The Trend of Social Movements in America: Professionalization and ResourceMobilization.
⑥J. D. McCarthy&M. N. Zald,“Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory”.
⑦艾尔东·莫里斯、卡洛尔·麦克拉吉·缪勒编：《社会运动理论的前沿领域》，第382-383页。
①Anthony Oberschall, Social Conflict and Social Movements, chapter1.
②Anthony Oberschall, Social Movements: Ideologies, Interests, and Identities, pp.22-23.
③Ibid., p.22.
④Ibid., p.37.
⑤J. D. McCarthy&M. N. Zald, The Trend of Social Movements in America: Professionalization and ResourceMobilization, p.1.
①J. D. McCarthy&M. N. Zald,“Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory,” p.1213.
②Ibid.
③Ibid., p.1221.
④J. D. McCarthy&M. N. Zald,“Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory,” pp.1216-1217.
⑤Graeme Chesters&Ian Welsh, Social Movements: the Key Concepts, pp.9-10.
①[美]西德尼·塔罗著：《运动中的力量：社会运动与斗争政治》，第22页。
②Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency1930-1970,1982.
③Michael Lipsky,“Protest as a Political Resource”.
④Peter K. Eisinger,“The Conditions of Protest Behavior in American Cities,” American Political Science Review
67, March1973, p.11.
⑤Ibid., p.27.
①Charles Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution, chapter3pp.1-4.
②Ibid., chapter3pp.4-7.
①Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency1930-1970,1999, p.36.
②Ibid., p.37.
③Ibid., pp.29-30.
④Ibid., p.38.
⑤Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency1930-1970,1999, p.35.
①Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency1930-1970,1982, pp.51-52.
②参见Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency1930-1970,1982/1999.
①Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency1930-1970,1999，preface to thesecond edition.
②F. F. Piven&R. Cloward, Poor People’s Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fall, pp.3-4.
③Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency1930-1970,1982, chapter3.
④Ibid., p.53.
⑤Ibid.
①参见Louis A. Zurcher Jr.&David A. Snow,“Collective Behavior: Social Movements,” in Social Psychology:Sociological Perspectives, ed. Morris Rosenberg and Ralph H. Turner, New York: Basic Books,1981, pp.447-482;Bruce Fireman&William A. Gamson,“Utilitarian Logic in the Resource Mobilization Perspective,” in TheDynamics of Social Movements, ed. Mayer N. Zald&John D. McCarthy, Cambridge, Mass.: Winthrop,1979,pp.8-44; Craig J. Jenkins,“Resource Mobilization Theory and the Study of Social Movements,” Annual Review ofSociology9,1983, pp.527-553；Bert Klandermans,“Mobilization and Participation: Social-PsychologicalExpansions of Resource Mobilization Theory,” American Sociological Review49,1984, pp.583-600.
②Jean L. Cohen,“Strategy or Identity: New Theoretical Paradigms and Contemporary Social Movements,” SocialResearch52,1985, pp.663-716.
③Jürgen Habermas,“New Social Movements,” Telos49,1981, pp.33-37.
④Alberto Melluci, Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society,Philadelphia: Temple University Press,1989.
⑤Alain Touraine,“An Introduction to the Study of Social Movement,” Social Research52,1985, pp.749-787.
①参见David A. Snow, B. Rochford, S. Worden&R. Benford,“Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization,and Movement Participation,” American Sociological Review51,1986, pp.464-481; David A. Snow&R. Benford,Ideology, Frame Resonance, and Participant Mobilization, International Social Movement Research1,1988,pp.197-218.
②参见D. McAdam, J. D. McCarthy&M. N. Zald, Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: PoliticalOpportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Culture Framing, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,1996.
③Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency1930-1970,1999, p.53.
④Ibid., pp.43-48.
①参见J. Goodwin&J. M. Jasper, Rethinking Social Movements: Structure, Meaning and Emotions, Rowman&Littlefield, Lanham, MD,2004.
②Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency1930-1970,1999, p.48.
③Ibid., p.37.
①Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency1930-1970,1999, p.37.
②Ibid., p.36.
④Arthur Marwick,“The Cultural Revolution of the Long Sixties: Voices of Reaction, Protest, and Permeation,”The International History Review Vol.27, No.4, Dec.2005, p.780.
⑤朱世达著：《当代美国文化》（修订版），北京：社会科学文献出版社，2011年版，第18页。
①姚佩芝，谢文玉：《战后美国经济发展与20世纪60年代美国新左派运动》，载《科教文汇》，2012年第3期，第197页。
②同等保护权的依据是美国宪法第十四修正案第一项：“任何人，凡在合众国出生或归化合众国并受其管辖者，均为合众国及所居住之州的公民。任何州不得制定或执行任何剥夺合众国公民特权或豁免权的法律；任何州亦不得未经正当法律程序而剥夺任何人的生命、自由或财产；亦不得对任何在其管辖下的人，拒绝给予平等的法律保护。”其中的“不得对任何在其管辖下的人，拒绝给予平等的法律保护。”即为美国宪法的同等保护权条款（equal protection clause），保障公民在法律上被同等的对待，这也就是美国宪法中同等保护权的规范由来。
③姚佩芝，谢文玉：《战后美国经济发展与20世纪60年代美国新左派运动》，第197页。
①[美]彼德·科利尔、戴维·霍洛维茨著：《破坏性的一代：对六十年代的再思考》，北京：文津出版社，2004年第一版，引言第4页。
②同上，引言第5页。
①Hans H. Gerth&C. Wright Mills, From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, New York: Oxford University Press,1946, pp.297-301; Sheldon L. Messinger,“Organizational Transformation: A Case Study of a Declining SocialMovement,” American Sociological Review20,1955, pp.3-10.
②J. D. McCarthy&M. N. Zald, The Trend of Social Movements in America: Professionalization and ResourceMobilization.
③Anthony Oberschall, Social Conflict and Social Movements.
④Luther P. Gerlach&Virginia H. Hine, People, Power, Change: Movements of Social Transformation,Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill,1970.
⑤William A. Gamson, The Strategy of Social Protest,2nd ed.
①Jo Freeman&Victoria Johnson, Waves of Protest: Social Movements since the Sixties, Maryland: Rowman&Littlefield Publishers, Inc.,1999, pp.328-329.
①Kenneth B. Clark,“The Civil Rights Movement: Momentum and Organization,” in Roots of Rebellion: theEvolution of Black Politics and Protest since World War II, ed., Richard P. Young, New York: Harper&Row,1970,p.295.
②Jo Freeman&Victoria Johnson, Waves of Protest: Social Movements since the Sixties, pp.328-330.
①郑飞：《鲜为人知的美国黑人民权运动另一面》，载《文史参考》2010年第11期，http://www.people.com.cn/GB/198221/198819/198855/12346592.html#，访问日期2012-8-29。
①Jo Freeman&Victoria Johnson, Waves of Protest: Social Movements since the Sixties, pp.331-332.
②Anthony Oberschall, Social Movements: Ideologies, Interests, and Identities, pp.267-268.
①August Meier&Elliot Rudwick, CORE, A Study in the Civil Rights Movement,1942-1968, New York: OxfordUniversity Press,1973, p.311.
②Jeniffer Warren,“Former Black Panther Eldridge Cleaver Dies at62,” Los Angeles Times, May02,1998,http://articles.latimes.com/1998/may/02/news/mn-45607,访问日期2012-08-30。
③Anthony Oberschall, Social Movements: Ideologies, Interests, and Identities, p.270.
