中国冬小麦产量潜力及重要农艺性状的遗传改良
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摘要
提高产量潜力一直是国内外小麦育种的主要目标。我国人多地少的基本国情决定了小麦生产的发展必须以提高单产为主,而品种产量潜力的遗传改良是提高小麦单产的重要途径。本研究于2001-2004 年连续三个年度对我国冬小麦主产区产量潜力及相关性状的遗传改良进行了研究,并利用生化和分子标记对主要矮秆基因和1Bl-1RS 易位染色体进行了检测。供试材料主要包括北部冬麦区、黄淮冬麦区、长江中下游冬麦区和西南冬麦区1970 年以来各个时期大面积推广的代表性品种共84 个,基本反映了我国冬小麦主产区品种的历史演变和发展现状。试验分别在北京、河北、山东、河南、陕西、江苏和四川省进行,除陕西和四川点试验在高氮和低氮两种环境下进行外,其余各点均在高氮环境下进行,采取严格的防病、防倒伏措施。主要结果如下:
1、产量潜力的遗传改良
我国冬小麦主产区小麦品种产量潜力随品种育成年份呈显著递增趋势,年遗传进展平均为0.70%或43.43 公斤/公顷。北方冬麦区品种产量潜力年遗传进展为0.80%或51.47 公斤/公顷,其中,北京市、河北省、山东省、河南省和陕西省分别为1.2%、0.54%、0.48%、1.05%和0.72%或64.63 公斤/公顷、35.40 公斤/公顷、32.09 公斤/公顷、72.11公斤/公顷和53.13 公斤/公顷。南方冬麦区品种产量潜力年遗传进展平均为0.47%或23.32 公斤/公顷,其中,长江中下游冬麦区为0.31%或14.20 公斤/公顷,西南冬麦区为0.62%或32.44 公斤/公顷。品种产量潜力遗传进展呈现明显的阶段性,产量潜力提高幅度较大的时期与半矮秆品种育成时期相吻合,多数地区发生在七十年代末或八十年代初,这一时期也是北方冬麦区第一批1BL-1RS 品种育成的时期,八十年代后产量潜力遗传改良进入徘徊或缓慢增长阶段,品种改良进展主要表现在抗病、抗逆能力的提高和品质改善等方面。本研究第一次较为全面系统地获得了有关我国冬小麦品种产量潜力遗传改良整体状况的重要基础数据。
2、主要农艺性状的遗传改良
穗粒数增加和千粒重提高是北方冬麦区品种产量潜力提高的主要原因,而南方冬麦区千粒重的增加对品种产量潜力提高的贡献最大,穗粒数则变化很小。两个麦区八
Increasing yield potential has been one of the most important breeding objectives worldwide, especially for China which has the largest population but limited land. Knowledge on genetic gain of yield potential and its associated traits is essential for understanding yield-limiting factors and developing strategies for future variety improvement. This study was conducted from 2001 to 2004 on genetic improvements in yield and its associated traits in both north and south winter wheat growing areas. Totally, 84 historical varieties from 1970s to 2000, were included in 9 trials. They were sown in Beijing, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, Jiangsu and Sichuan provinces respectively. All yield trials were treated with fungicide and pesticide and, except for Shanxi and Sichuan, where the yield trials were conducted under both high and low nitrogen regimes, were conducted with high nitrogen input. Molecular markers were used to clarify the distribution of Rht-B1b, Rht-D1b and Rht8c, and 1BL-1RS translocations. The main results are present below.
Yield potential over the last 30 years has continuously increased with year of variety release. Annual genetic gain was 43.43 kg/ha or 0.70% on average nationwide,ranging from 51.47 kg/ha or 0.80% in north China to 23.32kg/ha or 0.47% in south China. They were 64.63 kg/ha, 35.40 kg/ha, 32.09 kg/ha, 72.11 kg/ha, 53.13 kg/ha, 14.20 kg/ha, 32.44 kg/ha or 1.2%, 0.54%, 0.48%, 1.05%, 0.72%, 0.31% 0.62% in Beijing, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, Jiangsu and Sichuan provinces respectively. The significant increase of yield potential mainly occurred at the end of 1970s or the beginning of 1980s, which was correspondent to the release of semi-dwarf varieties in both north and south and 1BL-1RS varieties in the north. Yield gain has been slowed down since 1980s and improvements afterwards were made mainly in resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and processing quality.
