锦州湾沉积物典型有机物组成及来源研究
摘要
本文以锦州湾区域为研究对象,于2009年8月采集了5条入海河流水样、海上20个站位的水样以及相应站位的沉积物样品,测定了水环境中的高锰酸盐指数(COD_(Mn))、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、石油烃、无机氮(DIN)、活性磷(PO4-P)等以及沉积物中的有机碳(TOC)、石油烃的含量,研究了各个指标的时空变化规律。在此基础上,进一步对沉积物中的正构烷烃、多环芳烃进行定性、定量研究,同时对甾烷、萜烷进行了定性研究,利用了特征比值法解释了它们的来源和指示意义,为锦州湾的水和沉积物研究提供了数据和科学依据。
(1)陆源入海河流调查结果显示COD_(Mn)、TN、TP和石油类指标都超过Ⅲ类地表水环境质量标准,其中茨山河的主要污染物为总氮和总磷,五里河和连山河的主要污染物为总氮和油类,塔山河的主要污染物为高锰酸盐指数,大兴河的主要污染物为油类。锦州湾陆源污染物入海负荷分别为COD_(Mn) 2728.9 t/a、TN 970.2 t/a、TP 73.83 t/a和石油类73.48 t/a。
(2)锦州湾海水水质总体上符合海洋功能区划的要求,COD_(Mn)含量为0.73 ~3.05mg/L,站位平均浓度为1.17mg/L;DIN含量为0.141~0.343 mg/L,站位平均浓度为0.222 mg/L,在五里河口和塔山河口附近含量较高,年际变化无明显规律性;PO4-P含量为0.009~0.019 mg/L,站位平均浓度为0.014 mg/L,在靠近五里河口处浓度较高,离河口渐远浓度逐渐递减,近两年有降低的趋势。油类含量为0.055~0.150 mg/L,站位平均浓度为0.098 mg/L,污染程度呈现逐年递增趋势。锦州湾富营养化(E)指数大于1的站位有三个,位于近岸的大兴河、塔山河和五里河口附近。
(3)正构烷烃含量(∑n-alk)范围1.9~4.2μg·g~(-1),平均值2.6μg·g~(-1),各个站位组成特征相似,都表现为双峰型,显示了陆源与海源双重贡献特征。短/长链比值L/H均值为0.67,C_(31)/C_(19)均值3.06,类脂物比值TAR均值为2.02,三个参数显示锦州湾沉积物外来源陆源贡献值要大于海洋源,特别是2、3和7站位受到陆源河流输入影响较大。碳优势指数CPI范围1.19~2.63,均值1.73,接近于1;姥鲛烷和植烷比值Pr/Ph为0.91~1.28;样品中普遍存在不可分离化合物UCM,U/R比值为2.2~4.3,三个参数显示出13和15站位有石油输入特征。多种特征参数比值综合分析表明该海域受到了陆源输入和石油烃污染的威胁,这可能与锦州湾地区河流排污、港口航运有关。
(4)锦州湾表层沉积物中16种PAHs总量为133.44~593.91 ng·g~(-1),平均值为262.15 ng·g~(-1),组成以4~6环PAHs为主。沉积物中石油烃、TOC数据和∑PAHs浓度相关性显著,说明石油烃和TOC对沉积物中PAHs的空间分布起着重要的作用。运用比值法对锦州湾表层沉积物多环芳烃进行了源解析,结果表明:沉积物的PAHs来源是以化石燃料、生物质的燃烧为主。生态风险评价表明:锦州湾近岸表层沉积物除一个站位的芴大于ERL值外,其他各站位表层沉积物中PAH均未超过ERL值,但已检测到苯并荧蒽成分,应引起足够的重视。
(5)锦州湾沉积物检出了三环萜烷、藿烷和甾烷系列,藿烷以17α(H),21β(H)-藿烷最为丰富,甾烷以C_(29)规则甾烷最为丰富,同时检出了原油污染特征的奥利烷和伽马蜡烷。C_(31)αβ-S/(S+R)比值均大于0.6,Tm/Ts均值为1.0,C_(29)-ααα-S/(S+R)平均值为0.5,表明沉积物具有较高的成熟度。
Jinzhou Bay was one of areas suffering from serious pollution in China. In this study, 5 rivers samples, 20 sea water samples and corresponding sediment samples were collected in August 2009. A series of indexes such as COD_(Mn), TN, TP, Oil, DIN, and PO4-P of sea water, TOC, Oil of sediments were measured. Meanwhile, the spatial-temporal variation of each index was discussed. On this basis, qualitative and quantitative research on n-alkanes, PAHs, steranes and terpenes of sediment samples were studied further. Using the characteristic ratio, their sources and instruction meanings were discussed. It is hoped that all the studies can provide a theoretical foundation and scientific basis for Jinzhou Bay.
(1) The results of 5 rivers show that COD_(Mn), TN, TP and Oil are all inferior to Class III water quality standard. The principal pollutants of Cishan River are TN and TP, Wuli and Lianshan River are TN and Oil, Tashan River is COD_(Mn) and Daxing River is Oil. The annual discharge loads of COD, TN, TP and Oil are 2728.9 t/a, 970.2 t/a, 73.83 t/a, 73.48 t/a, respectively.
(2) Water quality assessment results show that the sea water of Jinzhou Bay meets the water function zoning demand. Concentrations of COD_(Mn), DIN, PO4-P, Oil vary from 0.73 to 3.05mg/L, 0.141 to 0.343 mg/L, 0.009 to 0.019 mg/L , 0.055 to 0.150 mg/L, with averages of 1.17, 0.222, 0.014, 0.098 mg/L, respectively. E index method eutrophication evaluation shows that E> 1 sites are three, which are located near the estuary.
(3) Concentrations of n-alkanes vary from 1.9 to 4.2μg·g~(-1) with an average 2.6μg·g~(-1) dry weight. n-Alkanes distribution patterns of all positions were characterized by one model: double peak-cluster, which means double sources from terrestrial and marine origin. The average value of L/H, C_(31)/C_(19), TAR ratio are 0.67, 3.06, 2.02, respectively. All of these three indices suggest that the terrestrial contributions are higher than marine sources, especially No. 2, 3 and 7 stations, which were influenced by riverinput nearby. Carbon Preference Index (CPI) range from 1.19 to 2.63 with an average 1.73, which is close to 1; the ratio of Pristane/Phytane(Pr/Ph) and unresolved/resolved compounds(U/R) range from 0.91 to 1.28, 2.2 to 4.3, respectively. All of these three parameters indicate that No.13 and 15 stations are suffering from petroleum pollution. Comprehensive analysis of various parameters shows that Jinzhou Bay is threatened by both terrestrial inputs and petroleum hydrocarbons contaminations, which may be related to river discharging and port shipping in Jinzhou Bay.
(4) The concentration of 16 PAHs in Jinzhou Bay sediments range from 133.44 to 593.91 ng·g~(-1), with the average of 262.15 ng·g~(-1), which are mainly composed of 4~6 rings. The petroleum hydrocarbons and TOC contents have sgnificantly related with∑PAHs, which means they play important roles with PAHs space distribution. The isomeric ratios suggested that combustion of fossil fuels and biomass were the main sources of PAHs pollution of Jinzhou bay. As for risk assessment results, high potential ecological risks of PAHs were not found in sediments of Jinzhou bay, but the existence of BbF, BkF, IND and BgP which had no minimum safe value indicated that Jinzhou bay had already existed potential adverse life impacts.