④Jerome H. Skolnick, The Politics of Protest, New York: Ballantine Books,1969, p.31.
①Anthony Oberschall, Social Movements: Ideologies, Interests, and Identities, p.270.
②Ibid., pp.30-31.
①Paul Levine&Harry Papasotiriou, America since1945: the American Moment,2nd ed., Palgrave Macmillan,2011, pp.157-158.
②Jo Freeman&Victoria Johnson, Waves of Protest: Social Movements since the Sixties, p.333.
③Thomas R. Brooks, Walls Come Tumbling Down: A History of the Civil Rights Movement,1940-1970, EnglewoodCliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall,1974, p.17.
④Nancy J. Weiss,“The Negro and the New Freedom,” in The Segregation Era1863-1954, Allen Weinstein andFrank Otto Gatell, New York: Orford University Press,1970, p.130.
⑤Louis E. Lomax, The Negro Revolt, New York: Harper&Row,1962.
⑥Oscar Glanz,“The Black Vote,” in The Segregation Era1863-1954, Allen Weinstein and Frank Otto Gatell, NewYork: Orford University Press,1970, p.261.
①Steven F. Lawson, Black Ballots: Voting Rights in the South,1944-1969, New York: Columbia University Press,1976, p.256.
②Thomas R. Brooks, Walls Come Tumbling Down: A History of the Civil Rights Movement,1940-1970, p.237.
①Samuel Lubell, White and Black, Test of a Nation, New York: Harper&Row,1964, pp.127-128.
②Paul Levine&Harry Papasotiriou, America since1945: the American Moment,2nd ed., p.145.
①Paul Levine&Harry Papasotiriou, America since1945: the American Moment,2nd ed., p.146.
②Ibid., p.147.
①Gray T. Marx,“External Efforts to Damage or Facilitate Social Movements: Some Patterns, Explanations,Outcomes, and Complications,” Paper prepared for conference on the Dynamics of Social Movements: ResourceMobilization, Tactics and Social Control, Vanderbilt University,1976, p.5.
②Reginald Major, A Panther is a Black Cat, New York: Morrow,1971, p.297.
③William B. Helmreich, The Black Crusaders: A Case Study of a Black Militant Organization, New York: Harper&Row,1973, pp.120-121.
④Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Final Report.Hearings, vols1-7, Washington D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office,1976, pp.50-52.
⑤Anthony Oberschall, Social Movements: Ideologies, Interests, and Identities, p.286.
⑥The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act, Pub. L.90-351, June19,1968,82Stat.197,42U.S.C.§3711.
⑦Anthony Oberschall, Social Movements: Ideologies, Interests, and Identities, p.343.
⑧Joe R. Feagin&Harlan Hahn, Ghetto Revolts, the Politics of Violence in American Cities, New York: Macmillan,1973.
⑨Horace Webb,“Police Preparedness for Control of Civil Disorders,” Municipal Yearbook, Washington D.C.:International City Management Association,1969.
①Lemberg Center for the Study of Violence,“April Aftermath of the King Assassination,” Riot Data Review,no.2(August), Brandeis University Mimeographed,1968.
②Dave Dellinger, More Power than We Know, Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor,1975, p.278.
③丁雄飞，郑诗亮：《康纳里谈60年代以来的欧美社会运动》，载《东方早报》，2011年9月25日，http://www.dfdaily.com/html/2529/2011/9/25/670650_s.shtml，访问日期，2012年9月2日。
④Gary M. Walton&Hugh Rockoff, History of the American Economy,11th ed., OH: South-Western, CengageLearning,2010, pp.510-511.
①丁雄飞，郑诗亮：《康纳里谈60年代以来的欧美社会运动》。
②Jo Freeman&Victoria Johnson, Waves of Protest: Social Movements since the Sixties, p.336.
③Peter Goldman, Report from Black America, p.201.
④Lewis M. Killian, The Impossible Revolution, Phase II: Black Power and the American Dream, New York:Random House,1975, p.146.
⑤Paul Levine&Harry Papasotiriou, America since1945: the American Moment,2nd ed., p.153.
⑥Ibid.
①Paul Levine&Harry Papasotiriou, America since1945: the American Moment,2nd ed., p.153.
②Anthony Oberschall, Social Movements: Ideologies, Interests, and Identities, p.283.
③Seymour Spilerman,“The Causes of Racial Disturbances: A Comparison of Alternative Explanations,” AmericanSociological Review35,4,1970, pp.645-646.
④Dave Dellinger, More Power than We Know, p.99.
⑤Jerry Rubin, Do It, New York: Simon and Schuster,1970, p.107.
①[美]彼德·科利尔、戴维·霍洛维茨著：《破坏性的一代：对六十年代的再思考》，引言第6页。
①塞内卡福尔斯会议于1948年7月19-20日在纽约塞内卡福尔斯举行，是美国早期一次具有重要影响力的关于妇女权利的会议。会议上通过的感伤宣言与决议是美国妇女投票权运动的基本文件。
②Immanuel Ness, ed, Encyclopedia of American Social Movements, NY: M.E. Sharpe Inc.,2004, p.429.
③Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique, New York: W.W. Norton,1963.
④Sara Evans, Personal Politics: The Roots of Women’s Liberation in the Civil Rights Movement and the New Left,New York: Vintage Books,1991.
⑤Immanuel Ness, ed, Encyclopedia of American Social Movements, p.400.
⑥Robin Morgan, Goodbye to All That, reprint, Pittsburgh, PA: Know, Inc.,1971; Marge Piercy,“The Grand CoolieDamn,” in Sisterhood is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings from the Women’s Liberation Movement, ed., RobinMorgan, New York: Vintage Books,1970, pp.473-492.
①王恩铭：《当代美国的妇女运动》，载《美国研究》，1995年第3期。
②Rebecca Walker,“Becoming the Third Wave,” in Women: Images and Realities, A Multicultural Anthology,2nded., ed. Amy Kesselman, Lily D. McNair, and Nancy Schniedewind, Mountain View, CA: Mayfield,1999,pp.532-533.
③教友派又称贵格会或公谊会，是基督教新教的一个派别；一神论，又称一神教，目前包括犹太教、基督教、伊斯兰教以及印度的锡克教，认为只存在一种囊括一切的神。两者都主张和平主义。
①Immanuel Ness, ed, Encyclopedia of American Social Movements, p.1052.
②David S. Meyer,“Protest Cycles and Political Process: American Peace Movements in the Nuclear Age”, p.459.
③Immanuel Ness, ed, Encyclopedia of American Social Movements, p.1080-1096.
④Milton Katz, Ban the Bomb: A History of SANE,1957-1985, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press,1986.
⑤Adam Garfinkle,Telltale Hearts: The Origins and Impact of the Vietnam Antiwar Movement, New York: St.Martin's Press,1995, pp.20-21.
⑥David S. Meyer,“Protest Cycles and Political Process: American Peace Movements in the Nuclear Age,” p.459.
⑦Immanuel Ness, ed, Encyclopedia of American Social Movements, p.1057.
⑧Ibid., p.1058.
①Immanuel Ness, ed, Encyclopedia of American Social Movements, p.624.
②Michael Goldfield, The Decline of Organized Labor in the United States, Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1987, pp.221-231.
③Immanuel Ness, ed, Encyclopedia of American Social Movements, p.633.
①Immanuel Ness, ed, Encyclopedia of American Social Movements, pp.633-634.
②Robert J. Brulle,“The U.S. Environmental Movement,”2003, p.1,http://www.pages.drexel.edu/~brullerj/Twenty%20Lessons%20in%20Environmental%20Sociology-Brulle.pdf,访问日期2012年9月8日。
③Ibid., pp.1-11.
