不同经济作物养分吸收与累积规律研究
|
摘要
氮、磷、钾等大量营养元素是植物生长所必需的营养物质,它与蛋白质、酯类、核酸、维生素等密切相关,对植物各种生理过程的关键步骤起调控作用。本研究以“红地球”葡萄、线辣椒、马铃薯为试材,研究了葡萄树根系分布情况、主要生长期内各器官及木质部和皮层的生物量、养分含量、养分累积量变化动态；探讨了平衡施肥对线辣椒和马铃薯产量、品质及养分累积的影响。取得的主要研究结果如下：
1.葡萄树生长动态与根系分布研究
本试验选取陕西省扶风县新集村7年树龄的葡萄园为试验果园,在不同生育阶段对葡萄树进行刨根、肢解,以测定各器官生物量、养分含量及累积量的变化。结果显示,该葡萄园年生物量增加12369 kg／hm2。其中枝条(除新梢外其他枝条)与主干生物量增加2481 kg／hm2和1939kg／hm2,占生物量总累积的19%和15%。新生器官即叶、果实、新梢生物量分别为2357、4866、6118 kg／hm2,新梢旺长期之后,新生器官生物量累积迅速。根系生物量在主要生长期内变化不大,在2302 kg／hm2～4132kg／hm2范围内波动,但总体呈增加趋势,生物量净增加1830kg／hm2,占整株的14.8%。葡萄根系不同时期在土壤中的分布情况变化不大,主要分布在0-40 cm的土层,占总根量的86.7%。随着土壤深度的增加,葡萄树根量减少。40-60 cm的根量占了7.4%,60～80cm的根量只有3.6%,80～100cm土层中仅为2.3%。5月10日至6月30日为0～20 cm根系的一次生长高峰。
2.葡萄树对氮素的吸收利用与累积规律
该葡萄园鲜果产量18t／hm2,年吸收氮素总量为97.13 kg／hm2,主要在新梢旺长期和果实膨大期,分别占吸收总量的39%和30.5%。每形成1000kg葡萄,需要吸收氮素5.4kg。氮素在红地球葡萄树各器官中的分布为：叶片>果实>新梢>根系>枝条>主干；皮层>木质部；地上部分氮素累积量94.49 kg／hm2,占氮素吸收总量的97%,根系氮素累积量2.64 kg／hm2,占氮素吸收总量的3%,叶片和果实带走的氮素量分别为35.09kg／hm2和32.27 kg／hm2,占氮素吸收量的36%和33%。新生枝条累积的氮素量为23kg／hm2,占氮素吸收量的23.7%,每年修剪枝条带走的氮素量为5.11kg／hm2,占氮素吸收量的5%。叶片、果实与修剪枝条带走的氮素需要施肥予以补偿。据此计算该葡萄园合理施氮量为N 129.5 kg／hm2(产量18t／hm2),其中基施39.4 kg／hm2,新梢旺长期和果实膨大期分别施50.7 kg／hm2和39.4 kg／hm2。
3.葡萄树对磷素吸收利用与累积规律
早期果树器官建造主要利用树体贮存的磷素,且磷的分配随生长中心的转移而转移,同一物候期器官皮层与木质部磷含量顺序均为：根系>枝条>主干。葡萄树体年吸收磷素33.1 kg／hm2,地上部累积29.3 kg／hm2,占累积总量的88.5%；其中叶与果实分别携走3.1 kg／hm2和11.9 kg／hm2,每年修剪枝条带走的磷素量为1 kg／hm2新梢、枝条(除新梢外其他枝条)、主干年累积磷素为9.1 kg／hm2、3.5 kg／hm2、1.6 kg／hm2,根系累积3.8kg／hm2。果实膨大期果树吸收磷素量较大,为15.4 kg／hm2,占总吸收量的47%,是磷素营养最大效率期。本试验每形成1000 kg经济产量需要P205量为1.84 kg,推荐葡萄树(产量18 t／hm2)年施纯磷55.1 kg／hm2,果实收获后秋季基施29.2 kg／hm2,果实膨大期之前追施磷25.9 kg／hm2。
4.葡萄树对钾素吸收利用与累积规律
主要生长期内葡萄树叶钾含量呈先升高后降低的趋势,新梢与果实钾含量在生育期内持续下降,相同物候期不同器官钾含量总趋势为新生器官(新梢、叶片和果实)高于成龄器官(枝条、主干、根系)。生长期内葡萄树体共吸收钾素140.52 kg／hm2,其中叶与果实携走钾素为17.24 kg／hm2、64.29 kg／hm2,每年修剪枝条带走的钾素量为3.47kg／hm2；新梢、枝条、主干分别累积钾素31.63 kg／hm2、8.43 kg／hm2、7.06 kg／hm2,根系累积11.87 kg／hm2。新梢旺长期和果实膨大期需钾量较大,分别吸收钾素38.59 kg／hm2和64.29 kg／hm2,占全年总吸收量的27.5%和45.8%。本试验每形成1000 kg经济产量需要K20量为7.8 kg,推荐施K20量为175.6 kg／hm2(产量18 t／hm2),基施46.9 kg／hm2,新梢旺长期和果实膨大期分别追施48.3 kg／hm2和80.4 kg／hm2。
5.平衡施肥对线辣椒产量、品质及养分累积的研究
田间试验于2007-2008年在陕西凤翔县彪角镇李家堡进行,试验设NPK,PK,NK,NP,CK 5个处理。结果表明：平衡施肥可使产量最高达22001 kg／hm2,纯收益18830元／hm2。NPK、PK、NK、NP比CK处理分别增产38.9%、22%、28.4%和17.2%。每施入1 kg N,1 kg P2O5,1 kg K2O线辣椒产量依次增加11kg,10kg,17 kg。每形成100 kg经济产量吸收的养分量为：N 1.87 kg、P2O50.42 kg,K2O1.42 kg。NPK处理养分累积量均最高,分别为410 kg／hm2、93 kg／hm2、311 kg／hm2。PK处理使辣椒果实硝态氮与维生素C含量分别降低2.3 mg／kg和223 mg／kg,差异显著；NK处理维生素C含量降低51 mg／kg;NP处理使辣椒果实的硝态氮含量提高了9.6 mg／kg,维生素C含量下降了279 mg／kg。本试验氮肥利用率38.4%,磷肥利用率17.6%,钾肥利用率37.4%。按照合理施肥量=(肥料吸收量-土壤天然供肥量)／肥料利用率(%)公式计算,推荐NPK施用量分别为262 kg／hm2、155 kg／hm2、213.6 kg／hm2。适宜的N：P2O5：K2O为1：0.59：0.82。氮磷钾肥平衡施用才能保证线辣椒产量高、品质好、效益佳。
6.马铃薯对氮磷钾的肥效反应
田间试验在陕西华县与米脂县同时进行。两试验均为NPK、PK、NK、NP、FP、CK6个处理,各处理施肥量不同。受土壤及气候类型影响,氮磷钾肥对两地块马铃薯产量影响顺序也不同,华县表现为：N>K>P,1kg N、1kgP2O5、1kgK2O分别增产马铃薯32.6 kg、4.3kg、24.7kg,平衡施肥最高产量可达47916kg／hm2；米脂表现为：K>N>P,1kg N、1kg P2O5、1kg K2O分别增产马铃薯16.8 kg、4.7kg、21.6kg,平衡施肥最高产量可达26527kg／hm2。对马铃薯不同处理经济效益分析表明,科学施用化肥既能节约成本,又能提高马铃薯的经济效益。米脂马铃薯生育前期生长较快后期缓慢,华县相反。华县试验氮、磷、钾吸收量分别为232.7 kg／hm2、46.4 kg／hm2、210.8 kg／hm2,而米脂氮、磷、钾吸收量为170.4 kg／hm2、32.4 kg／hm2、162.8 kg／hm2。本试验推荐施肥量,华县N 363 kg／hm2、P2O5 86 kg／hm2、K2O 301kg／hm2；米脂N 258 kg／hm2、P2O582 kg／hm2、K2O2 58 kg／hm2(注：推荐量上下波动20%均为合理范围)。
7.葡萄与线辣椒施肥现状评估
前文已对葡萄和线辣椒做了大量研究,并提出了推荐施肥量,为了结合农民实际情况并提出合理的施肥建议,特于2008年11月28日至11月30日在揉谷县、合阳县和凤翔县进行葡萄、线辣椒种植与施肥情况调查。结果表明：(1)葡萄种植户中,氮肥用量偏高、合适与偏低的农户分别占86.9%、8.3%和4.8%；磷肥用量偏高、合适与偏低的农户分别为72.6%、16.7%和10.7%；钾肥用量偏高、合适与偏低的农户分别为20.3%、6%和74.7%；建议农户降低氮磷肥的用量,增加钾肥的施用量。(2)线辣椒氮肥用量偏高、合适与偏低的农户分别占40%、44%和16%；磷肥用量偏高、合适与偏低的农户分别为93%、6%和1%；钾肥用量偏高、合适与偏低的农户分别为4%、63%和33%；建议农户控制磷钾肥的用量,尤其是磷肥。
Mineral nutrient elements nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are important components of plant and the foundation nourishment in food chain for life and plant growth. They are correlative with protein, grease, nucleic acid and vitamin and so on. At the same time, they are important for keeping balance of nutrition resources in ecosystem, increasing yield, improving quality of farm production, reducing pollution and improving human nutrition. Seven-year-old'RED GLOBE'grape tree, capsicum (Capsicum annuum Linn.) and potato were used as experiment materials. Roots distribution, biomass, elements content and accumulation in different organs in different periods were studied in grape tree. Effect of balanced fertilization on yield, quality and nutrients accumulation of capsicum and potato was also studied. The main results were showed as follows:
1. Study on the dynamics of biomass and roots distribution in grape tree
To find out the nitrogen absorption, utilization and accumulation in grape tree, and to provide a reasonable fertilizer rate and application periods, field experiments were conducted in Fu Feng county, Shaanxi Province for analyzing yearly biomass, nitrogen content and its accumulation at different parts of grape trees (Red globe) which are cultivated about 7 years. The results showed that biomass increment of stem, trunk, leaves, fruits and new shoots were 2481 kg/ha,1939 kg/ha,2357 kg/ha,4866 kg/ha,6118 kg/ha, respectively. Biomass of plant and the parts above ground increased quickly from June 30 to August 20. In the main growing period, biomass of roots fluctuated between 2303～4132 kg/ha, net increase was 1830 kg/ha, about 14.8% of gross. The biomass of whole plant increased 12369 kg/ha. About 86.7% roots distributed in the 0～40 cm soil depth, the deep of soil the less of roots. Roots in 40～60 cm soil depth accounted for 7.4% of the whole roots,60～80 cm only 3.6%, and 80～100cm just 2.3%. Biomass of roots in 0～20 cm soil depth developed more quickly from May 10 to June 30, cortex vegetated 34.7%; and xylem vegetated 25.7%. From August 20 to September 30, biomass of soil cortex in 0～20 cm soil depth also increased rapidly from 0.095 kg/plant to 0.109 kg/plant, rate of increase about 15.2%. Biomass of roots xylem below 40 cm increased less.
2. Study on nitrogen absorption, utilization and accumulation in grape tree
Grape yield of this orchard was 18 t/ha. Total nitrogen absorption rate was 97.13 kg/ha in one year of the growing period.39% of that was absorbed during the new shoots flourishing period, and 30.5% was absorbed during the fruit growing period. To achieve 1000 kg economic fruits yield,5.4 kg N was taken up by grape trees from soil. Nitrogen content order in the organs was:leaves>fruits> new branches> roots> branches>stems. Nitrogen content in cortex was larger than that in xylem. N accumulation in plant above-ground and roots were 94.49 kg/ha and 2.64 kg/ha, about 97% and 3% of the gross, respectively. Nitrogen move away by leaves and fruits were 35.09 kg/ha and 32.27 kg/ha. New shoots absorbed 23 kg/ha nitrogen, and 5.11 kg/ha nitrogen was carried off by pruned branches, account for 5% of the gross. Nitrogen loss carried away by leaves, fruits and pruned branches should be applied by fertilization. The total nitrogen application rate was 129.5 kg/ha (yield 18 t/ha) recommended, while 39.4 kg/ha of nitrogen was applied as base fertilizer in forced dormancy period of plant, and 50.7 kg/ha was used during new shoots flourishing period, and remaining 39.4 kg/ha was applied as topdressing in the rapid growing phase of fruit.
3. Study on phosphorus absorption, utilization and accumulation in grape tree
Total 33.1 kg/ha phosphorus was absorbed by grape tree in a year, about 3.1 kg/ha absorbed by leaves, and 11.9 kg/ha by fruits. New shoots, stem and trunk absorbed phosphorus 9.1 kg/ha,3.5 kg/ha,1.6 kg/ha, respectively.3.8 kg/ha phosphorus was absorbed by roots. Among 33.1 kg/ha phosphorus,15.4 kg/ha was absorbed during the fruit growing period, about 47% of total uptake. In early time, grape trees mainly use reserved phosphorus to construct organs. Phosphorus assignment diverted along with the shift of growth center. In same phenophase, potassium content in cortex and xylem was: roots>branches>stem. To attain 1000 kg economic yield, grape tree should uptake P2O5 1.84 kg. The yearly suggested total phosphorus application amount was 55.1 kg/ha (yield 18 t/ha), while 29.2 kg/ha of nitrogen was applied as base fertilizer in forced dormancy period of plant, and 25.9 kg/ha was applied as topdressing in the rapid growing phase of fruit.
4. Annual change of potassium content, accumulation in grape tree
Potassium content in new organs (leaves, shoots and fruits) during early spring was higher than that at later time. In same phenophase, potassium content in new organs was higher than that in old organs (branch, trunk and roots). Potassium content in roots almost had no remarkable change in one year. Total 140.52 kg/ha potassium was absorbed in a year, among 17.24 kg/ha absorbed by leaves, and 64.29 kg/ha by fruits. New shoots, stem and trunk absorbed phosphorus 31.63 kg/ha,8.43 kg/ha,7.06 kg/ha, respectively.11.87 kg/ha phosphorus was absorbed by roots. Among the new shoots flourishing period and the fruit growing period, grape tree need more potassium, about 38.59 kg/ha absorbed during the new shoots flourishing period, and 64.29 kg/ha during the fruit growing period,27.5% and 45.8% of the total uptake. To attain 1000 kg economic yield, grape tree should uptake potassium 7.8 kg. The total potassium application rate was 175.6 kg/ha (yield 18 t/ha) recommended, while 46.9 kg/ha of potassium was applied as base fertilizer in forced dormancy period of plant, and 48.3 kg/ha was used during new shoots flourishing period, and the rest of 80.4 kg/ha was also applied as topdressing in the rapid growing phase of fruit.