(5) A series of hopanes and steranes are detected and the dominant peak is 17α(H),21β(H)-hopane and C_(29)-steranes, respectively. 18α(H)-oleanane and gammacerane, which exists in Oil, are also found in the sediment. Geological hopane and sterane parameters show high maturity information of Jinzhou Bay.
(1)陆源入海河流调查结果显示COD_(Mn)、TN、TP和石油类指标都超过Ⅲ类地表水环境质量标准,其中茨山河的主要污染物为总氮和总磷,五里河和连山河的主要污染物为总氮和油类,塔山河的主要污染物为高锰酸盐指数,大兴河的主要污染物为油类。锦州湾陆源污染物入海负荷分别为COD_(Mn) 2728.9 t/a、TN 970.2 t/a、TP 73.83 t/a和石油类73.48 t/a。
(2)锦州湾海水水质总体上符合海洋功能区划的要求,COD_(Mn)含量为0.73 ~3.05mg/L,站位平均浓度为1.17mg/L;DIN含量为0.141~0.343 mg/L,站位平均浓度为0.222 mg/L,在五里河口和塔山河口附近含量较高,年际变化无明显规律性;PO4-P含量为0.009~0.019 mg/L,站位平均浓度为0.014 mg/L,在靠近五里河口处浓度较高,离河口渐远浓度逐渐递减,近两年有降低的趋势。油类含量为0.055~0.150 mg/L,站位平均浓度为0.098 mg/L,污染程度呈现逐年递增趋势。锦州湾富营养化(E)指数大于1的站位有三个,位于近岸的大兴河、塔山河和五里河口附近。
(3)正构烷烃含量(∑n-alk)范围1.9~4.2μg·g~(-1),平均值2.6μg·g~(-1),各个站位组成特征相似,都表现为双峰型,显示了陆源与海源双重贡献特征。短/长链比值L/H均值为0.67,C_(31)/C_(19)均值3.06,类脂物比值TAR均值为2.02,三个参数显示锦州湾沉积物外来源陆源贡献值要大于海洋源,特别是2、3和7站位受到陆源河流输入影响较大。碳优势指数CPI范围1.19~2.63,均值1.73,接近于1;姥鲛烷和植烷比值Pr/Ph为0.91~1.28;样品中普遍存在不可分离化合物UCM,U/R比值为2.2~4.3,三个参数显示出13和15站位有石油输入特征。多种特征参数比值综合分析表明该海域受到了陆源输入和石油烃污染的威胁,这可能与锦州湾地区河流排污、港口航运有关。
(4)锦州湾表层沉积物中16种PAHs总量为133.44~593.91 ng·g~(-1),平均值为262.15 ng·g~(-1),组成以4~6环PAHs为主。沉积物中石油烃、TOC数据和∑PAHs浓度相关性显著,说明石油烃和TOC对沉积物中PAHs的空间分布起着重要的作用。运用比值法对锦州湾表层沉积物多环芳烃进行了源解析,结果表明:沉积物的PAHs来源是以化石燃料、生物质的燃烧为主。生态风险评价表明:锦州湾近岸表层沉积物除一个站位的芴大于ERL值外,其他各站位表层沉积物中PAH均未超过ERL值,但已检测到苯并荧蒽成分,应引起足够的重视。
(5)锦州湾沉积物检出了三环萜烷、藿烷和甾烷系列,藿烷以17α(H),21β(H)-藿烷最为丰富,甾烷以C_(29)规则甾烷最为丰富,同时检出了原油污染特征的奥利烷和伽马蜡烷。C_(31)αβ-S/(S+R)比值均大于0.6,Tm/Ts均值为1.0,C_(29)-ααα-S/(S+R)平均值为0.5,表明沉积物具有较高的成熟度。
Jinzhou Bay was one of areas suffering from serious pollution in China. In this study, 5 rivers samples, 20 sea water samples and corresponding sediment samples were collected in August 2009. A series of indexes such as COD_(Mn), TN, TP, Oil, DIN, and PO4-P of sea water, TOC, Oil of sediments were measured. Meanwhile, the spatial-temporal variation of each index was discussed. On this basis, qualitative and quantitative research on n-alkanes, PAHs, steranes and terpenes of sediment samples were studied further. Using the characteristic ratio, their sources and instruction meanings were discussed. It is hoped that all the studies can provide a theoretical foundation and scientific basis for Jinzhou Bay.
(1) The results of 5 rivers show that COD_(Mn), TN, TP and Oil are all inferior to Class III water quality standard. The principal pollutants of Cishan River are TN and TP, Wuli and Lianshan River are TN and Oil, Tashan River is COD_(Mn) and Daxing River is Oil. The annual discharge loads of COD, TN, TP and Oil are 2728.9 t/a, 970.2 t/a, 73.83 t/a, 73.48 t/a, respectively.
(2) Water quality assessment results show that the sea water of Jinzhou Bay meets the water function zoning demand. Concentrations of COD_(Mn), DIN, PO4-P, Oil vary from 0.73 to 3.05mg/L, 0.141 to 0.343 mg/L, 0.009 to 0.019 mg/L , 0.055 to 0.150 mg/L, with averages of 1.17, 0.222, 0.014, 0.098 mg/L, respectively. E index method eutrophication evaluation shows that E> 1 sites are three, which are located near the estuary.
(3) Concentrations of n-alkanes vary from 1.9 to 4.2μg·g~(-1) with an average 2.6μg·g~(-1) dry weight. n-Alkanes distribution patterns of all positions were characterized by one model: double peak-cluster, which means double sources from terrestrial and marine origin. The average value of L/H, C_(31)/C_(19), TAR ratio are 0.67, 3.06, 2.02, respectively. All of these three indices suggest that the terrestrial contributions are higher than marine sources, especially No. 2, 3 and 7 stations, which were influenced by riverinput nearby. Carbon Preference Index (CPI) range from 1.19 to 2.63 with an average 1.73, which is close to 1; the ratio of Pristane/Phytane(Pr/Ph) and unresolved/resolved compounds(U/R) range from 0.91 to 1.28, 2.2 to 4.3, respectively. All of these three parameters indicate that No.13 and 15 stations are suffering from petroleum pollution. Comprehensive analysis of various parameters shows that Jinzhou Bay is threatened by both terrestrial inputs and petroleum hydrocarbons contaminations, which may be related to river discharging and port shipping in Jinzhou Bay.
(4) The concentration of 16 PAHs in Jinzhou Bay sediments range from 133.44 to 593.91 ng·g~(-1), with the average of 262.15 ng·g~(-1), which are mainly composed of 4~6 rings. The petroleum hydrocarbons and TOC contents have sgnificantly related with∑PAHs, which means they play important roles with PAHs space distribution. The isomeric ratios suggested that combustion of fossil fuels and biomass were the main sources of PAHs pollution of Jinzhou bay. As for risk assessment results, high potential ecological risks of PAHs were not found in sediments of Jinzhou bay, but the existence of BbF, BkF, IND and BgP which had no minimum safe value indicated that Jinzhou bay had already existed potential adverse life impacts.
(5) A series of hopanes and steranes are detected and the dominant peak is 17α(H),21β(H)-hopane and C_(29)-steranes, respectively. 18α(H)-oleanane and gammacerane, which exists in Oil, are also found in the sediment. Geological hopane and sterane parameters show high maturity information of Jinzhou Bay.
引文
[1]国家海洋局. 2009年中国海洋环境质量公报. 2010, 4
[2] Hostettler F D, Pereira W E., Kvenvolden K A, et al. A record of hydrocarbon input to San Francisco Bay as traced by biomarker profiles in surface sediment and sediment cores. Marine Chemistry, 1999, 64:115-127.