④Erik W. Johnson,“Social Movement Size, Organizational Diversity and the Making of Federal Law”, p.3.
⑤Robert J. Brulle,“The U.S. Environmental Movement,” p.11.
⑥美国十大环境保护运动组织：塞拉俱乐部（Sierra Club,1892）、国家奥杜邦协会（the National AudubonSociety，1905）、国家公园保护协会（National Parks and Conservation Association，1919）、艾扎克沃尔顿联盟（Izaak Walton League，1922）、荒野保护协会（Wilderness Society，1935）、全国野生动物联合会
（National Wildlife Federation，1936）、美国环保基金（Environmental Defense Fund，1967）、地球之友
（Friends of the Earth，1970）、国家资源保护委员会（National Resources Defense Council，1970）、绿色和平组织（Greenpeace，1970）。
①Jacqueline Vaughn Switzer, Environmental Politics: Domestic and Global Dimensions, NY: St. Martin’s Press,1994, pp.24-25.
②Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, Boston: Houghton Mifflin,1962.
③Richard N. L. Andrews, Managing the Environment, Managing Ourselves: A History of AmericanEnvironmental Policy, Yale University Press,1999; Paul Portnoy, Public Policies for Environmental Protection,Johns Hopkins University Press,1990.
④George Tyler Miller Jr., Environmental Science: Sustaining the Earth, Wadsworth,1991, p.11.
⑤Debra C. Minkoff,“The Sequencing of Social Movements,” American Sociological Review, Vol.62, No.5,1997,p.779.
①Ayn Rand, The Virtue of Selfishness, New York: Penguine,1964, p.131.
②[英]约翰·米克尔思韦特、阿德里安·伍尔德里奇著：《右翼美国：美国保守派的实力》，王传兴译，上海：上海人民出版社，2008，第67页。
③“Executive Order10925-Establishing the President’s Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity,” TheAmerican Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=58863,访问日期2012年9月
11日。
①Thomas Byrne Edsall&Mary D. Edsall, Chain Reaction: the Impact of Race, Rights and Taxes on AmericanPolitics, New York: W.W. Norton,1991, p.52.
②410U.S.113.
③Thomas Byrne Edsall&Mary D. Edsall, Chain Reaction: the Impact of Race, Rights and Taxes on AmericanPolitics, pp.111-112.
④密歇根大学全国选举研究资料库，http://www.umich/edu/_nes/nes-guide/nesguide.htm,访问日期2012年9月11日。
⑤张敏谦著:《大觉醒：美国宗教与社会关系》，北京：时事出版社，2001年版，第260页。
①张敏谦著:《大觉醒：美国宗教与社会关系》，北京：时事出版社，2001年版，第218页。
②刘澎：《宗教右翼与美国政治》，载《美国研究》，1997年第4期，第33页。
③Clyde Wilcox, God’s Warriors: The Christian Right in Twentieth-Century America, Baltimore, Maryland: TheJohn Hopkins University Press,1992, p.1.
①Immanuel Ness, ed, Encyclopedia of American Social Movements, p.1402.
②Clyde Wilcox, God’s Warriors: The Christian Right in Twentieth-Century America, p.14.
①[美]丹尼尔·贝尔著：《后工业社会的来临：对社会预测的一项探索》，第15页。
②同上，第14页。
③Albeno Melucci,“The New Social Movements Revisited: Reflections on a Sociological Misunderstanding,” in L.Maheu ed. Social Movements and Social Classes: The Future of Collective Action, London: Sage,1995, p.113.
④Alan Touraine, The Voice and the Eye, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1981, p.30.
①Jürgen Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action, Cambridge: Polity,1981.
②Claus Offe,“New Social Movements: Changing Boundaries of the Political,” Social Research,52,1985,pp.817-868.
③Russell J. Dalton&Manfred Kuechler, Challenging the Political Order: New Social and Political Movements inWestern Democracies, Oxford University Press,1990, p.232-233.
④Bert Klandermans, Hanspeter Kriesi, and Sidney G. Tarrow, eds., From Structure to Action: Comparing SocialMovement Research across Cultures.
⑤Andre Gortz, Farewell to the Working Class: An Essay on Post-Industrial Socialism, London: Pluto Press,1982.
⑥[美]丹尼尔·贝尔著：《后工业社会的来临：对社会预测的一项探索》，第24页。
⑦Manuel Castells,“The Rise of the Network Society,” in Volume1of The Information Age: Economy, Societyand Culture, Oxford: Blackwell,1996, pp.208-220.
⑧Ronald Inglehart, Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,1990.
⑨Louis Maheu ed., Social Movements and Social Classes: The Future of Collective Action, London: Sage,1995.
①Ronald Inglehart, Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society.
②[美]丹尼尔·贝尔著：《资本主义文化矛盾》，赵一凡等译，上海：三联书店出版社，1989年版，第70页。
③Albeno Melucci,“The New Social Movements Revisited: Reflections on a Sociological Misunderstanding”.
④[美]罗伯特·帕特南著：《独自打保龄：美国社区的衰落与复兴》，刘波等译，北京：北京大学出版社，2011年版，第172-173页。
①John D. McCarthy&Mayer. N. Zald,“The Trend of Social Movements in America: Professionalization andResource Mobilization,” p.3.
②Ronald G. Shaiko,“More Bang for the Buck,” in Interest Group Politics,3rd ed., Allan J. Cigler&Burdett A.Loomis,1991, p.124.
③直邮方式是运动组织通过向民众寄送吸纳成员信件，接收者只需要回复并缴纳一定的费用即可成为组织成员的方式。
④[美]罗伯特·帕特南著：《独自打保龄：美国社区的衰落与复兴》，第186页。
⑤同上，第7页。
⑥同上，第59-60页。
①[美]罗伯特·帕特南著：《独自打保龄：美国社区的衰落与复兴》，第329-330页。
②Kenneth T. Andrews,“The Impacts of Social Movements on the Political Process: The Civil Rights Movementand Black Electoral Politics in Mississippi,” American Sociological Review62,1997, pp.800-819.
③Doug McAdam, Freedom Summer, Oxford University Press,1990, pp.132.
④John D. McCarthy&Mayer. N. Zald,“The Trend of Social Movements in America: Professionalization andResource Mobilization”.
⑤Margit Mayer,“Social Movement Research and Social Movement Practice: the U.S. Pattern,” in Research onSocial Movements: the State of the Art in Western Europe and the USA, ed. Dieter Rucht, Boulder, Colo: WestviewPress,1991, p.64.
①Jacqueline Vaughn Switzer, Environmental Politics: Domestic and Global Dimensions, p.25.
②Robert Wuthnow, Sharing the Journey, Free Press,1996, pp.3-6,转引自帕特南著：《独自打保龄：美国社区的衰落与复兴》，第171页。
③R. Kenneth Godwin, One Billion Dollars of Influence: The Direct Marketing of Politics, Chatham House Pub,1988, p.48.
④Minkoff,“Producing Social Capital,” p.613.
①John D. McCarthy,“Pro-Life and Pro-Choice Mobilization: Infrastructure Deficits and New Technologies,” inSocial Movements in an Organizational Society: Collected Essays, ed. Mayer N. Zald&John D. McCarthy, NewBrunswick, N. J.: Transaction Books,1987, pp.49-66.
②Caryle Murphy,“Promise Keepers at a Prayerful Crossroads: One Year after Mall Rally, Men’s Religious GroupGrapples with Message, Money,” The Washington Post, October7,1998.