5. Effect of balanced fertilization on yield, quality and nutrients accumulation of capsicum
A field experiment was carried out in Feng Xiang from 2007-2008, and effects of different fertilizer treatments on Capsicum yield, quality and nutrient accumulation were studied. Treatment was NPK, PK, NK, NP, and CK. The results indicated that capsicum yield could reach up to 22001 kg/ha by using balanced fertilization techniques. Compared with NPK, yield of PK, NK, NP decreased by 12%,7.5% and 15%.1 kg N, P2O5, K2O could increase the capsicum yield by 11 kg,10 kg, and 17 kg, respectively. NO3--N and vitamin C content of PK decreased by 2.3 mg/kg and 223 mg/kg. Vitamin C content of NK was lower than NPK, decreased by 51 mg/kg. NO3--N content of NP increased by 9.6 mg/kg, while vitamin C content decreased by 279 mg/kg. Fertilizer efficiency was:nitrogenous fertilizer 38.4%, phosphate fertilizer 17.6%, and potash fertilizer 37.4%. To attain 100 kg economic yield, plant should absorb nutrient:N 1.87 kg, P2O5 0.42 kg, K2O 1.42 kg. Nutrients accumulation in NPK treatment was highest: N 410 kg/ha, P2O5 93 kg/ha, K2O 311 kg/ha. The optimum ratio of N:P2O5:K2O was 1:0.59:0.82, and the suitable application amount of N, P2O5, K2O was 262 kg/ha,155 kg/ha,213.6 kg/ha, respectively. Only the balanced application of N, P and K can have the best of the Capsicum yield, quality and benefit.
6. Effect of balanced fertilization on the yield and nutrients content, accumulation of potato
Field experiments were carried out in Hua county and Mi Zhi county in one year. There were 6 treatments, NPK, PK, NK, NP, FP and CK, respectively. Rate of fertilizer application in the two experiments was distinct. Due to the difference of soil and climate, the influence of N, P, K nutrients on the yield of potato were not the same. Hua county showed as:N>K>P,1 kg N, P2O5, K2O could increase the potato yield by 32.6 kg,4.3 kg,24.7 kg, respectively. By using balanced fertilization techniques, potato yield could reach up to 47916 kg/ha in Hua county, and Mi Zhi county was 26527 kg/ha. In Mi Zhi County,1 kg N, P2O5; K2O could increase the potato yield by 16.8 kg,4.7 kg, and 21.6 kg, respectively. With application of balanced fertilization, farmers could save fertilizer inputs, and have the best of benefit. In same phenophase, the order of nutrient content in above-ground plant showed as:K>N>P. Nutrients accumulation of NPK treatment in Hua county was:N 232.7 kg/ha, P2O5 46.4 kg/ha, K2O 210.8 kg/ha, while in Mi Zhi was:N 170.4 kg/ha, P2O5 32.4 kg/ha, K2O 162.8 kg/ha. The total N, P2O5,K2O application rate in Hua County was 363,86,301 kg/ha recommended, while N, P2O5, K2O application rate in Mi Zhi County was 258,82,258 kg/ha.
7. Evaluation of fertilization situation for grape and capsicum in Shaanxi province
The source, the rate of manure and chemical fertilizer in grape and capsicum fields were studied by using the investigation data (n=94) in Rougu, Heyang and Fengxiang county of Shaanxi Province in November,2008. The fertilization situation of grape and capsicum had been revealed and evaluated. The results were as follows:(1) Among 94 investigated households for grape, the ratio of N application was very high by 71.4%(>350 kg/ha); amount of P application was very high by 61.9%(>184 kg/ha); very low of K application was by 55.7%(<140 kg/ha). (2) The same as grape, input of chemical fertilizer was unbalanced badly in capsicum. The ratio of N application was higher by 40%, suitable by 44%, lower by 16%; amount of P application was higher by 93%, suitable by 6%, lower by 1%; K application rate was higher by 4%, suitable by 63%, lower by 33%. (3) There were remarkable differences of nutrient input among the households, and the rate of fertilizer application was also unbalanced. (4) The farmers usually use fertilizer with conventional experience. (5) The rate of manure was low. The farmer should decrease the N, P application rate, while increase K application rate.
1.葡萄树生长动态与根系分布研究
本试验选取陕西省扶风县新集村7年树龄的葡萄园为试验果园,在不同生育阶段对葡萄树进行刨根、肢解,以测定各器官生物量、养分含量及累积量的变化。结果显示,该葡萄园年生物量增加12369 kg／hm2。其中枝条(除新梢外其他枝条)与主干生物量增加2481 kg／hm2和1939kg／hm2,占生物量总累积的19%和15%。新生器官即叶、果实、新梢生物量分别为2357、4866、6118 kg／hm2,新梢旺长期之后,新生器官生物量累积迅速。根系生物量在主要生长期内变化不大,在2302 kg／hm2～4132kg／hm2范围内波动,但总体呈增加趋势,生物量净增加1830kg／hm2,占整株的14.8%。葡萄根系不同时期在土壤中的分布情况变化不大,主要分布在0-40 cm的土层,占总根量的86.7%。随着土壤深度的增加,葡萄树根量减少。40-60 cm的根量占了7.4%,60～80cm的根量只有3.6%,80～100cm土层中仅为2.3%。5月10日至6月30日为0～20 cm根系的一次生长高峰。
2.葡萄树对氮素的吸收利用与累积规律
该葡萄园鲜果产量18t／hm2,年吸收氮素总量为97.13 kg／hm2,主要在新梢旺长期和果实膨大期,分别占吸收总量的39%和30.5%。每形成1000kg葡萄,需要吸收氮素5.4kg。氮素在红地球葡萄树各器官中的分布为：叶片>果实>新梢>根系>枝条>主干；皮层>木质部；地上部分氮素累积量94.49 kg／hm2,占氮素吸收总量的97%,根系氮素累积量2.64 kg／hm2,占氮素吸收总量的3%,叶片和果实带走的氮素量分别为35.09kg／hm2和32.27 kg／hm2,占氮素吸收量的36%和33%。新生枝条累积的氮素量为23kg／hm2,占氮素吸收量的23.7%,每年修剪枝条带走的氮素量为5.11kg／hm2,占氮素吸收量的5%。叶片、果实与修剪枝条带走的氮素需要施肥予以补偿。据此计算该葡萄园合理施氮量为N 129.5 kg／hm2(产量18t／hm2),其中基施39.4 kg／hm2,新梢旺长期和果实膨大期分别施50.7 kg／hm2和39.4 kg／hm2。
3.葡萄树对磷素吸收利用与累积规律
早期果树器官建造主要利用树体贮存的磷素,且磷的分配随生长中心的转移而转移,同一物候期器官皮层与木质部磷含量顺序均为：根系>枝条>主干。葡萄树体年吸收磷素33.1 kg／hm2,地上部累积29.3 kg／hm2,占累积总量的88.5%；其中叶与果实分别携走3.1 kg／hm2和11.9 kg／hm2,每年修剪枝条带走的磷素量为1 kg／hm2新梢、枝条(除新梢外其他枝条)、主干年累积磷素为9.1 kg／hm2、3.5 kg／hm2、1.6 kg／hm2,根系累积3.8kg／hm2。果实膨大期果树吸收磷素量较大,为15.4 kg／hm2,占总吸收量的47%,是磷素营养最大效率期。本试验每形成1000 kg经济产量需要P205量为1.84 kg,推荐葡萄树(产量18 t／hm2)年施纯磷55.1 kg／hm2,果实收获后秋季基施29.2 kg／hm2,果实膨大期之前追施磷25.9 kg／hm2。
4.葡萄树对钾素吸收利用与累积规律
主要生长期内葡萄树叶钾含量呈先升高后降低的趋势,新梢与果实钾含量在生育期内持续下降,相同物候期不同器官钾含量总趋势为新生器官(新梢、叶片和果实)高于成龄器官(枝条、主干、根系)。生长期内葡萄树体共吸收钾素140.52 kg／hm2,其中叶与果实携走钾素为17.24 kg／hm2、64.29 kg／hm2,每年修剪枝条带走的钾素量为3.47kg／hm2；新梢、枝条、主干分别累积钾素31.63 kg／hm2、8.43 kg／hm2、7.06 kg／hm2,根系累积11.87 kg／hm2。新梢旺长期和果实膨大期需钾量较大,分别吸收钾素38.59 kg／hm2和64.29 kg／hm2,占全年总吸收量的27.5%和45.8%。本试验每形成1000 kg经济产量需要K20量为7.8 kg,推荐施K20量为175.6 kg／hm2(产量18 t／hm2),基施46.9 kg／hm2,新梢旺长期和果实膨大期分别追施48.3 kg／hm2和80.4 kg／hm2。
5.平衡施肥对线辣椒产量、品质及养分累积的研究
田间试验于2007-2008年在陕西凤翔县彪角镇李家堡进行,试验设NPK,PK,NK,NP,CK 5个处理。结果表明：平衡施肥可使产量最高达22001 kg／hm2,纯收益18830元／hm2。NPK、PK、NK、NP比CK处理分别增产38.9%、22%、28.4%和17.2%。每施入1 kg N,1 kg P2O5,1 kg K2O线辣椒产量依次增加11kg,10kg,17 kg。每形成100 kg经济产量吸收的养分量为：N 1.87 kg、P2O50.42 kg,K2O1.42 kg。NPK处理养分累积量均最高,分别为410 kg／hm2、93 kg／hm2、311 kg／hm2。PK处理使辣椒果实硝态氮与维生素C含量分别降低2.3 mg／kg和223 mg／kg,差异显著；NK处理维生素C含量降低51 mg／kg;NP处理使辣椒果实的硝态氮含量提高了9.6 mg／kg,维生素C含量下降了279 mg／kg。本试验氮肥利用率38.4%,磷肥利用率17.6%,钾肥利用率37.4%。按照合理施肥量=(肥料吸收量-土壤天然供肥量)／肥料利用率(%)公式计算,推荐NPK施用量分别为262 kg／hm2、155 kg／hm2、213.6 kg／hm2。适宜的N：P2O5：K2O为1：0.59：0.82。氮磷钾肥平衡施用才能保证线辣椒产量高、品质好、效益佳。
6.马铃薯对氮磷钾的肥效反应
田间试验在陕西华县与米脂县同时进行。两试验均为NPK、PK、NK、NP、FP、CK6个处理,各处理施肥量不同。受土壤及气候类型影响,氮磷钾肥对两地块马铃薯产量影响顺序也不同,华县表现为：N>K>P,1kg N、1kgP2O5、1kgK2O分别增产马铃薯32.6 kg、4.3kg、24.7kg,平衡施肥最高产量可达47916kg／hm2；米脂表现为：K>N>P,1kg N、1kg P2O5、1kg K2O分别增产马铃薯16.8 kg、4.7kg、21.6kg,平衡施肥最高产量可达26527kg／hm2。对马铃薯不同处理经济效益分析表明,科学施用化肥既能节约成本,又能提高马铃薯的经济效益。米脂马铃薯生育前期生长较快后期缓慢,华县相反。华县试验氮、磷、钾吸收量分别为232.7 kg／hm2、46.4 kg／hm2、210.8 kg／hm2,而米脂氮、磷、钾吸收量为170.4 kg／hm2、32.4 kg／hm2、162.8 kg／hm2。本试验推荐施肥量,华县N 363 kg／hm2、P2O5 86 kg／hm2、K2O 301kg／hm2；米脂N 258 kg／hm2、P2O582 kg／hm2、K2O2 58 kg／hm2(注：推荐量上下波动20%均为合理范围)。
7.葡萄与线辣椒施肥现状评估
前文已对葡萄和线辣椒做了大量研究,并提出了推荐施肥量,为了结合农民实际情况并提出合理的施肥建议,特于2008年11月28日至11月30日在揉谷县、合阳县和凤翔县进行葡萄、线辣椒种植与施肥情况调查。结果表明：(1)葡萄种植户中,氮肥用量偏高、合适与偏低的农户分别占86.9%、8.3%和4.8%；磷肥用量偏高、合适与偏低的农户分别为72.6%、16.7%和10.7%；钾肥用量偏高、合适与偏低的农户分别为20.3%、6%和74.7%；建议农户降低氮磷肥的用量,增加钾肥的施用量。(2)线辣椒氮肥用量偏高、合适与偏低的农户分别占40%、44%和16%；磷肥用量偏高、合适与偏低的农户分别为93%、6%和1%；钾肥用量偏高、合适与偏低的农户分别为4%、63%和33%；建议农户控制磷钾肥的用量,尤其是磷肥。
Mineral nutrient elements nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are important components of plant and the foundation nourishment in food chain for life and plant growth. They are correlative with protein, grease, nucleic acid and vitamin and so on. At the same time, they are important for keeping balance of nutrition resources in ecosystem, increasing yield, improving quality of farm production, reducing pollution and improving human nutrition. Seven-year-old'RED GLOBE'grape tree, capsicum (Capsicum annuum Linn.) and potato were used as experiment materials. Roots distribution, biomass, elements content and accumulation in different organs in different periods were studied in grape tree. Effect of balanced fertilization on yield, quality and nutrients accumulation of capsicum and potato was also studied. The main results were showed as follows:
1. Study on the dynamics of biomass and roots distribution in grape tree
To find out the nitrogen absorption, utilization and accumulation in grape tree, and to provide a reasonable fertilizer rate and application periods, field experiments were conducted in Fu Feng county, Shaanxi Province for analyzing yearly biomass, nitrogen content and its accumulation at different parts of grape trees (Red globe) which are cultivated about 7 years. The results showed that biomass increment of stem, trunk, leaves, fruits and new shoots were 2481 kg/ha,1939 kg/ha,2357 kg/ha,4866 kg/ha,6118 kg/ha, respectively. Biomass of plant and the parts above ground increased quickly from June 30 to August 20. In the main growing period, biomass of roots fluctuated between 2303～4132 kg/ha, net increase was 1830 kg/ha, about 14.8% of gross. The biomass of whole plant increased 12369 kg/ha. About 86.7% roots distributed in the 0～40 cm soil depth, the deep of soil the less of roots. Roots in 40～60 cm soil depth accounted for 7.4% of the whole roots,60～80 cm only 3.6%, and 80～100cm just 2.3%. Biomass of roots in 0～20 cm soil depth developed more quickly from May 10 to June 30, cortex vegetated 34.7%; and xylem vegetated 25.7%. From August 20 to September 30, biomass of soil cortex in 0～20 cm soil depth also increased rapidly from 0.095 kg/plant to 0.109 kg/plant, rate of increase about 15.2%. Biomass of roots xylem below 40 cm increased less.