[3]田蕴,郑天凌,王新红.厦门西港表层沉积物中多环芳烃( PAHs)的含量、分布及来源.海洋与湖沼, 2004, 35(1): 15-20
[4]王连生.有机污染物化学.北京:科学出版社, 1990
[5]董煌,邹联沛,张晓岚.苏州河上海市区段底泥有机物的初步研究.环境科学与技术, 2005, 28,增刊: 14-17
[6]覃雪波,孙红文,吴济舟,等.大型底栖动物对河口沉积物的扰动作用.应用生态学报, 2010, 21(2): 458-463
[7]郭伟,何孟常,杨志峰,等.大辽河水系表层沉积物中石油烃和多环芳烃的分布及来源.环境科学学报, 2007, 27(5): 824-830
[8]聂新华,郎印海,贾永刚.胶州湾河口沉积物中耗氧有机物的释放研究.海洋环境科学, 2006, 25(4): 11-14
[9]沈小东,马篙,杨强,等.富春江(富阳段)表层沉积物中生源物质的分布特征.科技通报, 2008, 24(4): 570-576
[10]朱光伟,陈玉旭.沉积物中有机质的环境行为研究进展.湖泊科学, 2001, 13(3): 272-279
[11]王华新.长江口环境变化及表层沉积物中总有机碳、总氮的时空分布: [硕士论文].北京:中国科学院研究生院, 2010
[12]翟洪艳,于泳,孙红文.壬基酚在海河沉积物中的耗氧和厌氧降解.环境化学, 2007, 26(6): 725-729
[13]李杏茹,王英锋,郭雪清,等.北京大气颗粒物中正构烷烃污染特征的GC-MS法研究.分析测试学报, 2008, 27: 103-105
[14]郭志刚,杨作升,林田,等.东海泥质区单体正构烷烃的碳同位素组成及物源分析.第四纪研究,2006, 26(3): 384-390
[15] Gao X, Chen S. Petroleum pollution in surface sediments of Daya Bay, South China, revealed by chemical fingerprinting of aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 2008, 80:95-102.
[16]张经.中国主要河口的生物地球化学研究. .北京:海洋出版社, 1996: 107-132
[17]朱纯,潘建明,卢冰,等.长江口及邻近海域现代沉积物中正构烷烃分子组合特征及其对有机碳运移分布的指示.海洋学报, 2005, 27(4): 59-66
[18]王新红.厦门附近海区多相介质中石油烃的组成特征及其生物地球化学指示: [博士学位论文].厦门:厦门大学, 2001
[19]段毅,罗斌杰,徐雁前,等.南沙海洋沉积物中生物标志化合物的组成及地化意义.海洋与湖沼, 1996, 27(3): 258-263
[20] Alves C, Duarte A. Composition of extractable organic matter of air particles from rural and urban Portuguese areas.Atmosphere Environment, 2001, 35(32): 5485-5496.
[21]张娇,张龙军,宫敏娜.黄河口及近海表层沉积物中烃类化合物的组成和分布.海洋学报, 2010, 32(3): 23-30
[22]张枝焕,陶澍,吴水平,等.天津地区河流沉积物中中等分子量正构烷烃的分布特征.沉积学报, 2007, 25(4): 632-639
[23] Tolosa I, Bayona J M, Albaie J. Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and sulfur/oxygen derivatives in northwestern Mediterranean sediments: spatial and temporal variability, ?uxes, and budgets. Environmental Science and Technology, 1996, 30:2495-2503.
[24] Seki O, Yoshikawa C, Nakatsuka T, et al. Fluxes, source and transport of organic matter in the western Sea of Okhotsk: stable carbon isotopic ratios of n-alkanes and total organic carbon. Deep-Sea Research I, 2006, 53: 253–270.
[25]汪立宜,田春雨,王宪,等.湄州湾肖厝沿岸表层溶解态正构烷烃组成及来源分析.厦门大学学报(自然科学版), 2010, 49(4): 535-540
[26]徐立,张珞平,王新红,等.厦门-金门海区沉积物中非芳香烃的来源和分布特征.厦门大学学报(自然科学版), 1999, 38(5): 738-744
[27]林晓,朱立平,王君波,等.西藏纳木错表层沉积物中正构烷烃的来源与空间分布特征.湖泊科学, 2009, 21(5): 654-662
[28]唐运千,郑士龙,龚敏,等.南海和冲绳海槽沉积物的生物标记化合物.热带海洋, 1993, 12(1): 57-63
[29] Wu Y, Zhang J, Mi T, Li B. Occurrence of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the core sediments of the Yellow Sea. Marine Chemistry, 2001, 76:1-15.
[30] Tolosa I, Mora S, Sheikholeslami M R, et al. Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in coastal Caspian Sea sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2004, 48:44-60.
[31]曹启民,陈桂珠,黄雄飞,等.汕头湿地示范区红树林底栖动物体中石油烃组成特征分析.环境化学, 2009, 28(4): 547-552
[32] Snedaker S C, Glynn P W, Rumbold D G. Distribution of n-alkanes in marine samples from southeast Florida. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 1995, 30(1):83-89.
[33]杨丹,姚龙奎,王方国,等.南海现代沉积物中正构烷烃碳分子组合特征及其指示意义.海洋学研究, 2006, 24(4): 29-39
[34]吕晓霞,翟世奎.长江口沉积物中正构烷烃的分布特征及其环境指示意义.环境科学学报, 2008, 28(6): 1221-1226
[35] Commendatore M G, Esteves J L, Colombo J C. Hydrocarbons in coastal sediments of Patagonia, Argentina: levels and probable sources. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2000, 40: 989-998.
[36] Colombo J C, Pelletier E, Brochu C, Khalil M, Catoggio J A.Determination of hydrocarbon sources using n-alkane and polyaromatic hydrocarbon distribution indexes. Case study: Riodela Plata estuary, Argentina. Environmental Science and Technology, 1989, 23:888-894.
[37] Alexander R, Cumbers M, Kagi R, et al. Petroleum contamination of Cockburn Sound, Western Australia. Toxicology Environmental Chemistry, 1982, 5: 251-275.
[38] Readman J W, Fillmann G, Tolosa I, et al. Petroleum and PAH contamination of the Black Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2002, 44:48-62.
[39] Mazurek M A, Simoneit B R T. Characterization of biologic and petroleum-derived organic matter in aerosols over remote rural and urban areas in identification and analysis of organic pollutants in air. Keith L H. Ann Arbox Science Boston: Butlerworth Publisher, 1984, 353-370.
[40] Simoneit B R T. Characterization of organic constituents in aerosols in relation to their origin and transport: a review. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 1986, 23: 207-237.
[41] Hu L, Guo Z, Feng J, et al. Distributions and sources of bulk organic matter and aliphatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of the Bohai Sea, China. Marine Chemistry, 2009, 113:197-211.
[42] Didyk B M, Simoneit B R T, Brassell S C, et al. Organic geochemical indicators of palaeo environmental conditions of sedimentation. Nature, 1978, 272: 216-222.
[43] Volkman J K, Kearney P, Jeffrey. A new source of 4-methylsterols and 5α-stanols in sediments: prymnesiophyte microalgae of the genuspavlova. Organic Geochemist ry, 1990, 15: 489-497.