③James L. Guth, Lyman A. Kellstedt, John C. Green&Corwin E. Smidt,“Onward Christian Soldiers?: Religionand the Bush Doctrine,” Books and Culture, August2005,http://www.booksandculture.com/articles/2005/julaug/13.20.html,访问日期2012年9月17日。
①Anne N. Costain, Inviting Women’s Rebellion: A Political Process Interpretation of the Women’s Movements,pp.79-121.
②Marshall Ganz,“Left Behind: Social Movements, Parties, and the Politics of Reform”; Nathan Newman,“Governing the Nation from the Statehouses: The Rightwing Agenda in the States and How Progressives can FightBack,” The Progressive Legislative Action Network, February21,2006; Sara Robinson,“What can We Learn fromConservatives about Winning in Politics,” AlterNet, March13,2008; Sara Robinson,“How did ConservativesConvince the Public to Think Differently about Government?” AlterNet, March15,2008.
③Mayer N. Zald&Roberta Ash,“Social Movement Organizations: Growth, Decay, and Change”, pp.327-340.
①Beth Schaefer Caniglia&JoAnn Carmin,“Scholarship on Social Movement Organizations: Classic Views andEmerging Trends,” Mobilization: An International Journal,10(2),2005, pp.201-212.
②Paul Osterman,“Overcoming Oligarchy: Culture and Agency in Social Movement Organizations,” AdministrativeScience Quarterly,51,2006, p.622.
③John D. McCarthy&Mayer. N. Zald,“The Trend of Social Movements in America: Professionalization andResource Mobilization,” p.20.
④Ibid.，p.25.
⑤Margit Mayer,“Social Movement Research and Social Movement Practice: the U.S. Pattern”, p.64.
①Margit Mayer,“Social Movement Research and Social Movement Practice: the U.S. Pattern”, p.11.
②Marshall Ganz,“Left Behind: Social Movements, Parties, and the Politics of Reform”, p.9.
①Donal Snow, Inside the Environmental Movement: Meeting the Leadership Challenge, Washington D.C.: IslandPress,1991, p.9.
②Riley E. Dunlap&Angela G. Mertig eds, American Environmentalism: The U.S. Environmental Movement,1970-1990, Washington D.C.: Taylor and Francis,1992, pp.11-26.; Christopher J. Bosso,“Facing the Future:Environmentalists and the New Political Landscape,” in Allan J. Cigler&Burdett A. Loomis eds, Interest GroupPolitics,5th ed.,1999, pp.101-130.
①Robert Cameron Mitchell, Angela G. Mertig&Riley E. Dunlap,“Twenty Years of Environmental Mobilization:Trends among National Environmental Organizations,” Society and Natural Resources, vol.4,1991, pp.219-234.
②Ibid., p.223.
③John D. McCarthy,“Pro-Life and Pro-Choice Mobilization: Infrastructure Deficits and New Technologies”, p.62.
④R. Kenneth Godwin, One Billion Dollars of Influence: The Direct Marketing of Politics, p.55.
⑤Linda L. Fowler&Ronald G. Shaiko,“The Grass Roots Connection: Environmental Activists and Senate RollCalls,” American Journal of Political Science31,1987, p.490.
⑥Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics,2nd edition, p.133.
①Philip A. Mundo, Interest Groups: Cases and Characteristics, Chicago: Nelson-Hall,1992, p.178.
②Roper Report97-3, New York: Roper Starch Worldwide,1997, pp.117-121.
③http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/about/our-staff/phil-radford/，访问日期2012年9月27日。
④http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/media-center/experts/，访问日期2012年9月27日。
⑤Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy&Mayer. N. Zald eds, Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements:Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framing, p.12.
⑥Erik W. Johnson,“Social Movement Size, Organizational Diversity and the Making of Federal Law”, p.1.
①David A. Snow, Sarah A. Soule&Hanspeter Kriesi, The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, Malden,MA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd,2004, p.633.
②http://www.thirdwavefoundation.org，访问日期2012年9月28日。
③Immanuel Ness, ed, Encyclopedia of American Social Movements, p.429.
①Laurie Goodstein,“Coalition’s Woes May Hinder Goals of Christian Right,” New York Times, August2,1999.
②James L. Guth, Lyman A. Kellstedt, John C. Green&Corwin E. Smidt,“Onward Christian Soldiers?: Religionand the Bush Doctrine”, p.73.
①John D. McCarthy,“Pro-Life and Pro-Choice Mobilization: Infrastructure Deficits and New Technologies”, p.56.
②[美]罗伯特·帕特南著：《独自打保龄：美国社区的衰落与复兴》，第174页。
③Deborah R. McFarlane&Kenneth J. Meier, The Politics of Fertility Control: Family Planning and AbortionPolicies in the American States, New York, N.Y.: Chatham House,2001, pp.94-95; Melody Rose, Safe, Legal, andUnavailable? Washington, D.C.: CQ Press,2007, pp.103-104.
①“Union Members Summary,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, January27,2012,http://www.bls.gov/news.release/union2.nr0.htm,访问日期2012年9月28日。
②Immanuel Ness, ed, Encyclopedia of American Social Movements, p.429.
①[美] R. G.哈切森：《白宫中的上帝》，段琦、晓镛译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，1992年版，第198页。
①Marshall Ganz,“Left Behind: Social Movements, Parties, and the Politics of Reform,” pp.8-9.
②Ari Berman,“Big$$for Progressive Politics,” The Nation, October16,2006.
①Clyde Wilcox&Carin Robinson, Onward Christian Soldiers?: The Religious Right in American Politics，Bolder,CO: Westview Press,1996, pp.111-129.
②John Hicks,“The Political Subsistence of the Religious Right: Why the Christian Right Survives and Does notThrive,” The American Religious Experience,2001, pp.5-6.
③Pat Robertson,“A Message from the President,” Christian Coalition of America,http://www.robertsonelectric.com/president-message.php,访问日期2012年9月26日。
④赵梅：《“选择权”与“生命权”——美国有关堕胎问题的论争》，载《美国研究》，1997年第4期，第67页。
①Ari Berman,“Big$$for Progressive Politics”.
②参见Frances Fox Piven&Richard A. Cloward, Poor People’s Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fall;Suzanne Staggenborg,“The Consequences of Professionalization and Formalization in the Pro-Choice Movement,”in Jo Freeman&Victoria Johnson, Waves of Protest: Social Movements since the Sixties, pp.99-135.
③Suzanne Staggenborg,“The Consequences of Professionalization and Formalization in the Pro-ChoiceMovement,” p.121.
①刘澎：《宗教右翼与美国政治》，第38页。
①James L. Guth, Lyman A. Kellstedt, John C. Green&Corwin E. Smidt,“Onward Christian Soldiers?: Religionand the Bush Doctrine,” p.73.
②刘澎：《宗教右翼与美国政治》，第39页。
①[美]丹尼尔·贝尔著：《后工业社会的来临：对社会预测的一项探索》，第15页。
②同上，第14页。
①[美]丹尼尔·贝尔著：《资本主义文化矛盾》，第198，200页。
②同上，第195页。
③同上，第37页。
④同上，第74页。
①[美]丹尼尔·贝尔著：《资本主义文化矛盾》，第26-27页。
②同上，第13页。
③同上，第205-206页。
④美国统计局官网，http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0133.pdf，访问日期2012年10月3日。
⑤张惠玲：《当代美国政治中的新基督教右翼运动》（博士论文），第27页。
⑥盖洛普官方网站，http://www.gallup.com/poll/6961/What-Percentage-Population-Gay.aspx，访问日期2012年10月3日。
⑦Duane Murray Oldfield, The Right and the Righteous: the Christian Right Confronts the Republican Party,Lanham, p.62.
