汶川地震强震动记录分析及应用
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摘要
地震工程的研究手段主要包括:震害调查、强震观测、模型试验和数值分析,由于大地震本身较少,同时造成严重震害并且获得强震动记录的大地震就更少,一般的研究就更多的集中在利用模型试验和数值分析方面,而基于震害调查和强震观测的研究较少,在国内这一点更为突出,我国虽然是一个遭受地震灾害非常严重并且对地震进行记录和研究最早的国家,但是在汶川地震之前近断层强震动记录一直非常匮乏。2008年5月12日发生在四川省的汶川8.0级大地震震动强度大、影响范围广,对我国造成了巨大的经济损失和人员伤亡,再一次表明了抗震减灾工作的必要性和重要性。这一次地震中收集到了大量的近断层强震动记录,并且在震后进行了大量的震害调查工作,这两项资料极大的丰富了我国大地震和震害的研究素材,为对汶川地震展开科学研究工作奠定了基础。本文利用近断层强震动记录和建筑物的现场调查资料,以强震记录为主线首先对近断层强震动记录进行了校正处理、分析了速度和位移特征,然后利用强震动记录估算了地面倾斜情况,接着利用近断层强震动记录反演了本次地震的震源破裂分布情况,最后分析了震害分布的特征及其和强震动参数之间的相关性,得到了以下一些认识和成果:
1.系统回顾了自强震动仪发明和应用以来,在模拟记录和数字记录两阶段对近断层加速度记录进行校正的发展历程和方法,分析了六类噪音源的影响,把校正方法分成两类5种,分析了每种方法的要点,并明确提出了评估校正结合合理性的6条准则。指出了汶川地震中记录漂移的复杂性,把漂移类型分成了6大类,其中起始漂移和复杂漂移为首次提出。分析了零线调整数据选取不同造成的校正误差,明确指出应使用地震波到达之前部分要优于整个事前部分。根据漂移特征,改进了单段式和双段式校正方法,并提出了分部校正方法。研究了校正前后加速度的差异,指出对峰值影响很小,而傅里叶谱和反应谱在长周期部分(约15s以上)可能会有极大差异。根据校正结果研究了速度脉冲的单双侧性和周期特征,给出了脉冲幅值在14cm/s以上的存在区域,分析了上下盘、方向性效应对速度脉冲的影响。并通过PGV/PGA的比值来分析了对脉冲的判断,指出存在脉冲时该比值要明显大于没有脉冲时的情况。利用小波分析方法给出了控制速度和位移的加速度成分,显示了三者不同的频段特性。结合GPS结果指出了位移场的特征,并统计了永久位移同断层距之间的关系。比较了PGA、PGV、PGD以及RGD之间的关系,对定性判断各个值的大小提供了基本参考。最后分析了单、双侧滤波的影响,结果表明滤波后的PGV、PGD和RGD同真实结果会有很大的差异。
2.根据传感器摆的运动方程,分析了地面倾斜对三分量加速度记录影响的差异,表明地面倾斜对水平向记录可能产生明显的影响,影响的频段主要集中在低频部分。介绍了基于傅里叶谱比和小波变换来从加速度记录中估算地面倾斜值的方法,并使用谱比法计算了主震中近断层36个台站和6个余震中12个台站处的地面倾斜值,结果表明主震中的地面倾斜基本在1.0°以下,部分台站处存在地面残余倾斜值。倾斜结果表明发生0.1°倾斜的地方基本在断层距30km以内,在断层距100km以外或者均方根加速度值小于200cm/s2时则很少发生0.01°以上的地面倾斜情况。根据主震倾斜结果分析了离中央地表破裂迹线和前山地表破裂迹线最近的两个台站倾斜、断层法线和平行向倾斜、上下盘地面倾斜以及逆冲段和走滑段倾斜、谱比与倾斜等情况的特征和差异。余震倾斜结果表明很少出现大于0.001°以上的地面倾斜值,在5.3级以下地震引发0.001°以上倾斜的可能性非常低。进一步分析了水平向记录地面倾斜和积分漂移之间的关系,结果表明倾斜对应的低频段积分结果基本上与整个记录的积分重合,但是相对于漂移的普遍性,估算出存在明显倾斜的台站要少很多,并根据校正前后傅里叶谱比的差异探讨了特征频率的合理取值。
3.总结回顾了基于观测记录反演震源过程的研究进展,分析了使用远场测震记录和近场强震记录进行反演之间的差异。系统的阐述了使用近断层强震记录进行反演中涉及的震源理论、模型离散和方程形成、相关约束、反演理论以及多时间窗反演等相关内容,提出了使用条件数来确定约束因子的方法并使用数值算例进行了验证。结合汶川地震的地质构造背景、地表破裂调查数据和既有的反演结果,建立了单一平面破裂模型,对比选择了适当的发震时刻作为起始时刻,指出了强震记录地震波初到时的选取方法并校正了选取的120km以内的44个台站记录的到时。根据反演能力把子断层划分为5km*5km,共计512个子源,结合分辨能力的要求和记录中噪音的特征,确定了用于反演的速度时程的频段为0.05～1hz。利用程序包COMPSYN计算理论地震图,并对其进行了适当的修改以便于进行反演方程的形成,利用非负最小二乘方法计算了1～4个时间窗下不同约束权重和数据组时断层面上滑动量的分布,结果同地表破裂调查结果和既有的反演结果之间的主要特征符合得较好。
4.回顾了我国震害评估的历史和发展,介绍了震害指数的提出和使用方法,并总结对比了其在行业标准和国家标准中的发展过程。介绍了汶川地震中使用震害指数对170个调查场点五类建筑物的调查结果,结合实际震害分析了断层、地形和土层对建筑震害的影响情况。统计给出了5类建筑的震害指数和烈度区的关系,结果显示了2008版中国地震烈度表中对建筑分类的合理性,分析了在Ⅵ度和Ⅺ度区内平均震害指数异常的原因。分析了震害指数离断层距增加而衰减的特点,指出使用双对数线性关系可以较好的表示这种衰减关系,给出了相关的拟合参数。利用震害指数对比和衰减特征分析了
5类建筑的抗震能力的差异,并指出建筑震害之间具有高度线性相关性。提出了归一化方法来对分析PGA和震害指数之间的关系,指出归一化后的水平向记录的PGA衰减曲线和砖混建筑的比较接近,而竖向偏低。选用与强震台站相距在0.1°以内的调查点分析了震害指数与PGA、PGV,以及反应谱峰值之间的线性相关性,结果表明砖混和砖木建筑同PGA、PGV的线性相关系数在0.7～0.8之间,而老旧建筑与其相关系数基本在0.3以下,并且总体上与PGA和PGV的相关性没有明显区别。建筑震害指数与反应谱峰值的线性相关性与此前两类比较接近,总体上来说使用时程峰值或者反应谱峰值来预测砖混和砖木建筑的震害情况会更为可靠。
Field investigation, strong motion observation, model testing and numerical simulation are major research methodologies in earthquake engineering. For great earthquake in concerning area is infrequent, the later two methods are dominated in most time, especially in China, which suffered from many great earthquake, but lacking strong motion recordings before Wenchuan earthquake. The Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 caused strong ground shake in large area and resulted in tremendous economic loss and more than 80 thousand people injured or killed. Thousands of strong ground motions were recorded in near-fault area during the main shock and dense field investigations were conducted in damaged area. Based on the recordings, the baseline correction, characteristics of velocity and displacement and ground surface tilt in near-fault area and source process were studied. The distribution and comparison of buildings damage data were analyzed and the relationship between buildings damage and strong motion parameters were also studied in this dissertation.