[44]张海生,潘建明,陈建芳,等.楚科奇海和白令海沉积物中的生物标志物及其生态环境响应.海洋地质与第四纪地质, 2007, 27(2): 41-49
[45] Broman D, Colmsjo A, Ganning B, et al. Fingerprinting petroleum hydrocarbons in bottom sediment, plankton, and sediment trap collected seston. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 1987, 18: 380-388.
[46] Steinhauer M S, Boehm P D. The composition and distribution of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons in nearshore sediments, river sediments, and coastal peat of Alaskan Beaufort Sea: implications for detecting anthropogenic hydrocarbon inputs. Marine Environmental Research, 1992, 33: 223-253.
[47] Hwang R J, Heidrick T, Mertani B, et al. Correlation and migration studies of North Central Sumatra oils. Organic Geochemistry, 2002,33: 1361-1379.
[48]孙培艳,高振会,崔文林.油指纹鉴别技术发展及应用.北京:海洋出版社, 2007.
[49]张枝焕,陶澍,叶必雄,等.天津地区表层土壤和河流沉积物中甾烷与五环三萜烷的分布特征及污染源分析.生态环境, 2005, 14(2): 157-164
[50]张枝焕,陶澍,叶必雄,等.土壤和沉积物中烃类污染物的主要来源与识别标志.土壤通报, 2004, 35(6): 793-798
[51] Wang Z D, Stout S A, Fingas M. Forensic fingerprinting of biomarkers for oil spill characterization and source identification. Environmental Forensics, 2006b, 7:105-146.
[52] Wang Z D, Fingas M, Blenkinsopp S, et al. Study of the 25-year-old Nipisi oil spill: persistence of oil residues and comparisons between surface and subsurface sediments. Environmental Science and Technology, 1998, 32:2222-2232.
[53] Louati A, Elleuch B, Kallel M, et al. Hydrocarbon contamination of coastal sediments from the Sfax area (Tunisia), Mediterraneen sea.. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2001, 42: 444-451.
[54] Peters K E, Walters C C, Moldovan J M. The biomarker guide, Vol 1: biomarkers and isotopes in the environment and human history. Cambridge university press , 2005, p.471.
[55] Huang Wenyen, Meinschein W G. Sterols as ecological indicators. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 1979, 43:739-744.
[56]李双林,张生银,赵青芳,等.南黄海海底沉积物饱和烃类地球化学特征及其指示意义.海洋地质动态, 2009, 25(12): 1-7
[57] Laurence A, Safia M, Gilbert M. Occurrence and distribution of hydrocarbons in surface sediments from Marseille Bay (France). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2009, 58: 443-451.
[58]戴树桂.环境化学.北京:高等教育出版社, 1995. 318-328
[59] Stegeman J J, Lech J J. Cytochrome p-450 monooxygenase system in aquatic species: Carcinogen metabolism and biomarkers for carcinogen and pollutant exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives, 1991, 90: 101-109.
[60]欧冬妮.长江口滨岸多环芳烃(PAHs)多相分布特征与源解析研究: [博士学位论文].上海:华东师范大学, 2007
[61]胡国成,郭建阳,罗孝俊,等.白洋淀表层沉积物中多环芳烃的含量、分布、来源及生态风险评价.环境科学研究, 2009, 22(3): 321-326
[62]李先国,虢新运,周晓.海洋环境中多环芳烃的测定与来源解析.中国海洋大学学报, 2008, 38(3): 473-478
[63]刘颖.上海市土壤和水体沉积物中多环芳烃的测定方法、分布特征和源解析: [博士学位论文].上海:同济大学环境科学与工程学院, 2008
[64]罗世霞.红枫湖水体和沉积物中有机污染物—多环芳烃的污染现状及源解析研究: [硕士学位论文].贵阳:贵州师范大学, 2005
[65] Budzinski H, Jones I, Bellocq J, et al. Evaluation of sediment contamination by polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons in the Gironde Estuary. Marine Chemistry, 1997,58: (1-2): 85- 97.
[66] Yunker M B, Macdonald R W, Vingarzan R, et al. PAHs in the Fraser River basin: A critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition. Organic Geochemistry, 2002, 33(4):489-515.
[67]朱先磊,刘维立,卢妍妍,等.燃煤烟尘多环芳烃成分谱特征的研究.环境科学研究, 2001, 14(5): 4-8
[68]凌晰,刘文新,陈江麟,等.黄海近岸表层沉积物PAHs的分布特征与潜在风险.环境科学学报, 2008, 28(7): 1394-1399
[69] Baumard P, Budzinski H, Michon Q, et al.Origin and bioavailability of PAHs in the Mediterranean Sea from mussel and sediment records, Estuarine. Coastal and Shelf Science, 1998, 47(1): 77-90.
[70]李全莲,王宁练,武小波,等.祁连山七一冰川雪冰和冰川融水中正构烷烃和多环芳烃.冰川冻土, 2010, 32(4): 706-713
[71]胡雄星,周亚康,韩中豪,等.黄浦江表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布特征及来源.环境化学, 2005, 24(6): 703-706
[72]罗孝俊,陈社军,麦碧娴,等.珠江及南海北部海域表层沉积物中多环芳烃分布及来源.环境科学, 2005, 26(4): 129-134
[73] Li A J, Jae-Kil and Scheff, Peter A. Application of EPA CMB 8.2 Model for source Apportionment of Sediment PAHs in Lake Calumet, Chicago. Environmental Science and Technology, 2003, 37(13):2985-2965.
[74]郭炜锋,戴树桂.水环境多环芳烃源解析研究进展.环境污染治理技术与设备, 2005, 6(10): 8-12
[75]刘宗峰.黄河口及莱州湾表层沉积物中多环芳烃来源解析研究: [硕士学位论文].青岛:中国海洋大学环境科学与工程学院, 2008
[76]薛荔栋,郎印海,刘爱霞,刘洁.黄海近岸表层沉积物中多环芳烃来源解析.生态环境, 2008, 17(4): 1369-1375
[77]朱建平,殷瑞飞. SPSS在统计分析中的应用.北京:清华大学出版社, 2007
[78]沈亚婷,王开颜,张树才,等.北京地区表土中多环芳烃的源解析.农业环境科学学报, 2008, 27(2): 549- 554
[79]张巍,张树才,万超,等.北京城市道路地表径流及相关介质中多环芳烃的源解析.环境科学, 2008, 29(6): 1478-1483
[80]段永红,陶澍,王学军,等.天津表层土壤中多环芳烃的主要来源.环境科学, 2006, 27(3): 524-527
[81]刘春慧,田福林,陈景文,等.正定矩阵因子分解和非负约束因子分析用于大辽河沉积物中多环芳烃源解析的比较研究.科学通报, 2009, 54(24): 3817-3822
[82]程远梅,祝凌燕,田胜艳,等.海河及渤海表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布与来源.环境科学学报, 2009, 29(11): 2420-2426
[83]周俊丽,刘征涛,孟伟,等.长江河口表层沉积物中PAHs的生态风险评价.环境科学研究, 2009, 22(7): 778-783
[84]林秀梅,刘文新,陈江麟,等.渤海表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布与生态风险评价.环境科学学报, 2005, 25(1): 70-75
[85]杨永亮,麦碧娴,潘静,等.胶州湾表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布及来源.海洋环境科学, 2003, 22(4): 38-43
[86]李斌,吴莹,张经.北黄海表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布及其来源.中国环境科学, 2002, 22(5): 429-432
[87]刘现明,徐学仁,张笑天,等.大连湾沉积物中PAHs的初步研究.环境科学学报, 2001, 21(4): 507-509
[88] Zaghden H, Kallel M, Elleuch B, et al. Sources and distribution of aliphatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of Sfax,Tunisia,Mediterranean Sea.Marine Chemistry, 2007,105: 70-89.