①Duane Murray Oldfield, The Right and the Righteous: the Christian Right Confronts the Republican Party,Lanham, p.6.
②盖洛普官方网站，http://www.gallup.com/poll/9904/Public-Opinion-About-Abortion-InDepth-Review.aspx，访问日期2012年10月3日。
①[英]安东尼·吉登斯著：《现代性的后果》，田禾译，黄平校，南京：译林出版社，2011年版，第143页。
①[英]安东尼·吉登斯著：《现代性的后果》，田禾译，黄平校，南京：译林出版社，2011年版，第143-149页。
②同上，第141-142页。
①Charles W. Dunn, The Future of Conservatism: Conflict and Consensus in the Post-Reagan Era, Wilmington, Del.:ISI Books,2007, pp.vi-vii.
②Friedrich Hayek, The Road to Serfdom, Routledge Press (the UK),1944.
①关于新保守主义起源也可参见，周琪：《“布什主义”与美国新保守主义》，载《美国研究》，2007年第2期，第15-18页。
②[美]丹尼尔·贝尔著：《资本主义文化矛盾》，第21页。
①袁晓明：《保守仍然是美国本色》，载《环球时报》，2006年12月7日。
②George H. Nash,“The Uneasy Future of American Conservatism,” in Charles W. Dunn, The Future ofConservatism: Conflict and Consensus in the Post-Reagan Era, p.9.
③李道揆：《九十年代的美国政治》，载《美国研究》，1997年第4期，第9页。
①李道揆：《九十年代的美国政治》，第11页。
②George H. Nash,“The Uneasy Future of American Conservatism,” p.15.
①Alan I. Abramowitz&Kyle L. Saunders,“Is Polarization a Myth?,” The Journal of Politics, Vol.70, No.2,2008,pp.542-555; Morris P. Fiorina&Samuel J. Abrams,“Where’s the Polarization?,” in Richard G. Niemi, Herbert F.Weisberg&David C. Kimball, Controversies in Voting Behavior, Washington D.C.: CQ Press,2011, pp.309-318.
①Nolan McCarty, Keith T. Poole&Howard Rosenthal, Polarized America: the Dance of Ideology and UnequalRiches, MA: The MIT Press,2008, p.17.
①[美]大卫·哈维著：《资本之谜》，陈静译，北京：电子工业出版社，2011年版，第9页。
②同上，第11-12页。
①李道揆著：《美国政府与美国政治》，北京：商务印书馆，1999年版，第572-579页；郦菁：《美国社会运动兴衰的秘密》，第28-29页。
②美国统计局官网，http://www.census.gov/ces/dataproducts/economicdata.html，访问日期2012年10月15日。
①美国统计局官网，http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0469.pdf，访问日期2012年10月15日。
②美国统计局官网，http://www.census.gov/ces/dataproducts/economicdata.html，访问日期2012年10月15日。
③巴拉克·奥巴马2009年1月20日就职演说：《开创负责任的新时代》，载《奥巴马演说集》，王瑞泽编译，南京：译林出版社，2009年版，第291页。
④严海波：《奥巴马新政与新自由主义的终结》，载《人民论坛》，2009年第6期。
①美国统计局官网，http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/data/historical/inequality/IE-1.pdf，访问日期2012年10月15日。
②基尼系数是20世纪初意大利学者基尼（Corrado Gini）根据劳伦茨曲线所定义的判断收入分配公平程度的指标。是比例数值，在0-1之间。若低于0.2表示收入绝对平均；0.2-0.3表示比较平均；0.3-0.4表示相对合理；0.4-0.5表示收入差距大；0.6以上表示收入差距悬殊。
③美国统计局官网，http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/about/overview/index.html，访问日期2012年10月15日。
①陈宝森、王荣军、罗振兴主编：《当代美国经济》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2011年版，第3页。
②Frank Rich,“Hollywood’s Brilliant Coda to America’s Dark Year,” New York Times, December12,2009.
①参见赵敏：《美国“茶党”运动初探》，载《现代国际关系》，2010年第10期，第31—33页。
②James F. Smith,“Ron Paul’s Tea Party for Dollars,” Boston Globe, December16,2007,www.boston.com/news/politics/politicalintelligence/2007/12/ron_pauls_tea_p.html,访问日期2012年10月30日。
③David Boaz,“We Miss You, Bubba,” Washington Times, January11,2010.
①Scott Rasmussen&Douglas Schoen, Mad as Hell: How the Tea Party Movement is Fundamentally Remakingour Two-Party System, p.118.
②猪肉桶（pork barrel）是美国政界常用的一个词汇。它源于美国南北战争前，南方种植园主家里都有几个放着腌猪肉的大木桶。这些腌猪肉是用来分给奴隶的，故指人人都有一块。后来，美国政界将国会议员在通过拨款法案时拨款给各自选区或各自热衷的项目的做法称为“猪肉桶”。
③Kate Zernike,“Unlikely Activist Who Got to the Tea Party Early,” New York Times, February28,2010.
④John V. Last,“A Growing ‘Tea Party’ Movement?” Weekly Standard, March4,2009,www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/03/04/opinion/main4843055.shtml,访问日期2012年10月31日。
⑤Ibid.
⑥David Gardner,“A Million March to US Capitol to Protest against ‘Obama the Socialist’,”http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1213056/Up-million-march-US-Capitol-protest-Obamas-spending-tea-party-demonstration.html,访问日期2012年10月30日。
①Brian Beutler,“Pelosi: This is Astroturf, Not Grassroots Protests,” Talkingpointsmemo.com, April15,2009,http://tpmdc.takingpointsmemo.com/2009/04/pelosi-this-is-astroturf-not-grassroots-protest.php，访问日期2012年10月30日。
②Theda Skocpol&Vanessa Williamson, The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism, p.11.
③RasmussenReports,“35%View Tea Party Favorably,42%Do Not,” July11,2012,http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/general_politics/july_2012/35_view_tea_party_favorably_42_do_not,访问日期2012年10月31日。
①Scott Rasmussen&Douglas Schoen, Mad as Hell: How the Tea Party Movement is Fundamentally Remakingour Two-Party System, p.148.
②Charles Hurt,“Sarah’s Tea Talk Sounds Presidential,” New York Post, February8,2010,www.nypost.com/p/news/national/sarah_tea_talk_sounds_presidential_w3U7DqYM18s7uhq6ydzDiL,访问日期，2012年11月1日。
①Sarah Palin,“Speech to the2008Republican National Convention,” September3,2008,http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26535811/ns/politics-decision_08/t/transcript-palins-speech-convention/,访问日期2012年11月1日。
②The Economist/YouGov poll，February20,2010,http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2010/02/economistyougov_poll_0,访问日期2012年11月1日。
③“Who are the Tea Party Activists?” CNN Polling Center, February18,2010,www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/02/17/tea.party.poll/index.html,访问日期2012年11月1日。
④The Economist/YouGov poll，February20,2010,http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2010/02/economistyougov_poll_0,访问日期2012年11月1日。
①盖洛普官方网站，http://www.gallup.com/poll/148841/Tea-Party-Supporters-Oppose-Debt-Agreement.aspx，访问日期2012年11月1日。
②Amy Garder,“Gauging the Scope of the Tea Party Movement in America,” Washington Post, October24,2010.