2. Study on nitrogen absorption, utilization and accumulation in grape tree
Grape yield of this orchard was 18 t/ha. Total nitrogen absorption rate was 97.13 kg/ha in one year of the growing period.39% of that was absorbed during the new shoots flourishing period, and 30.5% was absorbed during the fruit growing period. To achieve 1000 kg economic fruits yield,5.4 kg N was taken up by grape trees from soil. Nitrogen content order in the organs was:leaves>fruits> new branches> roots> branches>stems. Nitrogen content in cortex was larger than that in xylem. N accumulation in plant above-ground and roots were 94.49 kg/ha and 2.64 kg/ha, about 97% and 3% of the gross, respectively. Nitrogen move away by leaves and fruits were 35.09 kg/ha and 32.27 kg/ha. New shoots absorbed 23 kg/ha nitrogen, and 5.11 kg/ha nitrogen was carried off by pruned branches, account for 5% of the gross. Nitrogen loss carried away by leaves, fruits and pruned branches should be applied by fertilization. The total nitrogen application rate was 129.5 kg/ha (yield 18 t/ha) recommended, while 39.4 kg/ha of nitrogen was applied as base fertilizer in forced dormancy period of plant, and 50.7 kg/ha was used during new shoots flourishing period, and remaining 39.4 kg/ha was applied as topdressing in the rapid growing phase of fruit.
3. Study on phosphorus absorption, utilization and accumulation in grape tree
Total 33.1 kg/ha phosphorus was absorbed by grape tree in a year, about 3.1 kg/ha absorbed by leaves, and 11.9 kg/ha by fruits. New shoots, stem and trunk absorbed phosphorus 9.1 kg/ha,3.5 kg/ha,1.6 kg/ha, respectively.3.8 kg/ha phosphorus was absorbed by roots. Among 33.1 kg/ha phosphorus,15.4 kg/ha was absorbed during the fruit growing period, about 47% of total uptake. In early time, grape trees mainly use reserved phosphorus to construct organs. Phosphorus assignment diverted along with the shift of growth center. In same phenophase, potassium content in cortex and xylem was: roots>branches>stem. To attain 1000 kg economic yield, grape tree should uptake P2O5 1.84 kg. The yearly suggested total phosphorus application amount was 55.1 kg/ha (yield 18 t/ha), while 29.2 kg/ha of nitrogen was applied as base fertilizer in forced dormancy period of plant, and 25.9 kg/ha was applied as topdressing in the rapid growing phase of fruit.
4. Annual change of potassium content, accumulation in grape tree
Potassium content in new organs (leaves, shoots and fruits) during early spring was higher than that at later time. In same phenophase, potassium content in new organs was higher than that in old organs (branch, trunk and roots). Potassium content in roots almost had no remarkable change in one year. Total 140.52 kg/ha potassium was absorbed in a year, among 17.24 kg/ha absorbed by leaves, and 64.29 kg/ha by fruits. New shoots, stem and trunk absorbed phosphorus 31.63 kg/ha,8.43 kg/ha,7.06 kg/ha, respectively.11.87 kg/ha phosphorus was absorbed by roots. Among the new shoots flourishing period and the fruit growing period, grape tree need more potassium, about 38.59 kg/ha absorbed during the new shoots flourishing period, and 64.29 kg/ha during the fruit growing period,27.5% and 45.8% of the total uptake. To attain 1000 kg economic yield, grape tree should uptake potassium 7.8 kg. The total potassium application rate was 175.6 kg/ha (yield 18 t/ha) recommended, while 46.9 kg/ha of potassium was applied as base fertilizer in forced dormancy period of plant, and 48.3 kg/ha was used during new shoots flourishing period, and the rest of 80.4 kg/ha was also applied as topdressing in the rapid growing phase of fruit.
5. Effect of balanced fertilization on yield, quality and nutrients accumulation of capsicum
A field experiment was carried out in Feng Xiang from 2007-2008, and effects of different fertilizer treatments on Capsicum yield, quality and nutrient accumulation were studied. Treatment was NPK, PK, NK, NP, and CK. The results indicated that capsicum yield could reach up to 22001 kg/ha by using balanced fertilization techniques. Compared with NPK, yield of PK, NK, NP decreased by 12%,7.5% and 15%.1 kg N, P2O5, K2O could increase the capsicum yield by 11 kg,10 kg, and 17 kg, respectively. NO3--N and vitamin C content of PK decreased by 2.3 mg/kg and 223 mg/kg. Vitamin C content of NK was lower than NPK, decreased by 51 mg/kg. NO3--N content of NP increased by 9.6 mg/kg, while vitamin C content decreased by 279 mg/kg. Fertilizer efficiency was:nitrogenous fertilizer 38.4%, phosphate fertilizer 17.6%, and potash fertilizer 37.4%. To attain 100 kg economic yield, plant should absorb nutrient:N 1.87 kg, P2O5 0.42 kg, K2O 1.42 kg. Nutrients accumulation in NPK treatment was highest: N 410 kg/ha, P2O5 93 kg/ha, K2O 311 kg/ha. The optimum ratio of N:P2O5:K2O was 1:0.59:0.82, and the suitable application amount of N, P2O5, K2O was 262 kg/ha,155 kg/ha,213.6 kg/ha, respectively. Only the balanced application of N, P and K can have the best of the Capsicum yield, quality and benefit.
6. Effect of balanced fertilization on the yield and nutrients content, accumulation of potato
Field experiments were carried out in Hua county and Mi Zhi county in one year. There were 6 treatments, NPK, PK, NK, NP, FP and CK, respectively. Rate of fertilizer application in the two experiments was distinct. Due to the difference of soil and climate, the influence of N, P, K nutrients on the yield of potato were not the same. Hua county showed as:N>K>P,1 kg N, P2O5, K2O could increase the potato yield by 32.6 kg,4.3 kg,24.7 kg, respectively. By using balanced fertilization techniques, potato yield could reach up to 47916 kg/ha in Hua county, and Mi Zhi county was 26527 kg/ha. In Mi Zhi County,1 kg N, P2O5; K2O could increase the potato yield by 16.8 kg,4.7 kg, and 21.6 kg, respectively. With application of balanced fertilization, farmers could save fertilizer inputs, and have the best of benefit. In same phenophase, the order of nutrient content in above-ground plant showed as:K>N>P. Nutrients accumulation of NPK treatment in Hua county was:N 232.7 kg/ha, P2O5 46.4 kg/ha, K2O 210.8 kg/ha, while in Mi Zhi was:N 170.4 kg/ha, P2O5 32.4 kg/ha, K2O 162.8 kg/ha. The total N, P2O5,K2O application rate in Hua County was 363,86,301 kg/ha recommended, while N, P2O5, K2O application rate in Mi Zhi County was 258,82,258 kg/ha.
7. Evaluation of fertilization situation for grape and capsicum in Shaanxi province
The source, the rate of manure and chemical fertilizer in grape and capsicum fields were studied by using the investigation data (n=94) in Rougu, Heyang and Fengxiang county of Shaanxi Province in November,2008. The fertilization situation of grape and capsicum had been revealed and evaluated. The results were as follows:(1) Among 94 investigated households for grape, the ratio of N application was very high by 71.4%(>350 kg/ha); amount of P application was very high by 61.9%(>184 kg/ha); very low of K application was by 55.7%(<140 kg/ha). (2) The same as grape, input of chemical fertilizer was unbalanced badly in capsicum. The ratio of N application was higher by 40%, suitable by 44%, lower by 16%; amount of P application was higher by 93%, suitable by 6%, lower by 1%; K application rate was higher by 4%, suitable by 63%, lower by 33%. (3) There were remarkable differences of nutrient input among the households, and the rate of fertilizer application was also unbalanced. (4) The farmers usually use fertilizer with conventional experience. (5) The rate of manure was low. The farmer should decrease the N, P application rate, while increase K application rate.
引文
艾希珍,张振贤,王绍辉,等.1998.温度对生姜叶片光合特性的影响.中国蔬菜,3：1-3
边纪.2005.世界马铃薯产业现状.新农村(国外农业),6：22
蔡开地.2003.茎用莴苣氮磷钾肥最优回归试验初报[J].植物营养与肥料学报,9(1)：126-128
蔡艺艺,陈国防,盛锦寿,等.2007.氮磷钾肥对甘薯养分积累的影响[J].农技服务,24(11)：21-23
常丽新,常建霞.2000.施用钾肥对水萝卜产量和品质的影响.河北农业大学学报,23(2)：42-43
陈明昌,张强,程滨,杨治平,焦晓燕,周怀平.2005.山西省主要农田施肥状况及典型县域农田养分平衡研究.水土保持学报,19(4)：1-6
陈清,张福锁主编.2006.蔬菜养分资源综合管理理论与实践[M].中国农业大学出版社：171
陈修斌,秦嘉海,陈广泉,等.2005.河西走廊盐化潮土钾肥对马铃薯增产效应的研究[J].土壤,37(4)：451-454
陈竹君,周建斌,史清华,等.1999.猕猴桃叶内矿质元素含量年生长季内的变化[J].西北农业大学学报,27(5)：54-57
程东娟,任振江.2005.高寒半干旱地区聚垄集肥覆膜对土壤速效钾含量和马铃薯产量影响[J].陕西农业科学,5：7-8,13
程天庆.1996.马铃薯栽培技术[M].北京：金盾出版社
崔胜,刘淑俊.中棚马铃薯平衡施肥技术.维普资讯：http://www.cqvip.com
崔云玲,郭天文,王成宝.2006.马铃薯平衡施肥及钾肥肥效研究[J].中国马铃薯,20(6)：332-335
戴雄泽,刘志敏.2005.初论我国辣椒产业的现状及发展趋势[J].辣椒杂志,2：1-6
丁红英,张奕花.2007.不同幼苗移栽对马铃薯产量和品质的影响[J].新疆农垦科技,3：28-29
杜会英,薛世川,孙忠富.2007.不同用量腐殖酸复合肥对葡萄叶片养分累积及其生理指标的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,15(1)：49-51
樊红柱.2006.苹果树体生长发育、养分吸收利用与累积规律.[硕士学位论文].陕西：西北农林科技大学
樊红柱,同延安,吕世华,刘汝亮.2007.苹果树体钾含量与钾累积量的年周期变化[J].西北农林科技大学学报,35(5)：169-172
樊红柱,同延安,赵营,等.2007.苹果树体磷素动态规律与施肥管理[J].干旱地区农业研究,25(1)：73-77
樊惠.2006.滴灌条件下氮素调控对日光温室生菜生长及品质的影响.硕士论文.北京：中国农业大学
范贵国,陈应昂,王德明.2005.稻田免耕马铃薯平衡施肥试验[J].贵州农业科学,33(2)：51-52
冯富强，王春娟.2006.关中西部线辣椒生态气候适应性分析[J].陕西农业科学,6：70-73
F.W.T.彭宁德弗里斯著.朱德峰,程式华译.1991.几种一年生作物生长的生态生理过程模拟[M].北京：中国农业科技出版社,29-127
高华援,石晓华,刘峰,等.2007.四平地区马铃薯平衡施肥试验结果分析[J].中国马铃薯,21(2)：98-101
高聚林,刘克礼,盛晋华,等.2003.旱作马铃薯磷素的吸收、积累和分配规律[J].中国马铃薯,17(6)：326-330
高亮之,金之庆,黄耀,等.1992.水稻栽培计算机模拟优化决策系统[M].北京：中国农业科技出版社,93-123
高耀庭,周涛,王世荣.2001.不同酿酒葡萄品种钾素营养特点及其吸收与利用研究[J].中国生态农业学报,9(2)：67-69
高义民,同延安,马文娟.2006.陕西关中葡萄园土壤养分状况分析与平衡施肥研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),34(9)：4144
葛晓光,王晓雪,付亚文,等.1999.长期定位施氮条件下菜田氮素循环的研究.中国蔬菜,1：15-17
葛晓光.2002.菜田土壤与施肥[M].北京：中国农业出版社,300-301
顾曼如,束怀瑞,周宏伟.1986.苹果氮素营养研究Ⅳ.贮藏15N的转运、分配特性[J].园艺学报,13(1)：25-30
郭文龙,党菊香,吕家珑,等.2005.不同年限蔬菜大棚土壤性质演变与施肥问题的研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,23(1)：85-89
郭志平,夏更寿.2007.克新12号马铃薯高产施肥措施的研究[J].丽水学院学报,29(2)：40-42，65
哈里斯P M.1984.马铃薯改良的科学基础[M].蒋先明,译.北京：农业出版社,79-316