[89] Luca G D, Furesi A, Micera G,et al.Nature, distribution and origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sediments of Olbia harbor (Northern Sardinia, Italy). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2005, 50: 1223-1232.
[90] Wang X C, Zhang Y X, Chen R. Distribution and partitioning of polycyclic aromat ic hydrocarbons in different size fractions in sediments from Boston Harbour, United Stated. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2001, 42: 1134-1149.
[91] Long E R, Macdonald D D, Smith S L, et al. Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine estuarine sediments. Environent Management, 1995, 19: 81-97.
[92] Long E R, M acdonald D D. Recommended uses of empirically derived sediment quality guide lines for marine and estuarine ecosystems. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 1998, 4: 1019-1039.
[93]晁敏,伦凤霞,沈新强.长江口南支表层沉积物中多环芳烃分布特征及生态风险.生态学杂志, 2010, 29(1): 79-83
[94] Swartz R. Consensus sediment quality guidelines for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Mixtures. Environmental Toxicity and Chemistry, 1999, 18: 780-787.
[95]刘爱霞,郎印海,薛荔栋,刘杰.日照近岸海域表层沉积物中多环芳烃的生态风险分析.环境化学, 2008, 27(6): 805-809
[96] McCauley D J, DeGraeve G M, Liton T K. Sediment quality guidelines and assessment: Overview and Research Needs. Environmental Science and Policy, 2000, 3: 133-144.
[97]王玉萍,苏克曼,胡慧廉,等.苏州和底质中有机污染物的定性鉴定.中国环境科学, 1992, 12(2): 145-149
[98]薛荔栋.胶州湾及日照近岸海域表层沉积物中多环芳烃源解析研究: [硕士学位论文].青岛:中国海洋大学, 2009
[99]张蓬.渤黄海沉积物中的多环芳烃和多氯联苯及其与生态环境的耦合解析: [博士学位论文].青岛:中国科学院海洋研究所, 2009
[100]宋冠群,林金明.环境样品中多环芳烃的前处理技术.环境科学学报, 2005, 25(10): 1287-1296
[101]詹姆斯E,朗博顿,詹姆斯J,等.城市和工业废水中有机化合物分析. .北京:学术期刊出版社, 1989
[102]徐恒振. HPLC-UVD-FID测定海洋环境样品中PAHs的研究.交通环保, 1999, 6: 5-10
[103]肖晓彤.莱州湾沉积物主要有机物含量分布与来源解析: [硕士学位论文].青岛:中国海洋大学, 2010
[104]刘兴亮.渤海海域海洋倾废区现状调查与评估研究: [硕士学位论文].大连:大连海事大学, 2010
[105]尹宜英.锦州港的发展与展望中国港湾建设. 2003, 6: 38-40
[106]贾树林.锦州湾污染的海洋生物的影响.海洋环境科学, 1983, 2(4): 1-10
[107]邵秘华,吴之庆,姜国范,等.锦州湾水体中锌、铅、镉存在形式及分布规律的研究.环境保护科学, 1993, 19(2): 40-46
[108]闫启仑,马德毅,郭浩.锦州湾沾污沉积物急性毒性的海洋端足类检验.海洋与湖沼, 1999, 30(6): 629-634
[109]张玉凤,王立军,霍传林,关道明.锦州湾表层沉积物重金属污染状况评价.海洋环境科学, 2008, 27(2): 178-181
[110]范文宏,张博,张融,等.锦州湾沉积物中重金属形态特征及其潜在生态风险.海洋环境科学, 2008, 27(1): 54-58
[111]宛立,田继辉,马志强,等.辽东湾北部海域表层水体夏季油类的污染状况.水产科学, 2007, 26(9): 515-517
[112]冷传慧,王年斌,谭克非,等.中国治污产业化机制构建设想--以渤海周边陆岸区域生态状况为案例.环境科学与管理, 2007, 32(12): 1-6
[113]李洪,付宇众,周传光,等.大连湾和锦州湾表层沉积物中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分布特征.海洋环境科学, 1998, 17(2): 73-76
[114]国务院第一次全国污染源普查领导小组办公室.第一次全国污染源普查城镇生活源产排污系数手册. 2008.
[115] Aboul K, Simoneit B R T. Lipid geochemistry of surficial sediments from the coastal environment of Egypt: Aliphatic hydrocarbons-characterization and sources. Marine Chemistry, 1996, 54:135-158.
[116] Blumer M, Guillard R R L, Chase T. Hydrocarbons of marine plankton. Marine Biology, 1971, 8:183-189.
[117] Lv X, Zhai S. Distributions and sources of organic biomarkers in surface sediments from the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary, China. Continental Shelf Research, 2006, 26:1-14.
[118] Wang Z D. Oil spill identification. Journal of Chromatography A, 1999, 843:369-411.
[119] Duan Y. Organic geochemistry of recent marine sediments from the Nansha Sea, China. Organic Geochemistry, 2000, 31:159-167.
[120] Commendatore M G, Esteves J L. Natural and anthropogenic hydrocarbons in sediments from the Chubut River (Patagonia, Argentina) . Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2004, 48:910-918.
[121] Silver V N,Hameedi M J,Efurd D W,et al. Status of the Contamination in Sediments and Biota from the Western Beaufort Sea(Alaska). Marine pollution bulletin, 1999, 38(8):702-716.
[122] Luca G D, Furesi A, Leardi R, et al.Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Assessment in the Sediments of the Porto Torres Harbor(Northern Sardinia,Italy). Marine Chemistry, 2004, 86:15-32.
[123] McCready S, Slee D J, Birch G F, et al.The Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surficial Sediments of Sydney Harbour,Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2000, 40(11):999-1006.
[124] Ashley J T F, Baker J E. Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants in Surficial Sediments of Baltimore Harbor: Inventories and Sources. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 1999, 18: 839-849.
[125] Li Q Z, Zhang X, Yan C Z.Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Contamination of Recent Sediments and Marine Organisms from Xiamen Bay, China. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2010, 58:711-721.
[126] Zhou J L, Maskaoui K. Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water and Surface Sediments from Daya Bay, China. Environmental Pollution, 2003,121:269-281.
[127]中国石油天然气总公司. SY/T 5119-1995.中华人民共和国石油天然气行业标准-岩石可溶有机物和原油族组分柱层析分析方法. 1995-12-25
[128]中华人民共和国国家质量监督局. GB/T 21247-2007.中华人民共和国国家标准-海面溢油鉴别系统规范.北京:中国标准出版社, 2008-02.
[129]中华人民共和国国家质量监督局. GB/T 18606-2001.中华人民共和国国家标准-气相色谱-质谱法测定沉积物和原油中生物标志物.北京:中国标准出版社, 2001-12-30
[130]管红香,陈多福,冯东,等.墨西哥湾陆坡区冷泉碳酸盐岩的烷烃分布特征.热带海洋学报, 2009, 28(3): 67-73
[131]田金,宋伦,王年斌,等.辽东湾北部海域营养状况与趋势评价.海洋通报, 2007, 26(6): 113-118
[132]王伟伟,殷学博,吴英超,等.海岸带开发活动对锦州湾环境影响分析.海洋科学, 2010, 34(9): 94-96
[133]赵军,穆云侠.锦州湾近岸海域富营养化趋势的探讨.辽宁城乡环境科技, 2000, 20(3): 3-5
[2] Hostettler F D, Pereira W E., Kvenvolden K A, et al. A record of hydrocarbon input to San Francisco Bay as traced by biomarker profiles in surface sediment and sediment cores. Marine Chemistry, 1999, 64:115-127.