1. The history of baseline correction for near-fault strong motion recordings in analog and digital recording phases was detailed systematically revised. The influence of six noise resources was analyzed. Correction methods were divided into two categories and five models and the essentials of each method were analyzed. A test criterion for corrected results was proposed. Based on the complexity, the drifting phenomenon in Wenchuan earthquake was divided in six types, including two unreported types. A better data selection for zero-line adjustment was put forward. Common single segment and two segments correction methods were modified and a new two-phase method was proposed to correct the recordings. The changes caused by correction in peak acceleration, Fourier spectrum and response spectrum were analyzed. Based the corrected results, the period of velocity pulse and its single or double sides characteristics were studied. The distribution area of pulse amplitude more than 14cm/s was displayed. The influence of hanging/foot wall and directivity effects to analyzed. The PGV/PGA was recommended to identify velocity pulse. Wavelet transform was employed to study the different dominant frequency in acceleration for velocity and displacement. Combined with GPS results, the displacement field and the attenuation of permanent displacement were analyzed. The PGA, PGV, PGD and RGD (residual ground displacement) were compared to give preliminary judgment. The great effect of filtering on PGV, PGD and RGD was demonstrated
2. According to the dynamic equation of sensor pendulum, discrepancy of influence on three components of acceleration imposed by ground surface tilt was analyzed. Results demonstrate that the ground surface tilt may have obvious influence on horizontal components, especially on the low-frequency band. The estimate method of ground surface tilt by acceleration based on Fourier spectrum ratio and wavelet transform were introduced. The ground surface tilt of near-fault 36 stations during main shock and 12 stations from 6 postshocks by spectrum ratio method were calculated. Main shock results demonstrated that the tilt was mainly less than 1.0°and residual tilt existed in some stations, and the tilt larger than 0.1°was within 30km to rupture trace, and the tilt of 0.01°rarely happened where the rupture distance was more than 100km or the root-mean-square of accerleration is less than 200cm/ s2. The characteristics of tilt of two station nearest to central and front rupture trace, and tilt of normal and parallel to fault, tilt in hanging wall/footwall, tilt in thrust and strike-slip segment, and relationship between spectrum ration were discussed. The results of postshocks showed that the tilt larger than 0.001°was seldom observed, and hardly in Ms≤5.3 earthquakes. Furthermore, the relevance of integration drifting and ground surface tilt of horizontal components was investigated, which showed that the former had a predominant influence on the accelerogram: the integration result of low-frequency stage affected by the ground surface tilt coincided with that of whole accelerogram. But the tilt is not as common as drifting. The discrepancy of Fourier spectrum ratio of uncorrected and corrected accelerogram and optimum value of characteristic frequency were discussed.