何卫,Paul C.Struik,胡建军,等.2007.马铃薯种薯质量对生长和产量的影响[J].西南农业学报,20(3)：458-461
何宜能,刘培利,刘树堂,等.1992.葡萄施用KCl试验简报.莱阳农学院学报,9(4)：290-293
贺普超.2001.陕西省发展鲜食葡萄产业的思考[M].中外葡萄与葡萄酒,5：6-7
贺普超.1995.提高我国葡萄产量和品质的主要途径与方法.果树科学,12(4)：265-268
贺普超主编.1999.葡萄学.北京：中国农业出版社,192
侯立志,陈哗.2005.施钾对马铃薯产量及效益的影响[J].上海农业科技,2：102
胡承志,邓波儿,刘同仇.1996.氮肥水平对蔬菜品质的影响[J].土壤肥料,3：34-36
胡辉,杨波,郑元红,等.2005.毕节地区脱毒马铃薯平衡施肥技术应用示范[J].中国马铃薯,19(4)：228-231
黄冲平,王爱华,胡秉民.2003.马铃薯生育期和干物质积累的动态模拟研究[J].生物数学学报,18(3)：314-320
黄科,刘明月,吴秋云,等.2002.氮磷钾施用量与辣椒产量的相关性研究[J].江西农业大学学报,24(6)：772-776
黄绍宁,沈华山,吴华明,等.2001.施肥对菜薹硝酸盐含量的影响[J].中国蔬菜,3：18-19
黄文美,李桂平,向红梅,等.2007.不同密度对露地栽培马铃薯的影响[J].农技服务,24(8)：33
黄显淦,曾有志,钟泽,等.1993.果树营养施肥及土壤管理[M].北京：中国农业出版社,5-10,104-105
黄显淦,钟泽,邓文兰,等.1992.葡萄施用KCl及其与N、P配施效果试验[J].中国果树,2：7-10
黄智刚.2000.不同施磷量对油菜根系形态和磷吸收的影响.广西农学报,3：27-29
姜远茂,彭福田,巨晓堂.2001.果树施肥新技术.北京：中国农业出版社
姜远茂,彭福田,张宏彦.2001.山东省苹果园土壤有机质及养分状况研究.土壤通报,32(4)：167-169
姜远茂，张宏彦,张福锁.2007.北方落叶果树养分资源综合管理理论与实践[M].北京：中国农业大学出版社,10：180
蒋富友,杨永泉.2006.不同时期施用钾肥对脱毒马铃薯产量的影响[J].中国马铃薯,20(5)：280-281
蒋名川等.1991.蔬菜施肥[M].北京：农业出版社,12：45
蒋万峰,崔永峰,张卫东,等.2005.无核白葡萄叶内矿质元素含量年生长季内的变化[J].西北农林科技大学学报,33(8)：91-95
金继运,林葆.1997.化肥在农业生产中的作用和展望[J].作物杂志,2：5-9
靳颖,肖继梅.2003.马铃薯平衡施肥试验初报[J].耕作与栽培,1：59-60
孔令郁,吕云会,刘和刚.2006.宣威市紫色土辣椒氮磷钾肥配比试验研究[J].中国土壤与肥料,5：33-35,61
孔令郁,彭启双,熊艳,等.2004.平衡施肥对马铃薯产量及品质的影响[J].土壤肥料,3：17-19
寇长林,巨晓棠,高强,等.2004.两种农作体系施肥对土壤质量的影响.生态学报.24(11)：2548-2556
黎青慧,田霄鸿.2006.陕西平衡施肥示范果园土壤肥力调查分析.西北园艺,2：47-48
李比希著(刘更别译).1983.化学在农业及生理学上的应用.北京：农业出版社,326-327
李成军.2002.不同肥料的组配施用对马铃薯产量的影响试验[J].中国马铃薯,16(5)：294-296
李成生,林昌庭,何伟民,等.2003.2002年稻田免耕、稻草全程覆盖种植马铃薯试验效果及主要栽培技术.中国马铃薯,17(1)：41-43
李道德摘译.1981.葡萄施肥多年试验的结果.葡萄科技,1：34-36
李港丽,苏润宇,沈隽,等.1987.几种落叶果树内矿质元素含量标准值的研究[J].园艺学报,14(2)：81-89
李华,惠竹梅,张振文,黄懿梅,李二虎.2004.行间生草对葡萄园土壤肥力和葡萄叶片养分的影响[J].农业工程学报,20：116-119
李华.1995.现代葡萄酒工艺学.西安：陕西人民出版社,19
李会民,程雪绒,徐驰,殷小云,杨淑慧,杨驱虎.2002.咸阳地区苹果园土壤养分状况调查及建议.陕西农业科学,2：10-12
李家康,林葆,梁国庆,等.2001.对我国化肥使用前景的剖析[J].植物营养与肥料学报,7(1)：1-10
李建和,刘淑欣,陈克文,等.1995.N、K营养与葡萄植株生长、产量及品质的关系[J].福建农业大学学报,24(1)：58-62
李建和,刘淑欣,陈克文,等.1993.氮钾营养与葡萄产量、品质及抗病性的关系[J].福建农学院学报,22(2)：203-207
李建和,刘淑欣,陈克文.1997.葡萄抗病性与N、K营养的关系[J].福建农业大学学报,26(2)：323-327
李俊良,朱建华,张晓晟,等.2001.保护地番茄养分利用及土壤氮素淋失.应用与环境生物学报,7(2)：126-129
李强,纪春艳.2005.马铃薯追施钾肥增产效果的研究[J].中国林副特产,6：25,26
李士敏.2005.氮、磷、钾肥料施用对辣椒产量和经济效益的影响[J].土壤肥料,(1)：15-16
李玉影.1998.马铃薯钾肥使用技术及效果[J].黑龙江农业科学,4：30-31
联合国粮农组织贸易年鉴第42卷[M].1988.罗马
联合国粮农组织贸易年鉴第56卷[M].2003.罗马.212-214
联合国粮农组织生产年鉴51卷[M].1997.罗马.135-136
梁称福,李玲,肖和艾,等.1998.氮肥施用量对黄瓜产量和品质的影响[J].长江蔬菜,5：34-36
刘成先.2005.果园土壤管理与施肥.北方果树,1：43-45
刘春光,周建斌,陈竹君.2000.葡萄的钾营养与钾肥施用研究进展[J].山西农业科学,9：28-31
刘捍中.2001.葡萄优质高效栽培[M].北京：金盾出版社,60-70
刘和,杨佩芳,古润泽,等.1997.短枝型苹果叶片及果实内氮磷钾含量研究[J].华北农学报,12(3)：125-129
刘侯俊,巨晓堂,同延安.2002.陕西省主要果树的施肥现状及存在问题.干旱地区农业研究,75(1)：38-44
刘建新.2003.辣椒施用钾肥效果试验研究.作物杂志.2：38-39
刘俊,刘崇怀.2006.龙眼葡萄棚架栽培条件下的根系分布[J].果树学报,23(3)：379-383
刘俊.2005.龙眼葡萄根系观察与研究.河北林业科技,3：1-7
刘克礼,高聚林,任珂,等.2003.旱作马铃薯氮素的吸收、累积和分配规律[J].中国马铃薯,17(6)：321-325
刘青娥,钟仙龙,郭志平.2006.增施磷钾肥对马铃薯提质增产的效果[J].长江蔬菜,12：42-43
刘效瑞,郸擎东,刘树雄.2001.半干旱地区马铃薯施用钾肥的应用效果试验[J].中国马铃薯,15(5)：286-287
刘效瑞,伍克俊,刘荣请,等.1994.氮磷钾肥配施对马铃薯增产增收的效果[J].马铃薯杂志,8(4)：214-217
刘新兵.2007.氮磷钾肥不同配比在无核白葡萄上的应用[M].新疆农垦科技,4：61-62
刘运武.1996.磷对杂交水稻生长发育及其生理效应的研究[J].土壤学报,33(3)：308-316
刘子龙,张广军.2006.陕西苹果主产区丰产果园土壤养分状况调查.西北林学院学报,21(2)：50-53
鲁如坤.2003.土壤磷素水平和水体环境保护.磷肥与复肥,18(1)：4-8
鲁如坤.2004.我国磷矿资源和磷肥生产消费Ⅱ.磷肥消费和需求.土壤,36(2)：113-116
鲁如坤著.1998.土壤-植物营养学原理与施肥.北京：化学工业出版社,226-230
吕长山,王金玲,于广建,等.2005.氮肥对辣椒果实品质及产量的影响[J].东北农业大学学报,36(4)：448-450
罗国光.2001.世界葡萄产业的概况及发展趋势[J].中外葡萄与葡萄酒,5：54-58
罗应忠.1991.NPK对早熟辣椒产量的影响[J].湖北农业科学,12：27-30
马绍利,黄冲平.2001.马铃薯设施栽培技术的初步研讨[J].中国马铃薯,15(1)：14-16
马文奇,毛达如,张福锁.2000.山东大棚蔬菜施肥中存在的问题及对策／／李晓林.平衡施肥与可持续优质蔬菜生产.北京：中国农业大学出版社,41-47
马文奇,毛达如,张福锁.2003.山东省作物施肥现状及评价／／张福锁,江荣凤.养分资源综合管理.北京：中国农业大学出版社,
马文奇,毛达如.2001.种植结构调整对化肥消费的影响.磷肥与复肥,16(4)
马文奇,张福锁,张卫锋.2005.关乎我国资源、环境、粮食安全和可持续发展的化肥产业[J].资源科学,27(3)：33-40
马文奇.1999.山东省作物施肥现状、问题与对策.博士论文,北京：中国农业大学
马之胜,李良翰.1994.葡萄施肥新技术[M].农业出版社,5(1)：22,25,27
孟月华.2006.平谷桃园养分投入特点及其推荐施肥系统的建立.中国农业大学硕士论文
潘进军,贾永贵,尹国红.1999.温棚蔬菜生理病害防治措施[M].设施园艺,5：14
潘庆民,于振文,王月福,等.1999.公顷产9000 kg小麦氮素吸收分配的研究[J].作物学报,25(5)：541-547
彭福田.2001.氮对苹果果实发育及产量、品质的调控.山东农业大学博士论文
彭克明等.1980.农业化学[M].北京：农业出版社,2：30-32
平谷农田施磷调查及磷素损失风险分析.2006.中国农业大学硕士论文
葡萄研究协作网.1993.葡萄营养特性与施肥技术研究.辽宁农业科学,5：4-8
亓桂梅.1993.葡萄钾、镁肥试验初报.葡萄栽培与酿酒,4：12-14
强继业,郭华春.2003.利用32P示踪研究马铃薯(合作-88)对磷素营养的吸收及分布规律[J].种子,4：29-30
秦嗣军,王铭,郭太君,等.2001.双优山葡萄叶柄内矿质营养动态变化的研究[J].吉林农业大学学报,23(4)：47-50
秦煊南,陈兰华.1996.葡萄叶片叶柄NPK含量及其季节变化研究[J].西南农业大学学报,18(1)：65-67
邱振兴,陈洪.2002.稻草还田与冬种马铃薯稻草覆盖对培肥地力的效果.土壤与环境,11(3)：328-330
邱治龙,杨小刚.2002.氮磷钾肥不同配施量对辣椒产量的影响[J].耕作与栽培,5：45-46
全国农业技术推广服务中心编著.1999.中国有机肥料养分志[M].北京：中国农业出版社,5-70
任媛媛,张恩让,胡华群,等.2007.钾素对辣椒生长及产量的影响[J].西南农业学报,20(5)：1044-1047
陕西省农业厅,陕西省农业区划委员会.1987.陕西省种植业与区划[M].西安：陕西科学技术出版社
尚兴甲,王梅芳,孔繁华,等.2002.氮磷钾肥料对天鹰椒养分吸收量及干物质产量的影响[J].土壤肥料,5：22-25
沈善敏.1998.中国土壤肥力.北京：中国农业出版社
盛晋华,刘克礼,高聚林,等.2003.旱作马铃薯钾素的吸收、积累和分配规律[J].中国马铃薯,17(6)：331-335
史永利.2005.庄浪县马铃薯施钾肥的效果[J].甘肃农业科技,5：43-45
束怀瑞.1999.苹果学.北京：北京农业出版社
宋舒祺.2006.甘谷县山区线辣椒种植密度研究[J].甘肃农业科技,8：14-15
宋贤士等.1993.葡萄施肥优化模式及最优施肥参数试验研究.葡萄栽培与酿酒,4：5-8
苏华,金宝燕,张福墁,等.2005.施肥和灌溉对蔬菜品质营养的研究进展.中国蔬菜(增刊)49-52
苏培玺.1996.沙地葡萄增施钾肥效果[J].土壤通报,27(6)：277-279
孙红梅,李天来,须晖,等.2000.不同氮水平下钾营养对大棚番茄产量及品质的影响.沈阳农业大学学报,31(1)：68-71
孙权,王静芳,王素芳,等.2007.不同施肥深度对酿酒葡萄叶片养分和产量及品质的影响[J].果树学报,24(4)：455-459
孙云蔚编译.1964.果树集论(果树的环境与营养).上海：上海科学技术出版社,117-119
汤丽玲,陈清,张宏彦,等.2002.不同灌溉与施氮措施对露地菜田土壤有机质氮残留的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,8(3)：282-287
汤丽玲,张晓晟,陈清,等.2002.蔬菜氮素营养与品质.北方园艺,3：6-7
仝月澳,周厚基.1982.果树营养诊断法[M].北京：农业出版社,1-9
仝月澳,周厚基.1992.果树营养诊断法[M].北京：中国农业出版社,11-12
同延安,OveEmteryd,张树兰,等.2004.陕西省氮肥过量施用现状评价.中国农业科学,37(8)：1239-1244
同延安,石维,吕殿青.2005.陕西三种类型土壤剖面硝酸盐累积、分布与土壤质地[J].植物营养与肥料学报,11(4)：435-441
佟屏亚,凌碧莹.1994.夏玉米氮、磷、钾累积和分配态势的研究[J].玉米科学,2(2)：65-69
汪定淮,刘尚义.1994.作物养分平衡与高产栽培兼论作物栽培科学的现代化[M].北京：北京大学出版社,90-223
王朝辉,田霄鸿,李生秀.2001.叶类蔬菜的硝态氮累积及成因研究[J].生态学报,21(7)：1135-1141
王朝辉,李生秀.1996.蔬菜不同器官的硝态氮与水分、全氮、全磷的关系[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2(2)：144-152
王福琪,肖光杰,王德明.2004.稻田马铃薯不同覆盖物免耕栽培初报.耕作与栽培,1：48-49
王基敬.2001.世界马铃薯生产现状及中国对策.世界农业,12：12-13
王建.2008.猕猴桃树体生长发育,养分吸收利用与累积规律.[硕士学位论文].陕西：西北农林科技大学
王建,同延安.2008.猕猴桃树对氮素吸收、利用和贮存的定量研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,14(6)：1170-1177
王丽琴,魏钦平,唐芳,等.1997.苹果新根生理生化特性研究.园艺学报,24(3)：225-228
王圣瑞,马文奇,徐文华,黎青慧,张福锁.2004.陕西省苹果施肥状况与评价.干旱地区农业研究,22(1)：146-151
王同坤,马建军,朱京涛.1994.山楂叶片矿质元素含量的年周期动态变化[J].华北农学报,9(增刊)：123-127
王文辉,王志华,张志云.2001.世界葡萄发展趋势及产销概况[J].北方果树,3：1-2
王祥珍.2003.钾肥和专用肥对马铃薯产量及品质的影响[J].杂粮作物,23(6)：359-361
王燕,周涛,白国胜.2001.不同酿酒葡萄品种对磷素的吸收利用及其效应研究[J].西北林学院学报,16(3)：14-17
王芝学.2005.天津地区果园营养状况调查.天津农业科学,11(2)：39-41
王志恒,王吉祥.1994.苹果园营养化诊断初报.陕西农业科学,3：32-33
王中英.1996.果园生物覆盖技术.山西农业,6：10-12
魏延安.2006.陕西马铃薯产业化发展战略研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,24(6)：199-203
魏延安.2005.世界马铃薯产业发展现状及基本特点.现代种业,3：6-8
沃尔什L M.1982.土壤测定与植株分析[M].周鸣诤译.北京：中国农业出版社
吴林松,王存美,林昌庭.2002.不同播期及密度对稻田免耕稻草覆盖种植马铃薯经济形状的影响.中国马铃薯,16(2)：95-96
吴显峰,班俊.1993.葡萄不同负载量对生长期叶片营养元素含量的影响[J].葡萄栽培与酿酒,1：
武怀庆.2005.山西省中南部苹果生产优势区果园土壤营养、植株营养现状及分析.山西农业大学学报,25(4)：361-364
武维华.2003.植物生理学[M].北京：科学出版社
郗荣庭主编.1995.果树栽培学总论.中国农业出版社,55
席瑞卿.2006.苹果树养分吸收利用特征及其养分资源管理.中国农业大学硕士论文
向平安,周燕,江巨鳌,等.2006.洞庭湖区氮肥外部成本及稻田氮素经济生态最佳投入研究[J].中国农业科学,39(12)：2531-2537
谢海霞,陈冰,文启凯,等.2005.氮、磷、钾肥对“全球红葡萄”产量与品质的影响[J].北方园艺,4：73-74
谢建华.2007.我国马铃薯生产现状及发展对策[M].中国农技推广,5：4-7
邢素芝,汪建飞,姚春芬.2003.辣椒NPK肥料配施数学模型的研究[J].土壤通报,34(3)：238-240
徐坤,郑国生,王秀峰.2001.施氮量对生姜群体光合特性及产量和品质的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,7(2)：189-193
徐秀月,张培苹.1998.葡萄施用钾肥效果试验.落叶果树,3：43
许衡,杨和生,束怀瑞.2005.施用有机物料和氮肥对平邑甜茶实生苗生物学效应的灰色系统评价.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),33(8)：86-89
许雪峰,罗国光,彭宜本.1995.玫瑰香葡萄浆果生长发育动态及其变化特点.园艺学报,22(4)：318-322
薛进军,杨青琴,王秀茹,崔美香,台社珍,赵风平,李绍华,张福锁.2003.铁及其它矿质元素在苹果树不同器官中的分布[J].广西农业生物科学,22(1)：16-20
薛逸,谢应明.2007.不同施肥方式对马铃薯种薯扩繁产量的影响[J].耕作与栽培,2：16
严小龙,黄志武,卢仁俊,等.1992.关于作物磷效率的遗传学研究[J].土壤,24(2)：102-105
严小龙,张福锁.1997.作物营养遗传学[M].北京：中国农业出版社,86-246
阎玉让,杨叶,孙西会.2006.宝鸡市线辣椒加工现状、问题和发展对策[J].辣椒杂志,3：43-44
杨成恒.1993.葡萄营养特性及施肥技术研究[J].辽宁农业科学,5：4-8
杨翰明.2000.氮、磷、钾三要素对辣椒产量的影响[J].贵州农业科学,28(5)：39-40
杨近荣,王成社,李景琦,等.2004.马铃薯干物质积累及分配规律研究[J].西北农业学报,13(3)：118-120
杨月英,张福墁,乔晓军.2003.不同形态氮素对基质培番茄生育、产量及品质的影响.华北农学报,18(1)：86-89
姚胜蕊.1997.有机肥料对苹果生长发育及土壤肥力影响的研究.山东农业大学博士论文
袁新民,李晓林,同延安,等.2000.稻田改种蔬菜后土壤剖面中水分与硝态氮分布的变化／／李晓林,等.平衡施肥与可持续优质蔬菜生产.北京：中国农业大学出版社.83-87
袁祖华,丁茁荑,蔡雁平.2006.氮素对辣椒产量和硝酸盐积累的影响[J].辣椒杂志,2：22-23,28
袁祖华,丁茁荑,邓国强.2006.叶面喷施氨基酸肥料对辣椒经济性状及产量的影响[J].辣椒杂志，4：32-33
曾孝元,叶文华,陈林松.2002.增施CO2对大棚辣椒生长及产量的影响[J].长江蔬菜,9：39
张朝春,江荣风,张福锁,等.2005.氮磷钾肥对马铃薯营养状况及块茎产量的影响[J].中国农学通报,21(9)：279-283
张发宝,唐栓虎,徐培智,等.2006.缓释肥料对辣椒产量及品质的影响研究[J].广东农业科学,10：47-49
张光星.1998.低温胁迫和氮素影响对番茄畸形果发生的影响.中国农业科学,31(1)：21-26
张桂荣,许卫东.2006.辣椒叶面喷施氨基酸肥料增产效益试验.吉林蔬菜,48
张淑茗等.1998.钾及钾镁肥配合对酿酒葡萄产量、品质的效应.葡萄栽培与酿酒,2：7-9
张卫锋,马文奇,张福锁,等.2005.中国、美国、摩洛哥磷矿资源优势及开发战略比较分析[J].自然资源学报,20(3)：378-386
张西露,毛亦卉,向拉蛟.2008.国内外辣椒产业研究开发的现状分析.辣椒杂志,1：1-5
张学军,周娜娜,陈晓群.2004.不同滴灌量和施氮量对马铃薯硝酸盐累积的影响[J].中国农村水利水电,9：54-56
张英利,马爱生,杨岩荣.2003.陕西苹果产区土壤养分状况研究初报.土壤肥料,3：41-42
张永请,陆景陵,吴俊兰.1996.施用钾肥对水萝卜生物学性状的影响.北方园艺,1：13-14
张志勇,马文奇.2006.酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’养分累积动态及养分需求量的研究[J].园艺学报,33(3)：466-470
张志勇.2004.规模化和农户葡萄园施肥与养分循环、平衡的研究[D].石家庄：河北农业大学
赵凤艳,陈翠玲.2001.氮肥用量对蔬菜产量和品质的影响.农业系统科学与综合研究,17(1)：43-44
赵红侠.2006.浅析果树营养的特点与秋季保叶补养措施[J].安徽农学通报,12(9)：61
赵护兵,同延安,高义民,等.2003.陕西关中塿土区线辣椒对氮、磷、钾肥的肥效反应[J].西北农林科技大学学报,31(3)：99-101
赵护兵,同延安,赵尊练,等.2004.壤土区不同蔬菜对钾肥的肥效反应[J].干旱地区农业研究,22(1)：138-141
赵护兵,王朝晖,李生秀.2001.菠菜不同器官硝态氮与钾素的含量及关系[J].西北农林科技大学学报,29(4)：43-46
赵胜建,郭紫娟,马爱红.2007.世界鲜食葡萄生产、贸易及品种构成分析[M].中外葡萄与葡萄酒，5：65-69
赵尊练,史联联,阎玉让,等.2006.克服线辣椒连作障碍的施肥方案研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,24(5)：77-80,114
浙江农业大学主编.1990.作物营养与施肥[M].农业出版社出版,158-160
郑成乐.1993.钾素营养对果树增产增质效应[J].福建果树,1：27-30
郑若良.2004.氮钾肥比例对马铃薯生长发育、产量及品质的影响[J].江西农业学报,16(4)：39-42
郑伟尉,李瑞臣,赵素香,等.2005.不同类型土壤的含钙量与苹果的钙素营养.落叶果树,3：1-3
中国科学院土壤肥料研究所.1986.中国化肥区划[M].北京：中国农业科技出版社,1-31
中国农业科学院土壤肥料研究所.1994.中国肥料.上海：上海科学技术出版社
中华人民共和国国家统计局.2006.中国统计年鉴(2006)[M].北京：中国统计出版社