[3]田蕴,郑天凌,王新红.厦门西港表层沉积物中多环芳烃( PAHs)的含量、分布及来源.海洋与湖沼, 2004, 35(1): 15-20
[4]王连生.有机污染物化学.北京:科学出版社, 1990
[5]董煌,邹联沛,张晓岚.苏州河上海市区段底泥有机物的初步研究.环境科学与技术, 2005, 28,增刊: 14-17
[6]覃雪波,孙红文,吴济舟,等.大型底栖动物对河口沉积物的扰动作用.应用生态学报, 2010, 21(2): 458-463
[7]郭伟,何孟常,杨志峰,等.大辽河水系表层沉积物中石油烃和多环芳烃的分布及来源.环境科学学报, 2007, 27(5): 824-830
[8]聂新华,郎印海,贾永刚.胶州湾河口沉积物中耗氧有机物的释放研究.海洋环境科学, 2006, 25(4): 11-14
[9]沈小东,马篙,杨强,等.富春江(富阳段)表层沉积物中生源物质的分布特征.科技通报, 2008, 24(4): 570-576
[10]朱光伟,陈玉旭.沉积物中有机质的环境行为研究进展.湖泊科学, 2001, 13(3): 272-279
[11]王华新.长江口环境变化及表层沉积物中总有机碳、总氮的时空分布: [硕士论文].北京:中国科学院研究生院, 2010
[12]翟洪艳,于泳,孙红文.壬基酚在海河沉积物中的耗氧和厌氧降解.环境化学, 2007, 26(6): 725-729
[13]李杏茹,王英锋,郭雪清,等.北京大气颗粒物中正构烷烃污染特征的GC-MS法研究.分析测试学报, 2008, 27: 103-105
[14]郭志刚,杨作升,林田,等.东海泥质区单体正构烷烃的碳同位素组成及物源分析.第四纪研究,2006, 26(3): 384-390
[15] Gao X, Chen S. Petroleum pollution in surface sediments of Daya Bay, South China, revealed by chemical fingerprinting of aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 2008, 80:95-102.
[16]张经.中国主要河口的生物地球化学研究. .北京:海洋出版社, 1996: 107-132
[17]朱纯,潘建明,卢冰,等.长江口及邻近海域现代沉积物中正构烷烃分子组合特征及其对有机碳运移分布的指示.海洋学报, 2005, 27(4): 59-66
[18]王新红.厦门附近海区多相介质中石油烃的组成特征及其生物地球化学指示: [博士学位论文].厦门:厦门大学, 2001
[19]段毅,罗斌杰,徐雁前,等.南沙海洋沉积物中生物标志化合物的组成及地化意义.海洋与湖沼, 1996, 27(3): 258-263
[20] Alves C, Duarte A. Composition of extractable organic matter of air particles from rural and urban Portuguese areas.Atmosphere Environment, 2001, 35(32): 5485-5496.
[21]张娇,张龙军,宫敏娜.黄河口及近海表层沉积物中烃类化合物的组成和分布.海洋学报, 2010, 32(3): 23-30
[22]张枝焕,陶澍,吴水平,等.天津地区河流沉积物中中等分子量正构烷烃的分布特征.沉积学报, 2007, 25(4): 632-639
[23] Tolosa I, Bayona J M, Albaie J. Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and sulfur/oxygen derivatives in northwestern Mediterranean sediments: spatial and temporal variability, ?uxes, and budgets. Environmental Science and Technology, 1996, 30:2495-2503.
[24] Seki O, Yoshikawa C, Nakatsuka T, et al. Fluxes, source and transport of organic matter in the western Sea of Okhotsk: stable carbon isotopic ratios of n-alkanes and total organic carbon. Deep-Sea Research I, 2006, 53: 253–270.
[25]汪立宜,田春雨,王宪,等.湄州湾肖厝沿岸表层溶解态正构烷烃组成及来源分析.厦门大学学报(自然科学版), 2010, 49(4): 535-540
[26]徐立,张珞平,王新红,等.厦门-金门海区沉积物中非芳香烃的来源和分布特征.厦门大学学报(自然科学版), 1999, 38(5): 738-744
[27]林晓,朱立平,王君波,等.西藏纳木错表层沉积物中正构烷烃的来源与空间分布特征.湖泊科学, 2009, 21(5): 654-662
[28]唐运千,郑士龙,龚敏,等.南海和冲绳海槽沉积物的生物标记化合物.热带海洋, 1993, 12(1): 57-63
[29] Wu Y, Zhang J, Mi T, Li B. Occurrence of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the core sediments of the Yellow Sea. Marine Chemistry, 2001, 76:1-15.
[30] Tolosa I, Mora S, Sheikholeslami M R, et al. Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in coastal Caspian Sea sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2004, 48:44-60.
[31]曹启民,陈桂珠,黄雄飞,等.汕头湿地示范区红树林底栖动物体中石油烃组成特征分析.环境化学, 2009, 28(4): 547-552
[32] Snedaker S C, Glynn P W, Rumbold D G. Distribution of n-alkanes in marine samples from southeast Florida. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 1995, 30(1):83-89.
[33]杨丹,姚龙奎,王方国,等.南海现代沉积物中正构烷烃碳分子组合特征及其指示意义.海洋学研究, 2006, 24(4): 29-39
[34]吕晓霞,翟世奎.长江口沉积物中正构烷烃的分布特征及其环境指示意义.环境科学学报, 2008, 28(6): 1221-1226
[35] Commendatore M G, Esteves J L, Colombo J C. Hydrocarbons in coastal sediments of Patagonia, Argentina: levels and probable sources. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2000, 40: 989-998.
[36] Colombo J C, Pelletier E, Brochu C, Khalil M, Catoggio J A.Determination of hydrocarbon sources using n-alkane and polyaromatic hydrocarbon distribution indexes. Case study: Riodela Plata estuary, Argentina. Environmental Science and Technology, 1989, 23:888-894.
[37] Alexander R, Cumbers M, Kagi R, et al. Petroleum contamination of Cockburn Sound, Western Australia. Toxicology Environmental Chemistry, 1982, 5: 251-275.
[38] Readman J W, Fillmann G, Tolosa I, et al. Petroleum and PAH contamination of the Black Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2002, 44:48-62.
[39] Mazurek M A, Simoneit B R T. Characterization of biologic and petroleum-derived organic matter in aerosols over remote rural and urban areas in identification and analysis of organic pollutants in air. Keith L H. Ann Arbox Science Boston: Butlerworth Publisher, 1984, 353-370.
[40] Simoneit B R T. Characterization of organic constituents in aerosols in relation to their origin and transport: a review. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 1986, 23: 207-237.
[41] Hu L, Guo Z, Feng J, et al. Distributions and sources of bulk organic matter and aliphatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of the Bohai Sea, China. Marine Chemistry, 2009, 113:197-211.
[42] Didyk B M, Simoneit B R T, Brassell S C, et al. Organic geochemical indicators of palaeo environmental conditions of sedimentation. Nature, 1978, 272: 216-222.
[43] Volkman J K, Kearney P, Jeffrey. A new source of 4-methylsterols and 5α-stanols in sediments: prymnesiophyte microalgae of the genuspavlova. Organic Geochemist ry, 1990, 15: 489-497.