③Theda Skocpol&Vanessa Williamson, The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism, p.90.
④“The Rolling Stone Interview of Barack Obama,” Rolling Stone Magazine, October15,2010.
①Matt Gertz,“Beck’s Mutually Beneficial Partnership with FreedomWorks,” June14,2010,http://mediamatters.org/research/2010/06/14/becks-mutually-beneficial-partnership-with-free/166159,访问日期2012年11月1日。
②“自由事业”的相关信息引自该组织的官方网站，http://www.freedomworks.org，访问日期2012年11月
2日。
③Our Country Deserves Better PAC，“Mission Statement,” http://www.teapartyexpress.org/mission,访问日期2012年11月2日。
④Our Country Deserves Better PAC，“Stop Obama Tour,”http://www.ourcountrydeservesbetter.com/campaigns/stopobamatour/,访问日期2012年11月2日。
⑤Our Country Deserves Better PAC，“Issues,” http://www.ourcountrydeservesbetter.com/about-us/issues/,访问日期2012年11月2日。
①David Weigel,“Behind the Cato-Koch Kerfuffle,” Slate, March1,2012,http://www.slate.com/blogs/weigel/2012/03/01/behind_the_cato_koch_kerfuffle.html,访问日期2012年11月2日。
②americansforprosperity.org,访问日期2012年11月2日。
③Tim Phillips, New York Times, March3,2012,http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/04/opinion/sunday/catching-up-with-tim-phillips-of-americans-for-prosperity.html,访问日期2012年11月2日。
④Tom Hambruger, Kathleen Hennessey, Neela Banerjee,“Koch Brothers Now at Heart of GOP Power,” LosAngeles Times, February6,2011, http://articles.latimes.com/2011/feb/06/nation/la-na-koch-brothers-20110206,访问日期2012年11月2日。
⑤Brody Mullins,“Americans for Prosperity to Air Ads Slamming Obama’s Ties to Solyndra,” Wall Street Journal,November9,2011,http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2012/01/14/americans-for-prosperity-to-air-ads-slamming-obamas-ties-to-solyndra/,访问日期2012年11月2日。
⑥Peter Wallsten&Tom Hamburger,“Conservative Groups Reaching New Levels of Sophistication in MobilizingVoters,” Washington Post, September20,2012,http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/decision2012/conservative-groups-reaching-new-levels-of-sophistication-in-mobilizing-voters/2012/09/20/3c3cd8e8-026c-11e2-91e7-2962c74e7738_story.html,访问日期2012年11月2日。
①Tea Party Patriots, https://www.teapartypatriots.org/about/,访问日期2012年11月2日。
②Kate Zernike, Boiling Mad: Inside Tea Party America, New York: Times Books,2010, p.101..
③Devin Burghart&Leonard Zeskind,“Tea Party Nationalism: A Critical ExTea Party Movement and the Size,Scope, and Focus of its National Factions,” Rep. Institute for Research and Education on Human Rights, Fall2010,http://justanothercoverup.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/TeaPartyNationalism.pdf,访问日期2012年11月2日。
④Bernie Becker,“A Revised Contract for America, Minus ‘With’ and Newt,” The New York Times, April15,2010.
⑤《来自美利坚的契约》内容见其官方网站，http://www.thecontract.org/the-contract-from-america/，访问日期2012年11月3日。
⑥Scott Rasmussen&Douglas Schoen, Mad as Hell: How the Tea Party Movement is Fundamentally Remakingour Two-Party System, p.150.
①Tea Party Nation, http://www.teapartynation.com,访问日期2012年11月2日。
②Tea Party Nation, http://www.teapartynation.com/profiles/members/,访问日期2012年11月2日。
③尽管2009年发生的茶党运动与“波士顿倾茶事件”都是与税收相关的抗议运动，但“波士顿事件”是由英国国会对东印度公司免税直接导致的抗议事件，而2009年的茶党运动则是反对奥巴马政府增加税收的抗议运动。相关内容见Joseph J. Thorndike,“A Tax Revolt or Revolting Taxes?” Tax History, December14,2005,http://www.taxhistory.org/thp/readings.nsf/ArtWeb/1BC5839831CD15EE852570DD0061D496?OpenDocument,访问日期2012年11月5日。
①Louis Jacobson,“Welcome to the Tea Party,” State Legislatures, September2011, pp.13-14.
②Eric Boehm,“Liquor Store Privatization Battle Begins, Again,” PA Independent, July8,2011.
③Louis Jacobson,“Welcome to the Tea Party,” p.14.
④Ibid.
①Theda Skocpol&Vanessa Williamson, The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism, p.81.
②Mark Leibovitch,“Being Glenn Beck,” New York Times, September29,2010.
③“西南大都市茶党”组织官方网站，http://www.swmetroteaparty.com/educate-motivate.php，访问日期2012年11月5日。
④W. J. Rorabaugh, Donald T. Critchlow, Paula C. Baker, America’s Promise: A Concise History of the UnitedStates, Rowman&Littlefield,2004, p.210.
⑤经济保皇派是美国前总统罗斯福在1936年接受总统候选人提名的演说中对希望控制政府活动的有财势者的称呼。
①http://mediamatters.org/video/2009/07/21/beck-health-care-reform-is-good-old-socialism-r/152294,访问日期2012年11月5日。
②David Boaz,“The Roots of the Tea Parties,” Cato@Liberty, May15,2010,http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/the-roots-of-the-tea-parties/,访问日期2012年11月5日。
③周琪等：《占领华尔街：资本主义的困惑》，第50页。
①Theda Skocpol&Vanessa Williamson, The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism, p.7.
②Frank Lambert, Religion in American Politics: A Short History, New Jersey: Princeton University Press,2010,pp.34-40.
③John B. Judis,“Tea Minus Zero: The Tea Party Menace will not Go Quietly,” The New Republic, May27,2010,p.20.
①The Economist/YouGov poll，February20,2010,http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2010/02/economistyougov_poll_0,访问日期2012年11月8日。
②周琪主编：《意识形态与美国外交》，第420页。
③John B. Judis,“Tea Minus Zero: The Tea Party Menace will not Go Quietly,” p.19.
①John V. Last,“A Growing ‘Tea Party’ Movement?”.
①Theda Skocpol&Vanessa Williamson, The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism,pp.131-133.
①9个原则与12个价值观见9/12计划官网，http://the9/12-project.com/about/the-9-principles-12-values/，访问日期2012年11月11日。
①Ned Ryun,“Wither the Tea Party?” The American Spectator, July/August2011, p.64.
②Ibid., p.65.
③Ibid., p.64.
①John B. Judis,“Tea Minus Zero: The Tea Party Menace will not Go Quietly”, p.21.
②Alex Pappas,“Congressional Tea Party Caucus Receives Mixed Reviews from Tea Party Activists,” The DailyCaller, July22,2010,http://dailycaller.com/2010/07/22/congressional-tea-party-caucus-receives-mixed-reviews-from-tea-party-activists/,访问日期2012年11月15日。
③Kate Zernike,“Republicans Strain to Ride Tea Party Tiger,” New York Times, January23,2010,www.nytimes.com/2010/01/23/us/politics/23teaparty.html?pagewanted=print,访问日期2012年11月12日。
④“Mark Kirk’s Extremely Liberal Voting Record,” Republican News Watch,http://republicannewswatch.com/wp/?p=30,访问日期2012年11月12日。
①Scott Rasmussen&Douglas Schoen, Mad as Hell: How the Tea Party Movement is Fundamentally Remakingour Two-Party System, p.183.