周春军,李首成,孙园园,等.2007.磷钾肥对稻草覆盖免耕秋马铃薯产量及主要农艺性状的影响[J].中国农学通报,23(1)：212-215
周涛,张富国,白国胜,等.2002.风沙土土壤的磷素状况及施磷对酿酒葡萄品质的影响[J].中国农业科学,35(2)：169-173
周卫,林葆,朱海舟.1995.硝酸钙对花生养分吸收和土壤状况的影响[J].土壤通报,26(6)：279-282
周显骥.1999.巨峰葡萄施氮技术研究[J].湖南农业大学学报,25(3)：188-190
周艺敏,景海春,兰耀龙,等.1995.钾及其他元素配合施用对几种作物产量和品质的影响.土壤肥料,1：18-25
朱本岳,杨玉爱,叶正钱,等.1995.葡萄施钾效应的研究.浙江农业大学学报,21(4)：429-430
朱建华.2002.蔬菜保护地氮素去向及其利用研究.博士论文,北京：中国农业大学
朱静华,李明悦,高贤彪,等.2001.蔬菜的养分吸收特性与钾肥利用率的研究.天津：天津市农业资源与环境研究所.http://cclab.caas.ac.cn/jrepository/articletext.jsp?id=993
朱青,李裕荣,尹迪信,等.1999.辣椒平衡施肥试验研究[M].贵州农业科学,27(6)：22-24
朱兆良,孙波,杨林章,等.2005.我国农业面源污染的控制政策和措施[J].科技导报,23(4)：47-51
祝元波,李世江,王光敏,等.2005.钾肥不同施用量对辣椒产量的影响初探[J].辣椒杂志,4：38-39
作物分析法委员会.1984.栽培植物营养诊断分析测定[M].北京：中国农业出版社
Abha J Singh R P.1995. Vinod K Effect of ammonium sulphate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate on yield and quality of grape cv. Perlette Recent-Horticulture,2(2):37-39
Allen E J, P. J.0'Brien, D. Firman.1992. Seed tuber production and management. In: P. M. Harris(Ed.). The potato crop. The scientific basis for improvement. Second edition[M]. London: Chapman and Hall,247—291.
Allen E J.1978. Plant density. In:P. M. Harris(Ed.). The potato crop. The scientific basis for improvement[M]. London:Chapman and Hall,278—326
Biemond H. and Vos J.1992. Effects of nitrogen on the development and growth of the potato plant.2. The partitioning of dry matter, nitrogen and nitrate. Annals of Botany [J],70:37-45
Borling K, Barberis E, Otabbong E.2004. Impact of long-term inorganic phosphorus fertilization on accumulation, sorption and release of phosphorus in five Swedish soil profiles. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,69:11-21
Burton W G, A. van Es, K. J. Hartmans.1994. The physics and physiology of storage[A]. In:
Cakmak I, Hengeler C, Marschner H. Changes in phloem expert of sucrose in leaves in response to phosphorus, potassium and magnesium deficiency in bean plants. Journal of Experimental Botany, 45(9):1251-1257
Carballo S J, Blankenship S M, Sanders D C.1994. Drip fertigation with the nigentron and potassium and post harvest susceptibility to bacterial soft rot of bell peppers. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 17(7):1175-1191
Chen Q, Zhang X S, Zhang H Y, et al.2004. Evaluation of current fertilizer practice and soil fertility in vegetable production in the Beijing region. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems.69(1):51-58
Daverede C, Garcia M.1997. Effect of different canonic balance (K-Ca) on potassium nutrition of vitis vinifera L.cv Negrette gratted on 101,14 Scion-Agrochimicr (Italy).41(1-2):1-9
David A J McArthur, N Richard Knowles.1993. Influence of species of Vesicular—arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and phosphorus nutrition on growth, development and mineral nutrition of potato(Solanum tuberosum L.)[J]. Plant Physiology,102:771—782.
Facia J M, Bensacia A, Slatnib A, et al.2000.A case study for irrigation modernization I.Characterization of the district and analysis of water delivery records. Agricultural Water Management, 42:313-334
Failla O, Scienza A, Stringari G, et al.1990. Apple and grapevine leaf analysis in advisory work in Trento district (Northern Italy) [J]. Acta Horticulture,274:129-140
Fink M.2001. Yield and external quality of kohlrabi as affected by soil mineral nitrogen residue at harvest. Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology,76(4):419-423
Fischer A.1992. Mechanical and chemical control of Elymus repens in potatoes//Sveriges Landtbruksuniversitet (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences). Swedish crop protection conference. Weeds and weed control. Uppsala, Sweden,33:157-162
Freyman S, P M Toivonen P W, Perrin W C, et al.1991. Effect of nitrogen fertilization on yield, storage losses and chemical composition of winter cabbage. Canadian Journal of Plant Science,71:943-946
Garcia M, Daverede C, Gallegos P.1999. Effect of various Potassium-Calcium ratios on Carrion nutrition of grape grown hydroponically. Journal of Plant Nutrition.22(3):417-425
Gregory D.2004.向平摘译.氮营养管理对液体种植马铃薯生物产量分配和氮利用效率指数的影响[M].J. Amer. Soc. Hort Sci.129(1):134-140
Hardter R.1997. Plant nutrition and fertilization of vegetables for yield and quality. Agro-Chemicals News in Brief,20(1):7-17
He Z L, Calvert D V, Alva A K, et al.2003. Thresholds of leaf nitrogen for optimum fruit production and quality in grapefruit [J]. Soil Sci Soc Am J.67(2):583-588
Heckrath G, Brookes P C.1995. Phosphorus leaching from soils containing different phosphorus concentrations in the Broadbalk experiment. Journal of Environmental Quality,24:904-910
Ittersum M K van.1992. Variation in the duration of tuber dormancy within a seed potato lot[J]. Potato Research,35:261—269
Ittersum, M. K. van, K. Scholte.1993. Shortening dormancy of seed potatoes by a haulm application of gibberellic acid and storage temperature regimes[J]. American Potato Journal,70:7—19
Jenkison DS.1990. An introduction to the global nitrogen cycle [J].Soil Use and Management.6: 56-61
Ju X T, Liu X J, Zhang F S, et al.2004. Nitrogen fertilization, soil nitrate accumulation, and policy recommendations. Ambio,33(6):300-305
Kano Y, Herregods M, Boxus P, et al.2000. The occurrence of bitterness in cucumber in relation to nitrogen levels. Acta Horticultures,517:369-374
Kraft G J, Stites W.2003. Nitrate impacts on groundwater from irrigated-vegetable systems in humid north-central US sand plain. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,100:63-74
Lee S K, Kader A A.2000. Prehavest and postharvest factors influencing vitamin C content of horticultural crops. Postharvest Biology and Technology,20:207-220
Lisiewska Z, Kmiecik W.1996. Effects of level of nitrogen fertilizer, processing conditions and period of storage of frozen broccoli and cauliflower on vitamin C retention. Food Chemistry,57(2):267-270
May D M.1994. Residential fuelwood consumption and production in South Dakota. USDA Forest Service: Resource Bulletin-North Central Forest Experiment Station
Maynard D N, Barker A V.1974. Nitrate accumulation in spinach as influenced by leaf type. J Amer Soc Hort Sci,99(2):135-138
Muller K, Hippe J.1987. Influence of differences in nutrition on important quality characteristics of some agricultural crops. Plant and Soil,100(1-3):35-45
Nahdi H, Benzina N, Mhir A.1993. Annales del'Institute National dela Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie.66(1-2):153-158
P. M. Harris (Ed.).1992. The potato crop. The scientific basis for improvement Second edition[M]. London:Chapman and Hall,292—333
Poulsen N, Johansen A S, Sorensen J N.1995. Influence of growth conditions on the value of crisphead lettuce.4. Quality changes during storage. Plant Food and Human Nutrition,47(2):157-162
Poulsen N, Sorensen J N, Johansen A S.1994. Influence of growth conditions on the value of crisphead lettuce.2. Weight losses during srorage as affected by nitrogen, plant age and cooling system. Plant Food and Human Nutrition,46(1):13-18
Ramos C, Agut A, Lidon A L.2002. Nitrate leaching in important crops of the Valencian Community region (Spain). Environmental Pollution,118:215-223
Raul I C.2001. Inorganic nitrogen loading and distribution in soil profiles beneath rose greenhouse. Acta Horticulture,547:227-233
Rubeak G H, Sibbesen E.1995. Soil phosphorus dynamics in a long term field experiment at Askov. Biology and Fertility of soila.20:86-92
Scaife A, Mary K, Turner.1987. Field measurements of sap and soil nitrate to predict nitrogen top dressing requirements of brussel sprouts. J Plant Nutr,10:1705-1712
Schuman G E, Spurner R G, Piest R F.1973. Phosphorus losses from four agricultural watersheds on Missouri Valley loss. Soil Sci Soc Am J,37:424-427
Schwab A P, Kulyingong.1989. Changes on phosphate activities and availability indexes with depth after 40 years of fertilization. Soil Science,147(3):179-186
Sims T, Simard R R, Joern B C.1998. Phosphorus loss in agricultural drainage: Historical perspective and current research. Journal of Environmental Quality,27:277-293
Sorensen J N, Johansen A S, Poulsen N.1994. Influence of growth conditions on the value of crisphead lettuce.1. Marketable and nutritional quality as affected by nitrogen supply, cultivar and plant age. Plant Foods and Human Nutrition,46(1):1-11
Stork P, Jerie P, Callinan A P L.2004. Subsurface drip irrigation in raised bed tomato production. I. Nitrogen and phosphate losses under current commercial practice. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 41(7):1283-1304
Van Wassenhove F, Dirinck P J, Schamp N M, et al.1990. Effect of nitrogen fertilizers on celery volatiles. J Agr Food Chem,38:220-226
Veerman A, P. C. Struik, P. C. J. M. Timmermans.1996. Variation in tuber dry matter and nitrate content between and within plants and stems [A]. In:Abstracts of conference papers, posters and demonstrations,13th Triennial conference of the European Association for Potato Research, Veldhoven[C]. The Netherlands,656—657
Velemis D, Almalitis D, Bladenopoulou S, et al.1999. Leaf nutrient levels of apple orchard (cv. Starktimson) in relation to crop yield [J]. Advances in Horticultural Science,13 (4):147-150
Weinbaum S A, Klein I, Muraoka T T.1983. Use of nitrogen isotopes and a light-textured soil to assess annual contribution of nitrogen from soil and storage pools in mature almond trees [J]. Soc Hortic Sci,112:526
Zaag, D. E. van der, C. D. van Loon.1987. Effect of physiological age on growth vigor of seed potato of two cultivars.5. Review of literature and integration of some experiment results[J]. Potato Research,30:451—472.