3. The history of seismic source process inversion using seismic recordings was reviewed and discrepancy using far-field and near-fault recordings was discussed. Based on the systematic description of Seismic source theory, model discretization, mathematic equation assembling, constraint, inversion theory and multiple-time-window inversion method were systematic stated to conduct rupture process inversion using near-fault strong recordings. A method based on condition number to determine optimal constraint factor was put forward and testified by numerical examples. Combing with the tectonic background, surface rupture investigation and existing inversion results, a single-plane rupture model was set up. An appropriate occurrence time was chosen as the origin time, and first time of 44 stations within 120km to rupture trace was picked and corrected. The fault plane was divided into 512 sub-faults with the size of 5km*5km. According to the characteristics of noise in the record and requirements of resolution, the velocity was filtered to 0.05Hz～1Hz to be used in inversion. The theoretical seismograms were calculated by software package COMPSYN, which was modified in favor of formation of inversion equation. The fault slips under 1～4 time windows with different constraint factors and data were calculated using nonnegative least squares. The results fitted well field investigation and other inversion results.
4. Seismic damage evaluation development in China was reviewed, and initiation and application of earthquake damage index were introduced. Its development in industrial and national standards was compared. Field investigation on 170 spots about 5 building types using damage index in the WenChuan Earthquake were introduced. Influence of fault, geography and soil condition to damage was demonstrated with specific spots. Statistical relation between damage indexes and intensity zones were brought out, which confirmed the classification of buildings in the Chinese Seismic Intensity Scale (2008). Reasons for average damage index exception inⅥandⅪzones were presented. The characteristics of damage index attenuation with fault distance were analyzed and double-log-linear function was proposed to fit their relation1. The fitting parameters were given. Based on the comparison and attenuation characteristic, earthquake resistance capability and correlation of 5 building types were studied. A normalization method was proposed to analyze the relation between PGA and damage index. It showed normalized horizontal PGA was close to brick-concrete building damage index in attenuation and the vertical would underestimate. Pairs of strong motion station and filed investigation spot whose distance was less than 0.1°were chosen to analyze the correlation between earthquake damage index and seismic parameters, including PGA, PGV and response spectrum amplitude. Results showed that the linear correlation coefficient between damage index of brick-concrete building and brick-timber building and PGA, PGV lied in 0.7 to 0.8, but its bellow 0.3 for old buildings, and there was no significant difference between PGA and PGV. The correlation between damage index and response spectrum amplitude was similar to the above two. Generally, it would be more reliable to predict earthquake damage of brick-concrete and brick-timber buildings those strong motion parameters.