②Brett LoGlurato,“The Resurgent Tea Party is about to Take out a Six-Term Republican Senator,” May8,2012,http://www.businessinsider.com/dick-lugar-trails-tea-party-candidate-mourdock-in-indiana-republican-senate-2012-5,访问日期2012年11月13日。
③Adam Liptak,“Tea-ing Up the Constitution,” New York Times, March12,2010,www.nytimes.com/2010/03/14/weekinreview/14liptak.html,访问日期2012年11月14日。
①Frank Newport,“Americans’ Satisfaction at All-Time Low of9%,” Gallup Politics, October7,2008,http://www.gallup.com/poll/110983/americans-satisfaction-alltime-low.aspx,访问日期2012年11月14日。
②David Brooks,“The Tea Party Teens,” New York Times, January4,2010.
①Scott Rasmussen&Douglas Schoen, Mad as Hell: How the Tea Party Movement is Fundamentally Remakingour Two-Party System, p.53.
②Ibid., pp.83-84，97.
③Susan Page,“Analysis by Jim Norman of USA TODAY/Gallup Poll of1,007Adults Taken March27-29,” USATODAY, April14,2009, www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2009-04-14-biggovernment_N.htm#table,访问日期2012年11月14日。
④盖洛普官网，http://www.gallup.com/poll/152021/Conservatives-Remain-Largest-Ideological-Group.aspx，访问日期2012年11月15日。
⑤Frank Lambert, Religion in American Politics: A Short History, pp.23-25.
①盖洛普官网，http://www.gallup.com/poll/152021/Conservatives-Remain-Largest-Ideological-Group.aspx，访问日期2012年11月15日。
②该民调数据是根据1987至2012年间针对民主党与共和党就48个价值观层面问题的回答统计得来。
①Gerald F. Seib,“Lawmakers Seek Middle Ground at Their Own Risk,” Wall Street Journal, March12,2010,http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704349304575115583850338638.html,访问日期2012年11月
15日。
②Shailagh Murray&Lori Montgomery,“House Passes Health-care Reform Bill without Republican Votes,” TheWashington Post, March22,2010,http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/21/AR2010032100943.html,访问日期2012年
11月15日。
①Annalyn Censky,“A Rough10Years for the Middle Class,” CNNMoney, October14,2011,http://money.cnn.com/2011/09/21/news/economy/middle_class_income/index.htm,访问日期2012年11月15日。
①Jack Shenker&Adam Gabbatt,“Tahrir Square Protesters Send Message of Solidarity to Occupy Wall Street,”The Guardian, October25,2011,http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/25/egyptian-protesters-occupy-wall-street?newsfeed=true,访问日期2012年12月3日；Michael Saba,“Wall Street Protesters Inspired by Arab Spring Movement,” CNN, September
17,2011, http://edition.cnn.com/2011/09/16/tech/social-media/twitter-occupy-wall-street/index.html,访问日期2012年12月3日。
②http://www.adbusters.org/blogs/adbusters-blog/occupywallstreet.html，访问日期2012年12月3日。
③Michael Saba,“Wall Street Protesters Inspired by Arab Spring Movement”.
①What is Occupy? Inside the Global Movement, Time, NY: Time Books,2011, pp.8-9.
②Chris Barton,“‘Occupy Auckland’ Protest Speaks with Many Voices,” The New Zealand Herald, October29,2011, http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10762353,访问日期2012年12月3日。
③Richard Lambert,“Its Camp is Gone, but the Occupy Movement will Grow,” Financial Times, November15,2011,http://blogs.ft.com/the-a-list/2011/11/15/its-camp-is-gone-but-the-occupy-movement-will-grow/?Authorised=false#axzz2DxURXgGf,访问日期2012年12月3日。
④John Gapper,“A Better Way to Occupy Wall Street,” Financial Times, November16,2011,http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/3724b32a-1047-11e1-8211-00144feabdc0,Authorised=false.html?_i_location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F3724b32a-1047-11e1-8211-00144feabdc0.html&_i_referer=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOccupy_Wall_Street_Movement#axzz2DxV9Vx9a,访问日期2012年12月3日。
①占领运动网站的相关信息均来自“Adbusters”组织官网：www.adbusters.org.
②Stephen Kobrin,“The Clash of Globalizations,” Foreign Policy112,1998, pp.97-109.
①David Kidd,“Indymedia: A New Communications Commons,” in Barbara McCaughney&Michael Ayers,Cyberactivism: Online Acts in Theory and Practice, New York, NY: Routledge,2003, pp.47-69.
②Jürgen Habermas, Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,1983.
③Manuel Castells, The Power of Identity (The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Volume II),Oxford, UK: Blackwell Press,1997; The Internet Galaxy: Reflections on the Internet, Business and Society,Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers,2001.
④Henry Jenkins, Convergence Culture, New York, NY: New York University Press,2006; Mario Diani,“SocialMovement Networks Virtual and Real,” Information, Communication and Society3(3),2000, pp.386-401.
⑤见下列学者的研究：Jeremy Brecher, Tim Costello&Brendan Smith, Globalization from Below: The Power ofSolidarity, Cambridge, MA: South End Press,2000; Joyce Nipp,“The Queer Sisters and its Electronic BulletinBoard: A Study of the Internet for Social Movement Mobilization,” in Wim Van De Donk et al., Cyberprotest:New Media, Citizens and Social Movements, New York, NY: Routledge,2004, pp.233-258; William Bennet,“Communicating Global Activism,” Information, Communication and Society6(2),2003, pp.143-168.
⑥David Kidd,“Indymedia: A New Communications Commons”.
①Douglas Schoen,“Polling the Occupy Wall Street Crowd,” The Wall Street Journal, October18,2011,http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204479504576637082965745362.html?mod=WSJ_Opinion_LEADTop,访问日期2012年12月4日。
①Sean Captain,“Infographic: Who is Occupy Wall Street?” Fast Company, November2,2011,http://www.fastcompany.com/1792056/infographic-who-occupy-wall-street,访问日期2012年12月4日。
②Elizabeth Flock,“Occupy Wall Street: An Interview with Kalle Lasn, the Man behind it All,”, The WashingtonPost, October12,2011,http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/blogpost/post/occupy-wall-street-an-interview-with-kalle-lasn-the-man-behind-it-all/2011/10/12/gIQAC81xfL_blog.html,访问日期2012年12月4日。
①Sean Captain,“Infographic: Who is Occupy Wall Street?”.