ZHANG Fusuo, MA Wenqi, and ZHANG Weifeng, et al.2005. Nutrient management in China: From production system to food chain [A]. Plant Nutrition for Food Security, Human Health and Environment Protection [C]. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press
Zhang M, Alva A K, Li Y C, et al.1996. Root distribution of grapefruit trees under dry granular broadcast vs. fertigation method. Plant and Soil,183:79-84
Zhu J H, Li X L, Christie P, et al.2005. Environmental implications of low nitrogen use efficiency in excessively fertilizer hot pepper (Capsicun frutescens L.) cropping systems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,111:70-80
ZHU Zhao-liang, CHEN De-li.2002. Nitrogen fertilizer use in China-Contributions to food production, impacts on environment and best management strategies [J]. Nutrient Cycling in Agro ecosystems, (63):117-127
边纪.2005.世界马铃薯产业现状.新农村(国外农业),6：22
蔡开地.2003.茎用莴苣氮磷钾肥最优回归试验初报[J].植物营养与肥料学报,9(1)：126-128
蔡艺艺,陈国防,盛锦寿,等.2007.氮磷钾肥对甘薯养分积累的影响[J].农技服务,24(11)：21-23
常丽新,常建霞.2000.施用钾肥对水萝卜产量和品质的影响.河北农业大学学报,23(2)：42-43
陈明昌,张强,程滨,杨治平,焦晓燕,周怀平.2005.山西省主要农田施肥状况及典型县域农田养分平衡研究.水土保持学报,19(4)：1-6
陈清,张福锁主编.2006.蔬菜养分资源综合管理理论与实践[M].中国农业大学出版社：171
陈修斌,秦嘉海,陈广泉,等.2005.河西走廊盐化潮土钾肥对马铃薯增产效应的研究[J].土壤,37(4)：451-454
陈竹君,周建斌,史清华,等.1999.猕猴桃叶内矿质元素含量年生长季内的变化[J].西北农业大学学报,27(5)：54-57
程东娟,任振江.2005.高寒半干旱地区聚垄集肥覆膜对土壤速效钾含量和马铃薯产量影响[J].陕西农业科学,5：7-8,13
程天庆.1996.马铃薯栽培技术[M].北京：金盾出版社
崔胜,刘淑俊.中棚马铃薯平衡施肥技术.维普资讯：http://www.cqvip.com
崔云玲,郭天文,王成宝.2006.马铃薯平衡施肥及钾肥肥效研究[J].中国马铃薯,20(6)：332-335
戴雄泽,刘志敏.2005.初论我国辣椒产业的现状及发展趋势[J].辣椒杂志,2：1-6
丁红英,张奕花.2007.不同幼苗移栽对马铃薯产量和品质的影响[J].新疆农垦科技,3：28-29
杜会英,薛世川,孙忠富.2007.不同用量腐殖酸复合肥对葡萄叶片养分累积及其生理指标的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,15(1)：49-51
樊红柱.2006.苹果树体生长发育、养分吸收利用与累积规律.[硕士学位论文].陕西：西北农林科技大学
樊红柱,同延安,吕世华,刘汝亮.2007.苹果树体钾含量与钾累积量的年周期变化[J].西北农林科技大学学报,35(5)：169-172
樊红柱,同延安,赵营,等.2007.苹果树体磷素动态规律与施肥管理[J].干旱地区农业研究,25(1)：73-77
樊惠.2006.滴灌条件下氮素调控对日光温室生菜生长及品质的影响.硕士论文.北京：中国农业大学
范贵国,陈应昂,王德明.2005.稻田免耕马铃薯平衡施肥试验[J].贵州农业科学,33(2)：51-52
冯富强，王春娟.2006.关中西部线辣椒生态气候适应性分析[J].陕西农业科学,6：70-73
F.W.T.彭宁德弗里斯著.朱德峰,程式华译.1991.几种一年生作物生长的生态生理过程模拟[M].北京：中国农业科技出版社,29-127
高华援,石晓华,刘峰,等.2007.四平地区马铃薯平衡施肥试验结果分析[J].中国马铃薯,21(2)：98-101
高聚林,刘克礼,盛晋华,等.2003.旱作马铃薯磷素的吸收、积累和分配规律[J].中国马铃薯,17(6)：326-330
高亮之,金之庆,黄耀,等.1992.水稻栽培计算机模拟优化决策系统[M].北京：中国农业科技出版社,93-123
高耀庭,周涛,王世荣.2001.不同酿酒葡萄品种钾素营养特点及其吸收与利用研究[J].中国生态农业学报,9(2)：67-69
高义民,同延安,马文娟.2006.陕西关中葡萄园土壤养分状况分析与平衡施肥研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),34(9)：4144
葛晓光,王晓雪,付亚文,等.1999.长期定位施氮条件下菜田氮素循环的研究.中国蔬菜,1：15-17
葛晓光.2002.菜田土壤与施肥[M].北京：中国农业出版社,300-301
顾曼如,束怀瑞,周宏伟.1986.苹果氮素营养研究Ⅳ.贮藏15N的转运、分配特性[J].园艺学报,13(1)：25-30
郭文龙,党菊香,吕家珑,等.2005.不同年限蔬菜大棚土壤性质演变与施肥问题的研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,23(1)：85-89
郭志平,夏更寿.2007.克新12号马铃薯高产施肥措施的研究[J].丽水学院学报,29(2)：40-42，65
哈里斯P M.1984.马铃薯改良的科学基础[M].蒋先明,译.北京：农业出版社,79-316
何卫,Paul C.Struik,胡建军,等.2007.马铃薯种薯质量对生长和产量的影响[J].西南农业学报,20(3)：458-461
何宜能,刘培利,刘树堂,等.1992.葡萄施用KCl试验简报.莱阳农学院学报,9(4)：290-293
贺普超.2001.陕西省发展鲜食葡萄产业的思考[M].中外葡萄与葡萄酒,5：6-7
贺普超.1995.提高我国葡萄产量和品质的主要途径与方法.果树科学,12(4)：265-268
贺普超主编.1999.葡萄学.北京：中国农业出版社,192
侯立志,陈哗.2005.施钾对马铃薯产量及效益的影响[J].上海农业科技,2：102
胡承志,邓波儿,刘同仇.1996.氮肥水平对蔬菜品质的影响[J].土壤肥料,3：34-36
胡辉,杨波,郑元红,等.2005.毕节地区脱毒马铃薯平衡施肥技术应用示范[J].中国马铃薯,19(4)：228-231
黄冲平,王爱华,胡秉民.2003.马铃薯生育期和干物质积累的动态模拟研究[J].生物数学学报,18(3)：314-320
黄科,刘明月,吴秋云,等.2002.氮磷钾施用量与辣椒产量的相关性研究[J].江西农业大学学报,24(6)：772-776
黄绍宁,沈华山,吴华明,等.2001.施肥对菜薹硝酸盐含量的影响[J].中国蔬菜,3：18-19
黄文美,李桂平,向红梅,等.2007.不同密度对露地栽培马铃薯的影响[J].农技服务,24(8)：33
黄显淦,曾有志,钟泽,等.1993.果树营养施肥及土壤管理[M].北京：中国农业出版社,5-10,104-105
黄显淦,钟泽,邓文兰,等.1992.葡萄施用KCl及其与N、P配施效果试验[J].中国果树,2：7-10
黄智刚.2000.不同施磷量对油菜根系形态和磷吸收的影响.广西农学报,3：27-29
姜远茂,彭福田,巨晓堂.2001.果树施肥新技术.北京：中国农业出版社
姜远茂,彭福田,张宏彦.2001.山东省苹果园土壤有机质及养分状况研究.土壤通报,32(4)：167-169
姜远茂，张宏彦,张福锁.2007.北方落叶果树养分资源综合管理理论与实践[M].北京：中国农业大学出版社,10：180
蒋富友,杨永泉.2006.不同时期施用钾肥对脱毒马铃薯产量的影响[J].中国马铃薯,20(5)：280-281
蒋名川等.1991.蔬菜施肥[M].北京：农业出版社,12：45
蒋万峰,崔永峰,张卫东,等.2005.无核白葡萄叶内矿质元素含量年生长季内的变化[J].西北农林科技大学学报,33(8)：91-95
金继运,林葆.1997.化肥在农业生产中的作用和展望[J].作物杂志,2：5-9
靳颖,肖继梅.2003.马铃薯平衡施肥试验初报[J].耕作与栽培,1：59-60
孔令郁,吕云会,刘和刚.2006.宣威市紫色土辣椒氮磷钾肥配比试验研究[J].中国土壤与肥料,5：33-35,61
孔令郁,彭启双,熊艳,等.2004.平衡施肥对马铃薯产量及品质的影响[J].土壤肥料,3：17-19
寇长林,巨晓棠,高强,等.2004.两种农作体系施肥对土壤质量的影响.生态学报.24(11)：2548-2556
黎青慧,田霄鸿.2006.陕西平衡施肥示范果园土壤肥力调查分析.西北园艺,2：47-48
李比希著(刘更别译).1983.化学在农业及生理学上的应用.北京：农业出版社,326-327
李成军.2002.不同肥料的组配施用对马铃薯产量的影响试验[J].中国马铃薯,16(5)：294-296
李成生,林昌庭,何伟民,等.2003.2002年稻田免耕、稻草全程覆盖种植马铃薯试验效果及主要栽培技术.中国马铃薯,17(1)：41-43
李道德摘译.1981.葡萄施肥多年试验的结果.葡萄科技,1：34-36
李港丽,苏润宇,沈隽,等.1987.几种落叶果树内矿质元素含量标准值的研究[J].园艺学报,14(2)：81-89
李华,惠竹梅,张振文,黄懿梅,李二虎.2004.行间生草对葡萄园土壤肥力和葡萄叶片养分的影响[J].农业工程学报,20：116-119
李华.1995.现代葡萄酒工艺学.西安：陕西人民出版社,19
李会民,程雪绒,徐驰,殷小云,杨淑慧,杨驱虎.2002.咸阳地区苹果园土壤养分状况调查及建议.陕西农业科学,2：10-12
李家康,林葆,梁国庆,等.2001.对我国化肥使用前景的剖析[J].植物营养与肥料学报,7(1)：1-10
李建和,刘淑欣,陈克文,等.1995.N、K营养与葡萄植株生长、产量及品质的关系[J].福建农业大学学报,24(1)：58-62
李建和,刘淑欣,陈克文,等.1993.氮钾营养与葡萄产量、品质及抗病性的关系[J].福建农学院学报,22(2)：203-207
李建和,刘淑欣,陈克文.1997.葡萄抗病性与N、K营养的关系[J].福建农业大学学报,26(2)：323-327
李俊良,朱建华,张晓晟,等.2001.保护地番茄养分利用及土壤氮素淋失.应用与环境生物学报,7(2)：126-129
李强,纪春艳.2005.马铃薯追施钾肥增产效果的研究[J].中国林副特产,6：25,26
李士敏.2005.氮、磷、钾肥料施用对辣椒产量和经济效益的影响[J].土壤肥料,(1)：15-16
李玉影.1998.马铃薯钾肥使用技术及效果[J].黑龙江农业科学,4：30-31
联合国粮农组织贸易年鉴第42卷[M].1988.罗马
联合国粮农组织贸易年鉴第56卷[M].2003.罗马.212-214
联合国粮农组织生产年鉴51卷[M].1997.罗马.135-136
梁称福,李玲,肖和艾,等.1998.氮肥施用量对黄瓜产量和品质的影响[J].长江蔬菜,5：34-36
刘成先.2005.果园土壤管理与施肥.北方果树,1：43-45
刘春光,周建斌,陈竹君.2000.葡萄的钾营养与钾肥施用研究进展[J].山西农业科学,9：28-31
刘捍中.2001.葡萄优质高效栽培[M].北京：金盾出版社,60-70
刘和,杨佩芳,古润泽,等.1997.短枝型苹果叶片及果实内氮磷钾含量研究[J].华北农学报,12(3)：125-129
刘侯俊,巨晓堂,同延安.2002.陕西省主要果树的施肥现状及存在问题.干旱地区农业研究,75(1)：38-44
刘建新.2003.辣椒施用钾肥效果试验研究.作物杂志.2：38-39
刘俊,刘崇怀.2006.龙眼葡萄棚架栽培条件下的根系分布[J].果树学报,23(3)：379-383
刘俊.2005.龙眼葡萄根系观察与研究.河北林业科技,3：1-7
刘克礼,高聚林,任珂,等.2003.旱作马铃薯氮素的吸收、累积和分配规律[J].中国马铃薯,17(6)：321-325
刘青娥,钟仙龙,郭志平.2006.增施磷钾肥对马铃薯提质增产的效果[J].长江蔬菜,12：42-43
刘效瑞,郸擎东,刘树雄.2001.半干旱地区马铃薯施用钾肥的应用效果试验[J].中国马铃薯,15(5)：286-287
刘效瑞,伍克俊,刘荣请,等.1994.氮磷钾肥配施对马铃薯增产增收的效果[J].马铃薯杂志,8(4)：214-217
刘新兵.2007.氮磷钾肥不同配比在无核白葡萄上的应用[M].新疆农垦科技,4：61-62
刘运武.1996.磷对杂交水稻生长发育及其生理效应的研究[J].土壤学报,33(3)：308-316
刘子龙,张广军.2006.陕西苹果主产区丰产果园土壤养分状况调查.西北林学院学报,21(2)：50-53
鲁如坤.2003.土壤磷素水平和水体环境保护.磷肥与复肥,18(1)：4-8
鲁如坤.2004.我国磷矿资源和磷肥生产消费Ⅱ.磷肥消费和需求.土壤,36(2)：113-116
鲁如坤著.1998.土壤-植物营养学原理与施肥.北京：化学工业出版社,226-230
吕长山,王金玲,于广建,等.2005.氮肥对辣椒果实品质及产量的影响[J].东北农业大学学报,36(4)：448-450
罗国光.2001.世界葡萄产业的概况及发展趋势[J].中外葡萄与葡萄酒,5：54-58
罗应忠.1991.NPK对早熟辣椒产量的影响[J].湖北农业科学,12：27-30
马绍利,黄冲平.2001.马铃薯设施栽培技术的初步研讨[J].中国马铃薯,15(1)：14-16
马文奇,毛达如,张福锁.2000.山东大棚蔬菜施肥中存在的问题及对策／／李晓林.平衡施肥与可持续优质蔬菜生产.北京：中国农业大学出版社,41-47
马文奇,毛达如,张福锁.2003.山东省作物施肥现状及评价／／张福锁,江荣凤.养分资源综合管理.北京：中国农业大学出版社,
马文奇,毛达如.2001.种植结构调整对化肥消费的影响.磷肥与复肥,16(4)
马文奇,张福锁,张卫锋.2005.关乎我国资源、环境、粮食安全和可持续发展的化肥产业[J].资源科学,27(3)：33-40
马文奇.1999.山东省作物施肥现状、问题与对策.博士论文,北京：中国农业大学
马之胜,李良翰.1994.葡萄施肥新技术[M].农业出版社,5(1)：22,25,27
孟月华.2006.平谷桃园养分投入特点及其推荐施肥系统的建立.中国农业大学硕士论文
潘进军,贾永贵,尹国红.1999.温棚蔬菜生理病害防治措施[M].设施园艺,5：14
潘庆民,于振文,王月福,等.1999.公顷产9000 kg小麦氮素吸收分配的研究[J].作物学报,25(5)：541-547
彭福田.2001.氮对苹果果实发育及产量、品质的调控.山东农业大学博士论文
彭克明等.1980.农业化学[M].北京：农业出版社,2：30-32
平谷农田施磷调查及磷素损失风险分析.2006.中国农业大学硕士论文
葡萄研究协作网.1993.葡萄营养特性与施肥技术研究.辽宁农业科学,5：4-8
亓桂梅.1993.葡萄钾、镁肥试验初报.葡萄栽培与酿酒,4：12-14
强继业,郭华春.2003.利用32P示踪研究马铃薯(合作-88)对磷素营养的吸收及分布规律[J].种子,4：29-30
秦嗣军,王铭,郭太君,等.2001.双优山葡萄叶柄内矿质营养动态变化的研究[J].吉林农业大学学报,23(4)：47-50
秦煊南,陈兰华.1996.葡萄叶片叶柄NPK含量及其季节变化研究[J].西南农业大学学报,18(1)：65-67
邱振兴,陈洪.2002.稻草还田与冬种马铃薯稻草覆盖对培肥地力的效果.土壤与环境,11(3)：328-330
邱治龙,杨小刚.2002.氮磷钾肥不同配施量对辣椒产量的影响[J].耕作与栽培,5：45-46
全国农业技术推广服务中心编著.1999.中国有机肥料养分志[M].北京：中国农业出版社,5-70
任媛媛,张恩让,胡华群,等.2007.钾素对辣椒生长及产量的影响[J].西南农业学报,20(5)：1044-1047
陕西省农业厅,陕西省农业区划委员会.1987.陕西省种植业与区划[M].西安：陕西科学技术出版社
尚兴甲,王梅芳,孔繁华,等.2002.氮磷钾肥料对天鹰椒养分吸收量及干物质产量的影响[J].土壤肥料,5：22-25
沈善敏.1998.中国土壤肥力.北京：中国农业出版社
盛晋华,刘克礼,高聚林,等.2003.旱作马铃薯钾素的吸收、积累和分配规律[J].中国马铃薯,17(6)：331-335
史永利.2005.庄浪县马铃薯施钾肥的效果[J].甘肃农业科技,5：43-45
束怀瑞.1999.苹果学.北京：北京农业出版社
宋舒祺.2006.甘谷县山区线辣椒种植密度研究[J].甘肃农业科技,8：14-15
宋贤士等.1993.葡萄施肥优化模式及最优施肥参数试验研究.葡萄栽培与酿酒,4：5-8