Yield genetic gain was primarily attributed to the increase of kernels per spike
or thousand kernel weight in the north and only thousand kernel weight in the south. There was no significant change in number of spikes/m2 after 1980s in both north and south. Number of kernels/spike showed a continuous increase in the north, which was mainly attributed to the increase of fertility and number of kernels per spikelet, but no significant change in the south. Thousand kernel weight has been increased periodically and grain weight/spike increased steadily. The most significant change in traits was the reduction of plant height, reduced from above 100 cm before 1970s, to 75 to 85 cm in the north, and 85 to 95 cm in the south after 1980s. Harvest index increased remarkably, from 40% in 1970s to 45-50% after 1980s. No significant changes in maturity were observed except for northern winter wheat zone. There was increase of biomass in a few areas, which might be attributed to improvement of plant type and nitrogen uptake efficiency, though generally no significant change in biomass for most areas. Most varieties contained single dwarf gene, in which Rht-D1b was the most widely distributed, with a frequency of 30.1%, followed by Rht8c with 19.3%, Rht-B1b with 4.8%, and 8.4% of varieties might have Rht-B1d from St2422/464, Italian variety having pedigree of Saitama27, the donor of Rht-B1d. The frequencies of Rht-B1b plus Rht8c or Rht-D1b plus Rht8c, Rht-B1b plus Rht-D1b, and Rht-B1b、Rht-D1b plus Rht8c were 21.7%, 7.2% and 3.6% respectively. Distributions of different dwarf genes varied in different areas. RhtD1b was most widely used in the north and Rht8c in the south. The varieties without any dwarf gene were usually above 120 cm tall, varieties with Rht8c 100 cm tall and varieties with Rht-D1b or more than one dwarf gene 80-90 cm tall, with a few varieties less than 80 cm in height. The effects of biological conditions and genetic background on plant height were observed. 1BL-1RS translocations were the most widely used crossing parent in breeding program in north winter wheat areas in 1970s and 1980s. The percentage of varieties having 1BL-1RS translocation released after 1980, when the first 1BL-1RS variety was released in China, were 59.0%, 40.0%, 13.0%, and 20.0%, in North Winter Wheat Zone, Yellow and Huai River Reaches, Middle and Low Reaches of Yangtze River and Southwest China or 71.4%, 65.5%, 33.3% and 12.5% of the most widely
grown varieties in those areas respectively. New translocations without secalin were not found. The varieties with high dough elasticity were generally not 1BL/1RS translocations. From breeding point of view, 1BL/1RS parents are generally not recommended in the breeding for high dough elasticity, while good combination of HMW-GS should be present when 1BL/RS parent is used in the breeding for medium dough elasticity. Significant differences in nitrogen uptake, utilization and use efficiencies among varieties were observed. Varieties responded differently, mainly in uptake efficiency, in high and low nitrogen regimes. Close associations were presented between biomass and nitrogen uptake efficiency ( r=0.85, P﹤0.01) and harvest index and nitrogen utilization efficiency ( r=0.85, P﹤0.01). The results indicated that it was feasible to develop variety with both high nitrogen use efficiency and high response to high nitrogen input.
1、产量潜力的遗传改良
我国冬小麦主产区小麦品种产量潜力随品种育成年份呈显著递增趋势,年遗传进展平均为0.70%或43.43 公斤/公顷。北方冬麦区品种产量潜力年遗传进展为0.80%或51.47 公斤/公顷,其中,北京市、河北省、山东省、河南省和陕西省分别为1.2%、0.54%、0.48%、1.05%和0.72%或64.63 公斤/公顷、35.40 公斤/公顷、32.09 公斤/公顷、72.11公斤/公顷和53.13 公斤/公顷。南方冬麦区品种产量潜力年遗传进展平均为0.47%或23.32 公斤/公顷,其中,长江中下游冬麦区为0.31%或14.20 公斤/公顷,西南冬麦区为0.62%或32.44 公斤/公顷。品种产量潜力遗传进展呈现明显的阶段性,产量潜力提高幅度较大的时期与半矮秆品种育成时期相吻合,多数地区发生在七十年代末或八十年代初,这一时期也是北方冬麦区第一批1BL-1RS 品种育成的时期,八十年代后产量潜力遗传改良进入徘徊或缓慢增长阶段,品种改良进展主要表现在抗病、抗逆能力的提高和品质改善等方面。本研究第一次较为全面系统地获得了有关我国冬小麦品种产量潜力遗传改良整体状况的重要基础数据。
2、主要农艺性状的遗传改良
穗粒数增加和千粒重提高是北方冬麦区品种产量潜力提高的主要原因,而南方冬麦区千粒重的增加对品种产量潜力提高的贡献最大,穗粒数则变化很小。两个麦区八
Increasing yield potential has been one of the most important breeding objectives worldwide, especially for China which has the largest population but limited land. Knowledge on genetic gain of yield potential and its associated traits is essential for understanding yield-limiting factors and developing strategies for future variety improvement. This study was conducted from 2001 to 2004 on genetic improvements in yield and its associated traits in both north and south winter wheat growing areas. Totally, 84 historical varieties from 1970s to 2000, were included in 9 trials. They were sown in Beijing, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, Jiangsu and Sichuan provinces respectively. All yield trials were treated with fungicide and pesticide and, except for Shanxi and Sichuan, where the yield trials were conducted under both high and low nitrogen regimes, were conducted with high nitrogen input. Molecular markers were used to clarify the distribution of Rht-B1b, Rht-D1b and Rht8c, and 1BL-1RS translocations. The main results are present below.