[44]张海生,潘建明,陈建芳,等.楚科奇海和白令海沉积物中的生物标志物及其生态环境响应.海洋地质与第四纪地质, 2007, 27(2): 41-49
[45] Broman D, Colmsjo A, Ganning B, et al. Fingerprinting petroleum hydrocarbons in bottom sediment, plankton, and sediment trap collected seston. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 1987, 18: 380-388.
[46] Steinhauer M S, Boehm P D. The composition and distribution of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons in nearshore sediments, river sediments, and coastal peat of Alaskan Beaufort Sea: implications for detecting anthropogenic hydrocarbon inputs. Marine Environmental Research, 1992, 33: 223-253.
[47] Hwang R J, Heidrick T, Mertani B, et al. Correlation and migration studies of North Central Sumatra oils. Organic Geochemistry, 2002,33: 1361-1379.
[48]孙培艳,高振会,崔文林.油指纹鉴别技术发展及应用.北京:海洋出版社, 2007.
[49]张枝焕,陶澍,叶必雄,等.天津地区表层土壤和河流沉积物中甾烷与五环三萜烷的分布特征及污染源分析.生态环境, 2005, 14(2): 157-164
[50]张枝焕,陶澍,叶必雄,等.土壤和沉积物中烃类污染物的主要来源与识别标志.土壤通报, 2004, 35(6): 793-798
[51] Wang Z D, Stout S A, Fingas M. Forensic fingerprinting of biomarkers for oil spill characterization and source identification. Environmental Forensics, 2006b, 7:105-146.
[52] Wang Z D, Fingas M, Blenkinsopp S, et al. Study of the 25-year-old Nipisi oil spill: persistence of oil residues and comparisons between surface and subsurface sediments. Environmental Science and Technology, 1998, 32:2222-2232.
[53] Louati A, Elleuch B, Kallel M, et al. Hydrocarbon contamination of coastal sediments from the Sfax area (Tunisia), Mediterraneen sea.. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2001, 42: 444-451.
[54] Peters K E, Walters C C, Moldovan J M. The biomarker guide, Vol 1: biomarkers and isotopes in the environment and human history. Cambridge university press , 2005, p.471.
[55] Huang Wenyen, Meinschein W G. Sterols as ecological indicators. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 1979, 43:739-744.
[56]李双林,张生银,赵青芳,等.南黄海海底沉积物饱和烃类地球化学特征及其指示意义.海洋地质动态, 2009, 25(12): 1-7
[57] Laurence A, Safia M, Gilbert M. Occurrence and distribution of hydrocarbons in surface sediments from Marseille Bay (France). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2009, 58: 443-451.
[58]戴树桂.环境化学.北京:高等教育出版社, 1995. 318-328
[59] Stegeman J J, Lech J J. Cytochrome p-450 monooxygenase system in aquatic species: Carcinogen metabolism and biomarkers for carcinogen and pollutant exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives, 1991, 90: 101-109.
[60]欧冬妮.长江口滨岸多环芳烃(PAHs)多相分布特征与源解析研究: [博士学位论文].上海:华东师范大学, 2007
[61]胡国成,郭建阳,罗孝俊,等.白洋淀表层沉积物中多环芳烃的含量、分布、来源及生态风险评价.环境科学研究, 2009, 22(3): 321-326
[62]李先国,虢新运,周晓.海洋环境中多环芳烃的测定与来源解析.中国海洋大学学报, 2008, 38(3): 473-478
[63]刘颖.上海市土壤和水体沉积物中多环芳烃的测定方法、分布特征和源解析: [博士学位论文].上海:同济大学环境科学与工程学院, 2008
[64]罗世霞.红枫湖水体和沉积物中有机污染物—多环芳烃的污染现状及源解析研究: [硕士学位论文].贵阳:贵州师范大学, 2005
[65] Budzinski H, Jones I, Bellocq J, et al. Evaluation of sediment contamination by polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons in the Gironde Estuary. Marine Chemistry, 1997,58: (1-2): 85- 97.
[66] Yunker M B, Macdonald R W, Vingarzan R, et al. PAHs in the Fraser River basin: A critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition. Organic Geochemistry, 2002, 33(4):489-515.
[67]朱先磊,刘维立,卢妍妍,等.燃煤烟尘多环芳烃成分谱特征的研究.环境科学研究, 2001, 14(5): 4-8
[68]凌晰,刘文新,陈江麟,等.黄海近岸表层沉积物PAHs的分布特征与潜在风险.环境科学学报, 2008, 28(7): 1394-1399
[69] Baumard P, Budzinski H, Michon Q, et al.Origin and bioavailability of PAHs in the Mediterranean Sea from mussel and sediment records, Estuarine. Coastal and Shelf Science, 1998, 47(1): 77-90.
[70]李全莲,王宁练,武小波,等.祁连山七一冰川雪冰和冰川融水中正构烷烃和多环芳烃.冰川冻土, 2010, 32(4): 706-713
[71]胡雄星,周亚康,韩中豪,等.黄浦江表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布特征及来源.环境化学, 2005, 24(6): 703-706
[72]罗孝俊,陈社军,麦碧娴,等.珠江及南海北部海域表层沉积物中多环芳烃分布及来源.环境科学, 2005, 26(4): 129-134
[73] Li A J, Jae-Kil and Scheff, Peter A. Application of EPA CMB 8.2 Model for source Apportionment of Sediment PAHs in Lake Calumet, Chicago. Environmental Science and Technology, 2003, 37(13):2985-2965.
[74]郭炜锋,戴树桂.水环境多环芳烃源解析研究进展.环境污染治理技术与设备, 2005, 6(10): 8-12
[75]刘宗峰.黄河口及莱州湾表层沉积物中多环芳烃来源解析研究: [硕士学位论文].青岛:中国海洋大学环境科学与工程学院, 2008
[76]薛荔栋,郎印海,刘爱霞,刘洁.黄海近岸表层沉积物中多环芳烃来源解析.生态环境, 2008, 17(4): 1369-1375
[77]朱建平,殷瑞飞. SPSS在统计分析中的应用.北京:清华大学出版社, 2007
[78]沈亚婷,王开颜,张树才,等.北京地区表土中多环芳烃的源解析.农业环境科学学报, 2008, 27(2): 549- 554
[79]张巍,张树才,万超,等.北京城市道路地表径流及相关介质中多环芳烃的源解析.环境科学, 2008, 29(6): 1478-1483
[80]段永红,陶澍,王学军,等.天津表层土壤中多环芳烃的主要来源.环境科学, 2006, 27(3): 524-527
[81]刘春慧,田福林,陈景文,等.正定矩阵因子分解和非负约束因子分析用于大辽河沉积物中多环芳烃源解析的比较研究.科学通报, 2009, 54(24): 3817-3822
[82]程远梅,祝凌燕,田胜艳,等.海河及渤海表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布与来源.环境科学学报, 2009, 29(11): 2420-2426
[83]周俊丽,刘征涛,孟伟,等.长江河口表层沉积物中PAHs的生态风险评价.环境科学研究, 2009, 22(7): 778-783
[84]林秀梅,刘文新,陈江麟,等.渤海表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布与生态风险评价.环境科学学报, 2005, 25(1): 70-75
[85]杨永亮,麦碧娴,潘静,等.胶州湾表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布及来源.海洋环境科学, 2003, 22(4): 38-43
[86]李斌,吴莹,张经.北黄海表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布及其来源.中国环境科学, 2002, 22(5): 429-432
[87]刘现明,徐学仁,张笑天,等.大连湾沉积物中PAHs的初步研究.环境科学学报, 2001, 21(4): 507-509
[88] Zaghden H, Kallel M, Elleuch B, et al. Sources and distribution of aliphatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of Sfax,Tunisia,Mediterranean Sea.Marine Chemistry, 2007,105: 70-89.