苏华,金宝燕,张福墁,等.2005.施肥和灌溉对蔬菜品质营养的研究进展.中国蔬菜(增刊)49-52
苏培玺.1996.沙地葡萄增施钾肥效果[J].土壤通报,27(6)：277-279
孙红梅,李天来,须晖,等.2000.不同氮水平下钾营养对大棚番茄产量及品质的影响.沈阳农业大学学报,31(1)：68-71
孙权,王静芳,王素芳,等.2007.不同施肥深度对酿酒葡萄叶片养分和产量及品质的影响[J].果树学报,24(4)：455-459
孙云蔚编译.1964.果树集论(果树的环境与营养).上海：上海科学技术出版社,117-119
汤丽玲,陈清,张宏彦,等.2002.不同灌溉与施氮措施对露地菜田土壤有机质氮残留的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,8(3)：282-287
汤丽玲,张晓晟,陈清,等.2002.蔬菜氮素营养与品质.北方园艺,3：6-7
仝月澳,周厚基.1982.果树营养诊断法[M].北京：农业出版社,1-9
仝月澳,周厚基.1992.果树营养诊断法[M].北京：中国农业出版社,11-12
同延安,OveEmteryd,张树兰,等.2004.陕西省氮肥过量施用现状评价.中国农业科学,37(8)：1239-1244
同延安,石维,吕殿青.2005.陕西三种类型土壤剖面硝酸盐累积、分布与土壤质地[J].植物营养与肥料学报,11(4)：435-441
佟屏亚,凌碧莹.1994.夏玉米氮、磷、钾累积和分配态势的研究[J].玉米科学,2(2)：65-69
汪定淮,刘尚义.1994.作物养分平衡与高产栽培兼论作物栽培科学的现代化[M].北京：北京大学出版社,90-223
王朝辉,田霄鸿,李生秀.2001.叶类蔬菜的硝态氮累积及成因研究[J].生态学报,21(7)：1135-1141
王朝辉,李生秀.1996.蔬菜不同器官的硝态氮与水分、全氮、全磷的关系[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2(2)：144-152
王福琪,肖光杰,王德明.2004.稻田马铃薯不同覆盖物免耕栽培初报.耕作与栽培,1：48-49
王基敬.2001.世界马铃薯生产现状及中国对策.世界农业,12：12-13
王建.2008.猕猴桃树体生长发育,养分吸收利用与累积规律.[硕士学位论文].陕西：西北农林科技大学
王建,同延安.2008.猕猴桃树对氮素吸收、利用和贮存的定量研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,14(6)：1170-1177
王丽琴,魏钦平,唐芳,等.1997.苹果新根生理生化特性研究.园艺学报,24(3)：225-228
王圣瑞,马文奇,徐文华,黎青慧,张福锁.2004.陕西省苹果施肥状况与评价.干旱地区农业研究,22(1)：146-151
王同坤,马建军,朱京涛.1994.山楂叶片矿质元素含量的年周期动态变化[J].华北农学报,9(增刊)：123-127
王文辉,王志华,张志云.2001.世界葡萄发展趋势及产销概况[J].北方果树,3：1-2
王祥珍.2003.钾肥和专用肥对马铃薯产量及品质的影响[J].杂粮作物,23(6)：359-361
王燕,周涛,白国胜.2001.不同酿酒葡萄品种对磷素的吸收利用及其效应研究[J].西北林学院学报,16(3)：14-17
王芝学.2005.天津地区果园营养状况调查.天津农业科学,11(2)：39-41
王志恒,王吉祥.1994.苹果园营养化诊断初报.陕西农业科学,3：32-33
王中英.1996.果园生物覆盖技术.山西农业,6：10-12
魏延安.2006.陕西马铃薯产业化发展战略研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,24(6)：199-203
魏延安.2005.世界马铃薯产业发展现状及基本特点.现代种业,3：6-8
沃尔什L M.1982.土壤测定与植株分析[M].周鸣诤译.北京：中国农业出版社
吴林松,王存美,林昌庭.2002.不同播期及密度对稻田免耕稻草覆盖种植马铃薯经济形状的影响.中国马铃薯,16(2)：95-96
吴显峰,班俊.1993.葡萄不同负载量对生长期叶片营养元素含量的影响[J].葡萄栽培与酿酒,1：
武怀庆.2005.山西省中南部苹果生产优势区果园土壤营养、植株营养现状及分析.山西农业大学学报,25(4)：361-364
武维华.2003.植物生理学[M].北京：科学出版社
郗荣庭主编.1995.果树栽培学总论.中国农业出版社,55
席瑞卿.2006.苹果树养分吸收利用特征及其养分资源管理.中国农业大学硕士论文
向平安,周燕,江巨鳌,等.2006.洞庭湖区氮肥外部成本及稻田氮素经济生态最佳投入研究[J].中国农业科学,39(12)：2531-2537
谢海霞,陈冰,文启凯,等.2005.氮、磷、钾肥对“全球红葡萄”产量与品质的影响[J].北方园艺,4：73-74
谢建华.2007.我国马铃薯生产现状及发展对策[M].中国农技推广,5：4-7
邢素芝,汪建飞,姚春芬.2003.辣椒NPK肥料配施数学模型的研究[J].土壤通报,34(3)：238-240
徐坤,郑国生,王秀峰.2001.施氮量对生姜群体光合特性及产量和品质的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,7(2)：189-193
徐秀月,张培苹.1998.葡萄施用钾肥效果试验.落叶果树,3：43
许衡,杨和生,束怀瑞.2005.施用有机物料和氮肥对平邑甜茶实生苗生物学效应的灰色系统评价.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),33(8)：86-89
许雪峰,罗国光,彭宜本.1995.玫瑰香葡萄浆果生长发育动态及其变化特点.园艺学报,22(4)：318-322
薛进军,杨青琴,王秀茹,崔美香,台社珍,赵风平,李绍华,张福锁.2003.铁及其它矿质元素在苹果树不同器官中的分布[J].广西农业生物科学,22(1)：16-20
薛逸,谢应明.2007.不同施肥方式对马铃薯种薯扩繁产量的影响[J].耕作与栽培,2：16
严小龙,黄志武,卢仁俊,等.1992.关于作物磷效率的遗传学研究[J].土壤,24(2)：102-105
严小龙,张福锁.1997.作物营养遗传学[M].北京：中国农业出版社,86-246
阎玉让,杨叶,孙西会.2006.宝鸡市线辣椒加工现状、问题和发展对策[J].辣椒杂志,3：43-44
杨成恒.1993.葡萄营养特性及施肥技术研究[J].辽宁农业科学,5：4-8
杨翰明.2000.氮、磷、钾三要素对辣椒产量的影响[J].贵州农业科学,28(5)：39-40
杨近荣,王成社,李景琦,等.2004.马铃薯干物质积累及分配规律研究[J].西北农业学报,13(3)：118-120
杨月英,张福墁,乔晓军.2003.不同形态氮素对基质培番茄生育、产量及品质的影响.华北农学报,18(1)：86-89
姚胜蕊.1997.有机肥料对苹果生长发育及土壤肥力影响的研究.山东农业大学博士论文
袁新民,李晓林,同延安,等.2000.稻田改种蔬菜后土壤剖面中水分与硝态氮分布的变化／／李晓林,等.平衡施肥与可持续优质蔬菜生产.北京：中国农业大学出版社.83-87
袁祖华,丁茁荑,蔡雁平.2006.氮素对辣椒产量和硝酸盐积累的影响[J].辣椒杂志,2：22-23,28
袁祖华,丁茁荑,邓国强.2006.叶面喷施氨基酸肥料对辣椒经济性状及产量的影响[J].辣椒杂志，4：32-33
曾孝元,叶文华,陈林松.2002.增施CO2对大棚辣椒生长及产量的影响[J].长江蔬菜,9：39
张朝春,江荣风,张福锁,等.2005.氮磷钾肥对马铃薯营养状况及块茎产量的影响[J].中国农学通报,21(9)：279-283
张发宝,唐栓虎,徐培智,等.2006.缓释肥料对辣椒产量及品质的影响研究[J].广东农业科学,10：47-49
张光星.1998.低温胁迫和氮素影响对番茄畸形果发生的影响.中国农业科学,31(1)：21-26
张桂荣,许卫东.2006.辣椒叶面喷施氨基酸肥料增产效益试验.吉林蔬菜,48
张淑茗等.1998.钾及钾镁肥配合对酿酒葡萄产量、品质的效应.葡萄栽培与酿酒,2：7-9
张卫锋,马文奇,张福锁,等.2005.中国、美国、摩洛哥磷矿资源优势及开发战略比较分析[J].自然资源学报,20(3)：378-386
张西露,毛亦卉,向拉蛟.2008.国内外辣椒产业研究开发的现状分析.辣椒杂志,1：1-5
张学军,周娜娜,陈晓群.2004.不同滴灌量和施氮量对马铃薯硝酸盐累积的影响[J].中国农村水利水电,9：54-56
张英利,马爱生,杨岩荣.2003.陕西苹果产区土壤养分状况研究初报.土壤肥料,3：41-42
张永请,陆景陵,吴俊兰.1996.施用钾肥对水萝卜生物学性状的影响.北方园艺,1：13-14
张志勇,马文奇.2006.酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’养分累积动态及养分需求量的研究[J].园艺学报,33(3)：466-470
张志勇.2004.规模化和农户葡萄园施肥与养分循环、平衡的研究[D].石家庄：河北农业大学
赵凤艳,陈翠玲.2001.氮肥用量对蔬菜产量和品质的影响.农业系统科学与综合研究,17(1)：43-44
赵红侠.2006.浅析果树营养的特点与秋季保叶补养措施[J].安徽农学通报,12(9)：61
赵护兵,同延安,高义民,等.2003.陕西关中塿土区线辣椒对氮、磷、钾肥的肥效反应[J].西北农林科技大学学报,31(3)：99-101
赵护兵,同延安,赵尊练,等.2004.壤土区不同蔬菜对钾肥的肥效反应[J].干旱地区农业研究,22(1)：138-141
赵护兵,王朝晖,李生秀.2001.菠菜不同器官硝态氮与钾素的含量及关系[J].西北农林科技大学学报,29(4)：43-46
赵胜建,郭紫娟,马爱红.2007.世界鲜食葡萄生产、贸易及品种构成分析[M].中外葡萄与葡萄酒，5：65-69
赵尊练,史联联,阎玉让,等.2006.克服线辣椒连作障碍的施肥方案研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,24(5)：77-80,114
浙江农业大学主编.1990.作物营养与施肥[M].农业出版社出版,158-160
郑成乐.1993.钾素营养对果树增产增质效应[J].福建果树,1：27-30
郑若良.2004.氮钾肥比例对马铃薯生长发育、产量及品质的影响[J].江西农业学报,16(4)：39-42
郑伟尉,李瑞臣,赵素香,等.2005.不同类型土壤的含钙量与苹果的钙素营养.落叶果树,3：1-3
中国科学院土壤肥料研究所.1986.中国化肥区划[M].北京：中国农业科技出版社,1-31
中国农业科学院土壤肥料研究所.1994.中国肥料.上海：上海科学技术出版社
中华人民共和国国家统计局.2006.中国统计年鉴(2006)[M].北京：中国统计出版社
周春军,李首成,孙园园,等.2007.磷钾肥对稻草覆盖免耕秋马铃薯产量及主要农艺性状的影响[J].中国农学通报,23(1)：212-215
周涛,张富国,白国胜,等.2002.风沙土土壤的磷素状况及施磷对酿酒葡萄品质的影响[J].中国农业科学,35(2)：169-173
周卫,林葆,朱海舟.1995.硝酸钙对花生养分吸收和土壤状况的影响[J].土壤通报,26(6)：279-282
周显骥.1999.巨峰葡萄施氮技术研究[J].湖南农业大学学报,25(3)：188-190
周艺敏,景海春,兰耀龙,等.1995.钾及其他元素配合施用对几种作物产量和品质的影响.土壤肥料,1：18-25
朱本岳,杨玉爱,叶正钱,等.1995.葡萄施钾效应的研究.浙江农业大学学报,21(4)：429-430
朱建华.2002.蔬菜保护地氮素去向及其利用研究.博士论文,北京：中国农业大学
朱静华,李明悦,高贤彪,等.2001.蔬菜的养分吸收特性与钾肥利用率的研究.天津：天津市农业资源与环境研究所.http://cclab.caas.ac.cn/jrepository/articletext.jsp?id=993
朱青,李裕荣,尹迪信,等.1999.辣椒平衡施肥试验研究[M].贵州农业科学,27(6)：22-24
朱兆良,孙波,杨林章,等.2005.我国农业面源污染的控制政策和措施[J].科技导报,23(4)：47-51
祝元波,李世江,王光敏,等.2005.钾肥不同施用量对辣椒产量的影响初探[J].辣椒杂志,4：38-39
作物分析法委员会.1984.栽培植物营养诊断分析测定[M].北京：中国农业出版社
Abha J Singh R P.1995. Vinod K Effect of ammonium sulphate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate on yield and quality of grape cv. Perlette Recent-Horticulture,2(2):37-39
Allen E J, P. J.0'Brien, D. Firman.1992. Seed tuber production and management. In: P. M. Harris(Ed.). The potato crop. The scientific basis for improvement. Second edition[M]. London: Chapman and Hall,247—291.
Allen E J.1978. Plant density. In:P. M. Harris(Ed.). The potato crop. The scientific basis for improvement[M]. London:Chapman and Hall,278—326
Biemond H. and Vos J.1992. Effects of nitrogen on the development and growth of the potato plant.2. The partitioning of dry matter, nitrogen and nitrate. Annals of Botany [J],70:37-45
Borling K, Barberis E, Otabbong E.2004. Impact of long-term inorganic phosphorus fertilization on accumulation, sorption and release of phosphorus in five Swedish soil profiles. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,69:11-21
Burton W G, A. van Es, K. J. Hartmans.1994. The physics and physiology of storage[A]. In:
Cakmak I, Hengeler C, Marschner H. Changes in phloem expert of sucrose in leaves in response to phosphorus, potassium and magnesium deficiency in bean plants. Journal of Experimental Botany, 45(9):1251-1257
Carballo S J, Blankenship S M, Sanders D C.1994. Drip fertigation with the nigentron and potassium and post harvest susceptibility to bacterial soft rot of bell peppers. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 17(7):1175-1191
Chen Q, Zhang X S, Zhang H Y, et al.2004. Evaluation of current fertilizer practice and soil fertility in vegetable production in the Beijing region. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems.69(1):51-58
Daverede C, Garcia M.1997. Effect of different canonic balance (K-Ca) on potassium nutrition of vitis vinifera L.cv Negrette gratted on 101,14 Scion-Agrochimicr (Italy).41(1-2):1-9
David A J McArthur, N Richard Knowles.1993. Influence of species of Vesicular—arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and phosphorus nutrition on growth, development and mineral nutrition of potato(Solanum tuberosum L.)[J]. Plant Physiology,102:771—782.