Yield potential over the last 30 years has continuously increased with year of variety release. Annual genetic gain was 43.43 kg/ha or 0.70% on average nationwide,ranging from 51.47 kg/ha or 0.80% in north China to 23.32kg/ha or 0.47% in south China. They were 64.63 kg/ha, 35.40 kg/ha, 32.09 kg/ha, 72.11 kg/ha, 53.13 kg/ha, 14.20 kg/ha, 32.44 kg/ha or 1.2%, 0.54%, 0.48%, 1.05%, 0.72%, 0.31% 0.62% in Beijing, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, Jiangsu and Sichuan provinces respectively. The significant increase of yield potential mainly occurred at the end of 1970s or the beginning of 1980s, which was correspondent to the release of semi-dwarf varieties in both north and south and 1BL-1RS varieties in the north. Yield gain has been slowed down since 1980s and improvements afterwards were made mainly in resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and processing quality.
Yield genetic gain was primarily attributed to the increase of kernels per spike
or thousand kernel weight in the north and only thousand kernel weight in the south. There was no significant change in number of spikes/m2 after 1980s in both north and south. Number of kernels/spike showed a continuous increase in the north, which was mainly attributed to the increase of fertility and number of kernels per spikelet, but no significant change in the south. Thousand kernel weight has been increased periodically and grain weight/spike increased steadily. The most significant change in traits was the reduction of plant height, reduced from above 100 cm before 1970s, to 75 to 85 cm in the north, and 85 to 95 cm in the south after 1980s. Harvest index increased remarkably, from 40% in 1970s to 45-50% after 1980s. No significant changes in maturity were observed except for northern winter wheat zone. There was increase of biomass in a few areas, which might be attributed to improvement of plant type and nitrogen uptake efficiency, though generally no significant change in biomass for most areas. Most varieties contained single dwarf gene, in which Rht-D1b was the most widely distributed, with a frequency of 30.1%, followed by Rht8c with 19.3%, Rht-B1b with 4.8%, and 8.4% of varieties might have Rht-B1d from St2422/464, Italian variety having pedigree of Saitama27, the donor of Rht-B1d. The frequencies of Rht-B1b plus Rht8c or Rht-D1b plus Rht8c, Rht-B1b plus Rht-D1b, and Rht-B1b、Rht-D1b plus Rht8c were 21.7%, 7.2% and 3.6% respectively. Distributions of different dwarf genes varied in different areas. RhtD1b was most widely used in the north and Rht8c in the south. The varieties without any dwarf gene were usually above 120 cm tall, varieties with Rht8c 100 cm tall and varieties with Rht-D1b or more than one dwarf gene 80-90 cm tall, with a few varieties less than 80 cm in height. The effects of biological conditions and genetic background on plant height were observed. 1BL-1RS translocations were the most widely used crossing parent in breeding program in north winter wheat areas in 1970s and 1980s. The percentage of varieties having 1BL-1RS translocation released after 1980, when the first 1BL-1RS variety was released in China, were 59.0%, 40.0%, 13.0%, and 20.0%, in North Winter Wheat Zone, Yellow and Huai River Reaches, Middle and Low Reaches of Yangtze River and Southwest China or 71.4%, 65.5%, 33.3% and 12.5% of the most widely
grown varieties in those areas respectively. New translocations without secalin were not found. The varieties with high dough elasticity were generally not 1BL/1RS translocations. From breeding point of view, 1BL/1RS parents are generally not recommended in the breeding for high dough elasticity, while good combination of HMW-GS should be present when 1BL/RS parent is used in the breeding for medium dough elasticity. Significant differences in nitrogen uptake, utilization and use efficiencies among varieties were observed. Varieties responded differently, mainly in uptake efficiency, in high and low nitrogen regimes. Close associations were presented between biomass and nitrogen uptake efficiency ( r=0.85, P﹤0.01) and harvest index and nitrogen utilization efficiency ( r=0.85, P﹤0.01). The results indicated that it was feasible to develop variety with both high nitrogen use efficiency and high response to high nitrogen input.
引文
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