[89] Luca G D, Furesi A, Micera G,et al.Nature, distribution and origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sediments of Olbia harbor (Northern Sardinia, Italy). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2005, 50: 1223-1232.
[90] Wang X C, Zhang Y X, Chen R. Distribution and partitioning of polycyclic aromat ic hydrocarbons in different size fractions in sediments from Boston Harbour, United Stated. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2001, 42: 1134-1149.
[91] Long E R, Macdonald D D, Smith S L, et al. Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine estuarine sediments. Environent Management, 1995, 19: 81-97.
[92] Long E R, M acdonald D D. Recommended uses of empirically derived sediment quality guide lines for marine and estuarine ecosystems. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 1998, 4: 1019-1039.
[93]晁敏,伦凤霞,沈新强.长江口南支表层沉积物中多环芳烃分布特征及生态风险.生态学杂志, 2010, 29(1): 79-83
[94] Swartz R. Consensus sediment quality guidelines for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Mixtures. Environmental Toxicity and Chemistry, 1999, 18: 780-787.
[95]刘爱霞,郎印海,薛荔栋,刘杰.日照近岸海域表层沉积物中多环芳烃的生态风险分析.环境化学, 2008, 27(6): 805-809
[96] McCauley D J, DeGraeve G M, Liton T K. Sediment quality guidelines and assessment: Overview and Research Needs. Environmental Science and Policy, 2000, 3: 133-144.
[97]王玉萍,苏克曼,胡慧廉,等.苏州和底质中有机污染物的定性鉴定.中国环境科学, 1992, 12(2): 145-149
[98]薛荔栋.胶州湾及日照近岸海域表层沉积物中多环芳烃源解析研究: [硕士学位论文].青岛:中国海洋大学, 2009
[99]张蓬.渤黄海沉积物中的多环芳烃和多氯联苯及其与生态环境的耦合解析: [博士学位论文].青岛:中国科学院海洋研究所, 2009
[100]宋冠群,林金明.环境样品中多环芳烃的前处理技术.环境科学学报, 2005, 25(10): 1287-1296
[101]詹姆斯E,朗博顿,詹姆斯J,等.城市和工业废水中有机化合物分析. .北京:学术期刊出版社, 1989
[102]徐恒振. HPLC-UVD-FID测定海洋环境样品中PAHs的研究.交通环保, 1999, 6: 5-10
[103]肖晓彤.莱州湾沉积物主要有机物含量分布与来源解析: [硕士学位论文].青岛:中国海洋大学, 2010
[104]刘兴亮.渤海海域海洋倾废区现状调查与评估研究: [硕士学位论文].大连:大连海事大学, 2010
[105]尹宜英.锦州港的发展与展望中国港湾建设. 2003, 6: 38-40
[106]贾树林.锦州湾污染的海洋生物的影响.海洋环境科学, 1983, 2(4): 1-10
[107]邵秘华,吴之庆,姜国范,等.锦州湾水体中锌、铅、镉存在形式及分布规律的研究.环境保护科学, 1993, 19(2): 40-46
[108]闫启仑,马德毅,郭浩.锦州湾沾污沉积物急性毒性的海洋端足类检验.海洋与湖沼, 1999, 30(6): 629-634
[109]张玉凤,王立军,霍传林,关道明.锦州湾表层沉积物重金属污染状况评价.海洋环境科学, 2008, 27(2): 178-181
[110]范文宏,张博,张融,等.锦州湾沉积物中重金属形态特征及其潜在生态风险.海洋环境科学, 2008, 27(1): 54-58
[111]宛立,田继辉,马志强,等.辽东湾北部海域表层水体夏季油类的污染状况.水产科学, 2007, 26(9): 515-517
[112]冷传慧,王年斌,谭克非,等.中国治污产业化机制构建设想--以渤海周边陆岸区域生态状况为案例.环境科学与管理, 2007, 32(12): 1-6
[113]李洪,付宇众,周传光,等.大连湾和锦州湾表层沉积物中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分布特征.海洋环境科学, 1998, 17(2): 73-76
[114]国务院第一次全国污染源普查领导小组办公室.第一次全国污染源普查城镇生活源产排污系数手册. 2008.
[115] Aboul K, Simoneit B R T. Lipid geochemistry of surficial sediments from the coastal environment of Egypt: Aliphatic hydrocarbons-characterization and sources. Marine Chemistry, 1996, 54:135-158.
[116] Blumer M, Guillard R R L, Chase T. Hydrocarbons of marine plankton. Marine Biology, 1971, 8:183-189.
[117] Lv X, Zhai S. Distributions and sources of organic biomarkers in surface sediments from the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary, China. Continental Shelf Research, 2006, 26:1-14.
[118] Wang Z D. Oil spill identification. Journal of Chromatography A, 1999, 843:369-411.
[119] Duan Y. Organic geochemistry of recent marine sediments from the Nansha Sea, China. Organic Geochemistry, 2000, 31:159-167.
[120] Commendatore M G, Esteves J L. Natural and anthropogenic hydrocarbons in sediments from the Chubut River (Patagonia, Argentina) . Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2004, 48:910-918.
[121] Silver V N,Hameedi M J,Efurd D W,et al. Status of the Contamination in Sediments and Biota from the Western Beaufort Sea(Alaska). Marine pollution bulletin, 1999, 38(8):702-716.
[122] Luca G D, Furesi A, Leardi R, et al.Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Assessment in the Sediments of the Porto Torres Harbor(Northern Sardinia,Italy). Marine Chemistry, 2004, 86:15-32.
[123] McCready S, Slee D J, Birch G F, et al.The Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surficial Sediments of Sydney Harbour,Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2000, 40(11):999-1006.
[124] Ashley J T F, Baker J E. Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants in Surficial Sediments of Baltimore Harbor: Inventories and Sources. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 1999, 18: 839-849.
[125] Li Q Z, Zhang X, Yan C Z.Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Contamination of Recent Sediments and Marine Organisms from Xiamen Bay, China. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2010, 58:711-721.
[126] Zhou J L, Maskaoui K. Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water and Surface Sediments from Daya Bay, China. Environmental Pollution, 2003,121:269-281.
[127]中国石油天然气总公司. SY/T 5119-1995.中华人民共和国石油天然气行业标准-岩石可溶有机物和原油族组分柱层析分析方法. 1995-12-25
[128]中华人民共和国国家质量监督局. GB/T 21247-2007.中华人民共和国国家标准-海面溢油鉴别系统规范.北京:中国标准出版社, 2008-02.
[129]中华人民共和国国家质量监督局. GB/T 18606-2001.中华人民共和国国家标准-气相色谱-质谱法测定沉积物和原油中生物标志物.北京:中国标准出版社, 2001-12-30
[130]管红香,陈多福,冯东,等.墨西哥湾陆坡区冷泉碳酸盐岩的烷烃分布特征.热带海洋学报, 2009, 28(3): 67-73
[131]田金,宋伦,王年斌,等.辽东湾北部海域营养状况与趋势评价.海洋通报, 2007, 26(6): 113-118
[132]王伟伟,殷学博,吴英超,等.海岸带开发活动对锦州湾环境影响分析.海洋科学, 2010, 34(9): 94-96
[133]赵军,穆云侠.锦州湾近岸海域富营养化趋势的探讨.辽宁城乡环境科技, 2000, 20(3): 3-5