Facia J M, Bensacia A, Slatnib A, et al.2000.A case study for irrigation modernization I.Characterization of the district and analysis of water delivery records. Agricultural Water Management, 42:313-334
Failla O, Scienza A, Stringari G, et al.1990. Apple and grapevine leaf analysis in advisory work in Trento district (Northern Italy) [J]. Acta Horticulture,274:129-140
Fink M.2001. Yield and external quality of kohlrabi as affected by soil mineral nitrogen residue at harvest. Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology,76(4):419-423
Fischer A.1992. Mechanical and chemical control of Elymus repens in potatoes//Sveriges Landtbruksuniversitet (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences). Swedish crop protection conference. Weeds and weed control. Uppsala, Sweden,33:157-162
Freyman S, P M Toivonen P W, Perrin W C, et al.1991. Effect of nitrogen fertilization on yield, storage losses and chemical composition of winter cabbage. Canadian Journal of Plant Science,71:943-946
Garcia M, Daverede C, Gallegos P.1999. Effect of various Potassium-Calcium ratios on Carrion nutrition of grape grown hydroponically. Journal of Plant Nutrition.22(3):417-425
Gregory D.2004.向平摘译.氮营养管理对液体种植马铃薯生物产量分配和氮利用效率指数的影响[M].J. Amer. Soc. Hort Sci.129(1):134-140
Hardter R.1997. Plant nutrition and fertilization of vegetables for yield and quality. Agro-Chemicals News in Brief,20(1):7-17
He Z L, Calvert D V, Alva A K, et al.2003. Thresholds of leaf nitrogen for optimum fruit production and quality in grapefruit [J]. Soil Sci Soc Am J.67(2):583-588
Heckrath G, Brookes P C.1995. Phosphorus leaching from soils containing different phosphorus concentrations in the Broadbalk experiment. Journal of Environmental Quality,24:904-910
Ittersum M K van.1992. Variation in the duration of tuber dormancy within a seed potato lot[J]. Potato Research,35:261—269
Ittersum, M. K. van, K. Scholte.1993. Shortening dormancy of seed potatoes by a haulm application of gibberellic acid and storage temperature regimes[J]. American Potato Journal,70:7—19
Jenkison DS.1990. An introduction to the global nitrogen cycle [J].Soil Use and Management.6: 56-61
Ju X T, Liu X J, Zhang F S, et al.2004. Nitrogen fertilization, soil nitrate accumulation, and policy recommendations. Ambio,33(6):300-305
Kano Y, Herregods M, Boxus P, et al.2000. The occurrence of bitterness in cucumber in relation to nitrogen levels. Acta Horticultures,517:369-374
Kraft G J, Stites W.2003. Nitrate impacts on groundwater from irrigated-vegetable systems in humid north-central US sand plain. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,100:63-74
Lee S K, Kader A A.2000. Prehavest and postharvest factors influencing vitamin C content of horticultural crops. Postharvest Biology and Technology,20:207-220
Lisiewska Z, Kmiecik W.1996. Effects of level of nitrogen fertilizer, processing conditions and period of storage of frozen broccoli and cauliflower on vitamin C retention. Food Chemistry,57(2):267-270
May D M.1994. Residential fuelwood consumption and production in South Dakota. USDA Forest Service: Resource Bulletin-North Central Forest Experiment Station
Maynard D N, Barker A V.1974. Nitrate accumulation in spinach as influenced by leaf type. J Amer Soc Hort Sci,99(2):135-138
Muller K, Hippe J.1987. Influence of differences in nutrition on important quality characteristics of some agricultural crops. Plant and Soil,100(1-3):35-45
Nahdi H, Benzina N, Mhir A.1993. Annales del'Institute National dela Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie.66(1-2):153-158
P. M. Harris (Ed.).1992. The potato crop. The scientific basis for improvement Second edition[M]. London:Chapman and Hall,292—333
Poulsen N, Johansen A S, Sorensen J N.1995. Influence of growth conditions on the value of crisphead lettuce.4. Quality changes during storage. Plant Food and Human Nutrition,47(2):157-162
Poulsen N, Sorensen J N, Johansen A S.1994. Influence of growth conditions on the value of crisphead lettuce.2. Weight losses during srorage as affected by nitrogen, plant age and cooling system. Plant Food and Human Nutrition,46(1):13-18
Ramos C, Agut A, Lidon A L.2002. Nitrate leaching in important crops of the Valencian Community region (Spain). Environmental Pollution,118:215-223
Raul I C.2001. Inorganic nitrogen loading and distribution in soil profiles beneath rose greenhouse. Acta Horticulture,547:227-233
Rubeak G H, Sibbesen E.1995. Soil phosphorus dynamics in a long term field experiment at Askov. Biology and Fertility of soila.20:86-92
Scaife A, Mary K, Turner.1987. Field measurements of sap and soil nitrate to predict nitrogen top dressing requirements of brussel sprouts. J Plant Nutr,10:1705-1712
Schuman G E, Spurner R G, Piest R F.1973. Phosphorus losses from four agricultural watersheds on Missouri Valley loss. Soil Sci Soc Am J,37:424-427
Schwab A P, Kulyingong.1989. Changes on phosphate activities and availability indexes with depth after 40 years of fertilization. Soil Science,147(3):179-186
Sims T, Simard R R, Joern B C.1998. Phosphorus loss in agricultural drainage: Historical perspective and current research. Journal of Environmental Quality,27:277-293
Sorensen J N, Johansen A S, Poulsen N.1994. Influence of growth conditions on the value of crisphead lettuce.1. Marketable and nutritional quality as affected by nitrogen supply, cultivar and plant age. Plant Foods and Human Nutrition,46(1):1-11
Stork P, Jerie P, Callinan A P L.2004. Subsurface drip irrigation in raised bed tomato production. I. Nitrogen and phosphate losses under current commercial practice. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 41(7):1283-1304
Van Wassenhove F, Dirinck P J, Schamp N M, et al.1990. Effect of nitrogen fertilizers on celery volatiles. J Agr Food Chem,38:220-226
Veerman A, P. C. Struik, P. C. J. M. Timmermans.1996. Variation in tuber dry matter and nitrate content between and within plants and stems [A]. In:Abstracts of conference papers, posters and demonstrations,13th Triennial conference of the European Association for Potato Research, Veldhoven[C]. The Netherlands,656—657
Velemis D, Almalitis D, Bladenopoulou S, et al.1999. Leaf nutrient levels of apple orchard (cv. Starktimson) in relation to crop yield [J]. Advances in Horticultural Science,13 (4):147-150
Weinbaum S A, Klein I, Muraoka T T.1983. Use of nitrogen isotopes and a light-textured soil to assess annual contribution of nitrogen from soil and storage pools in mature almond trees [J]. Soc Hortic Sci,112:526
Zaag, D. E. van der, C. D. van Loon.1987. Effect of physiological age on growth vigor of seed potato of two cultivars.5. Review of literature and integration of some experiment results[J]. Potato Research,30:451—472.
ZHANG Fusuo, MA Wenqi, and ZHANG Weifeng, et al.2005. Nutrient management in China: From production system to food chain [A]. Plant Nutrition for Food Security, Human Health and Environment Protection [C]. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press
Zhang M, Alva A K, Li Y C, et al.1996. Root distribution of grapefruit trees under dry granular broadcast vs. fertigation method. Plant and Soil,183:79-84
Zhu J H, Li X L, Christie P, et al.2005. Environmental implications of low nitrogen use efficiency in excessively fertilizer hot pepper (Capsicun frutescens L.) cropping systems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,111:70-80
ZHU Zhao-liang, CHEN De-li.2002. Nitrogen fertilizer use in China-Contributions to food production, impacts on environment and best management strategies [J]. Nutrient Cycling in Agro ecosystems, (63):117-127