①Eleazar David Melendez,“Occupy Wall Street’s May Day in New York Ends in Failed Plaza Occupation,”International Business Times, May2,2012,http://www.ibtimes.com/occupy-wall-streets-may-day-new-york-ends-failed-plaza-occupation-694899；JoeCoscarelli,“What Comes after May Day for Occupy Wall Street?” New York, May1,2012,http://nymag.com/daily/intel/2012/05/may-day-occupy-wall-street-uncertain-future.html; Justin Grant,“The TeaParty Remains Strong as Occupy Wall Street Sputters,” Advanced Trading, May9,2012,http://www.advancedtrading.com/regulations/the-tea-party-remains-strong-as-occupy-w/240000089,访问日期2012年12月5日。
②Adam Weinstein,““We are the99Percent” Creators Revealed,” Mother Jones, October7,2011,http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2011/10/we-are-the-99-percent-creators,访问日期2012年12月6日。
③Peter Whoriskey,“CBO: Incomes of Top Earners Grow at a Pace Far Faster than Everyone Else’s,” TheWashington Post, October27,2011,http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/cbo-incomes-of-top-earners-grow-at-a-pace-far-faster-than-everyone-elses/2011/10/26/gIQAHlVFKM_story.html,访问日期2012年12月6日。
①律商联讯未收录全球性财经有线电视卫星新闻台与福克斯新闻的日间节目。
②民众关注指民众关注相关新闻报道的百分比；媒体报道指对不同新闻报道的比例分配。
①Kat Stoeffel,“Occupy Wall Street’s Media Problems,” New York Observer, September26,2011,http://observer.com/2011/09/occupy-wall-streets-media-problems/,访问日期2012年12月6日。
②Edward Schumacher-Matos,“Newsworthy? Determining the Importance of Protests on Wall Street,” September
26,2011,http://www.npr.org/blogs/ombudsman/2011/09/26/140815394/newsworthy-determining-the-importance-of-protests-on-wall-street,访问日期2012年12月6日。
③Ginia Bellafante,“Gunning for Wall Street, With Faulty Aim,” New York Times, September25,2011,http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/nyregion/protesters-are-gunning-for-wall-street-with-faulty-aim.html?_r=1&pagewanted=print,访问日期2012年12月6日。
④Sean Captain,“Infographic: Who is Occupy Wall Street?”.
①http://occupywallst.org,访问日期2012年12月11日。
①Erik Eckholm,“Occupy Movement Regroups, Preparing for Its Next Phase,” The New York Times, February11,2012.
②Carolina Tamayo,“Occupy Anniversary Protests Fall Flat,” September17,2012,http://www.ntn24.com/news/news/occupy-anniversary-protests-fa-17431,访问日期2013年2月8日。
③Erik Eckholm,“Occupy Movement Regroups, Preparing for Its Next Phase”.
④What is Occupy? Inside the Global Movement, p.34.
①Douglas Schoen,“Polling the Occupy Wall Street Crowd”.
②Laura Marcinek,“Wall Street Areas Blocked as Police Arrest Seven in Protest,” Businessweek, September19,2011.
③Colin Moynihan,“80Arrested as Financial District Protest Moves North,” The New York Times, September24,2011.
④“700Arrested after Wall Street Protest on Brooklyn Bridge,” Foxnews.com, October2,2011,http://www.foxnews.com/us/2011/10/01/500-arrested-after-wall-street-protest-on-nys-brooklyn-bridge/,访问日期2012年12月11日。
⑤Alyssa Newcomb&Carlos Boettcher,“Occupy Wall Street Anniversary Protests Dwarfed by Police Presence,”ABCnews, September17,2012,http://abcnews.go.com/US/occupy-wall-street-celebrates-anniversary-protests/story?id=17249773#.UMZ_iqWzm9o,访问日期2012年12月11日。
⑥Daniel Edward Rosen,“Is Ray Kelly’s NYPD Spinning Out of Control?” The New York Observer, December1,2011, http://observer.com/2011/11/is-ray-kellys-nypd-spinning-out-of-control/?show=all,访问日期2012年12月
12日。
⑦Karen McVeigh,“Occupy Wall Street: the Direct Action Committee Driving the Protes’s Success,” TheGuardian, October5,2011, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/05/occupy-wall-street-direct-action,访问日期2012年12月12日。
①What is Occupy? Inside the Global Movement, p.38.
②Rick Hampson,“‘Occupy’ Movement Faces Challenge from Violent Fringe,” USA Today, November14,2011,http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/story/2011-11-13/occupy-movement-violent-fringe/51188258/1,访问日期2012年12月12日。
③Jeff Swicord,“Occupy Movement Works to Maintain Credibility,” VOANews, November16,2011,http://www.voanews.com/content/occupy-movement-works-to-maintain-credibility-133995808/148307.html,访问日期2012年12月12日。
①Ryan Devereaux,“Occupy Wall Street:‘There’s a Militant Animosity Bred by Direct Action’,” The Guardian,February3,2012,http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/feb/03/occupy-wall-street-animosity-direct-action?newsfeed=true,访问日期2012年12月12日。
②Erik Eckholm,“Occupy Movement Regroups, Preparing for Its Next Phase”.
③Douglas Schoen,“Polling the Occupy Wall Street Crowd”.
①Erik Eckholm,“Occupy Movement Regroups, Preparing for Its Next Phase”.
②Frank Newport,“Americans’ Satisfaction at All-Time Low of9%”.
①J. Craig Jenkins&Craig M. Eckert,“The Right Turn in Economic Policy: Business Elites and the NewConservative Economics,” Sociological Forum, Volume15, Issue2, June2000, pp.307-338.
②Thomas Ferguson&Joel Rogers, Right Turn: The Decline of the Democrats, New York: Hill and Wang,1986.
③Michael Sprinker et als, The Year Left: An American Socialist Yearbook1985, Verso Books,1985, p.82.
④M. Levinson&L. MIshel,“Whose Recovery is it, Anyway?” Democratic Left, September-October,1987, p.4.
①“An Interview with Victor Reuther, Paying Dues for Half a Century,” Multinational Monitor, February,1987,p.7.
②“Union Members Summary,” US Department of Labor.
③Thomas Byrne Edsall,“Money and Politics in Both Parties,” Dissent, Fall1986, p.406.
④Ibid.
⑤Thomas Byrne Edsall,“The Republican America,”http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1986/apr/24/republican-america/?pagination=false,1986,访问日期2012年12月17日。
⑥John R. Petrocik&Frederick T. Steeper,“The Political Landscape in1980,” Public Opinion,September-October,1987, p.42.
①Karlyn Bowman,“Election Results from A to Z,” The American, November7,2012,http://www.american.com/archive/2012/november/election-results-from-a-to-z,访问日期2012年12月17日。
②Thomas B. Edsall, New Politics of Inequality, New York: Norton Co.,1984, pp.245-246.
①[德]维尔纳·桑巴特著：《美国为什么没有社会主义》，赖海榕译，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2003年版。
①[德]维尔纳·桑巴特著：《美国为什么没有社会主义》，第12-15页。
②同上，第33页。
③同上。
④Anne N. Costain&Andrew S. McFarland, Social Movements and American Political Institutions,p.10.
①The Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States of America, p43.
②Elspeth Reeve,“Say Goodbye to Bachmann’s Tea Party,” The Atlantic Wire, Mar21,2013,http://news.yahoo.com/goodbye-bachmanns-tea-party-173523088.html,访问日期2013年3月29日。
③Ibid.
④Ibid.
Barton, Chris,“‘Occupy Auckland’ Protest Speaks with Many Voices,” The New Zealand Herald,October29,2011, http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10762353,访问日期2012年12月3日。
Bellafante, Ginia,“Gunning for Wall Street, With Faulty Aim,” New York Times, September25,2011,http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/nyregion/protesters-are-gunning-for-wall-street-with-faulty-aim.html?_r=1&pagewanted=print,访问日期2012年12月6日。
Beutler, Brian,“Pelosi: This is Astroturf, Not Grassroots Protests,” Talkingpointsmemo.com, April15,2009,http://tpmdc.takingpointsmemo.com/2009/04/pelosi-this-is-astroturf-not-grassroots-protest.php，访问日期2012年10月30日。
Boaz, David,“The Roots of the Tea Parties,” Cato@Liberty, May15,2010,http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/the-roots-of-the-tea-parties/,访问日期2012年11月5日。
Bowman, Karlyn,“Election Results from A to Z,” The American, November7,2012,http://www.american.com/archive/2012/november/election-results-from-a-to-z,访问日期2012年12月17日。
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