1.系统回顾了自强震动仪发明和应用以来,在模拟记录和数字记录两阶段对近断层加速度记录进行校正的发展历程和方法,分析了六类噪音源的影响,把校正方法分成两类5种,分析了每种方法的要点,并明确提出了评估校正结合合理性的6条准则。指出了汶川地震中记录漂移的复杂性,把漂移类型分成了6大类,其中起始漂移和复杂漂移为首次提出。分析了零线调整数据选取不同造成的校正误差,明确指出应使用地震波到达之前部分要优于整个事前部分。根据漂移特征,改进了单段式和双段式校正方法,并提出了分部校正方法。研究了校正前后加速度的差异,指出对峰值影响很小,而傅里叶谱和反应谱在长周期部分(约15s以上)可能会有极大差异。根据校正结果研究了速度脉冲的单双侧性和周期特征,给出了脉冲幅值在14cm/s以上的存在区域,分析了上下盘、方向性效应对速度脉冲的影响。并通过PGV/PGA的比值来分析了对脉冲的判断,指出存在脉冲时该比值要明显大于没有脉冲时的情况。利用小波分析方法给出了控制速度和位移的加速度成分,显示了三者不同的频段特性。结合GPS结果指出了位移场的特征,并统计了永久位移同断层距之间的关系。比较了PGA、PGV、PGD以及RGD之间的关系,对定性判断各个值的大小提供了基本参考。最后分析了单、双侧滤波的影响,结果表明滤波后的PGV、PGD和RGD同真实结果会有很大的差异。
2.根据传感器摆的运动方程,分析了地面倾斜对三分量加速度记录影响的差异,表明地面倾斜对水平向记录可能产生明显的影响,影响的频段主要集中在低频部分。介绍了基于傅里叶谱比和小波变换来从加速度记录中估算地面倾斜值的方法,并使用谱比法计算了主震中近断层36个台站和6个余震中12个台站处的地面倾斜值,结果表明主震中的地面倾斜基本在1.0°以下,部分台站处存在地面残余倾斜值。倾斜结果表明发生0.1°倾斜的地方基本在断层距30km以内,在断层距100km以外或者均方根加速度值小于200cm/s2时则很少发生0.01°以上的地面倾斜情况。根据主震倾斜结果分析了离中央地表破裂迹线和前山地表破裂迹线最近的两个台站倾斜、断层法线和平行向倾斜、上下盘地面倾斜以及逆冲段和走滑段倾斜、谱比与倾斜等情况的特征和差异。余震倾斜结果表明很少出现大于0.001°以上的地面倾斜值,在5.3级以下地震引发0.001°以上倾斜的可能性非常低。进一步分析了水平向记录地面倾斜和积分漂移之间的关系,结果表明倾斜对应的低频段积分结果基本上与整个记录的积分重合,但是相对于漂移的普遍性,估算出存在明显倾斜的台站要少很多,并根据校正前后傅里叶谱比的差异探讨了特征频率的合理取值。
3.总结回顾了基于观测记录反演震源过程的研究进展,分析了使用远场测震记录和近场强震记录进行反演之间的差异。系统的阐述了使用近断层强震记录进行反演中涉及的震源理论、模型离散和方程形成、相关约束、反演理论以及多时间窗反演等相关内容,提出了使用条件数来确定约束因子的方法并使用数值算例进行了验证。结合汶川地震的地质构造背景、地表破裂调查数据和既有的反演结果,建立了单一平面破裂模型,对比选择了适当的发震时刻作为起始时刻,指出了强震记录地震波初到时的选取方法并校正了选取的120km以内的44个台站记录的到时。根据反演能力把子断层划分为5km*5km,共计512个子源,结合分辨能力的要求和记录中噪音的特征,确定了用于反演的速度时程的频段为0.05～1hz。利用程序包COMPSYN计算理论地震图,并对其进行了适当的修改以便于进行反演方程的形成,利用非负最小二乘方法计算了1～4个时间窗下不同约束权重和数据组时断层面上滑动量的分布,结果同地表破裂调查结果和既有的反演结果之间的主要特征符合得较好。
4.回顾了我国震害评估的历史和发展,介绍了震害指数的提出和使用方法,并总结对比了其在行业标准和国家标准中的发展过程。介绍了汶川地震中使用震害指数对170个调查场点五类建筑物的调查结果,结合实际震害分析了断层、地形和土层对建筑震害的影响情况。统计给出了5类建筑的震害指数和烈度区的关系,结果显示了2008版中国地震烈度表中对建筑分类的合理性,分析了在Ⅵ度和Ⅺ度区内平均震害指数异常的原因。分析了震害指数离断层距增加而衰减的特点,指出使用双对数线性关系可以较好的表示这种衰减关系,给出了相关的拟合参数。利用震害指数对比和衰减特征分析了
5类建筑的抗震能力的差异,并指出建筑震害之间具有高度线性相关性。提出了归一化方法来对分析PGA和震害指数之间的关系,指出归一化后的水平向记录的PGA衰减曲线和砖混建筑的比较接近,而竖向偏低。选用与强震台站相距在0.1°以内的调查点分析了震害指数与PGA、PGV,以及反应谱峰值之间的线性相关性,结果表明砖混和砖木建筑同PGA、PGV的线性相关系数在0.7～0.8之间,而老旧建筑与其相关系数基本在0.3以下,并且总体上与PGA和PGV的相关性没有明显区别。建筑震害指数与反应谱峰值的线性相关性与此前两类比较接近,总体上来说使用时程峰值或者反应谱峰值来预测砖混和砖木建筑的震害情况会更为可靠。
Field investigation, strong motion observation, model testing and numerical simulation are major research methodologies in earthquake engineering. For great earthquake in concerning area is infrequent, the later two methods are dominated in most time, especially in China, which suffered from many great earthquake, but lacking strong motion recordings before Wenchuan earthquake. The Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 caused strong ground shake in large area and resulted in tremendous economic loss and more than 80 thousand people injured or killed. Thousands of strong ground motions were recorded in near-fault area during the main shock and dense field investigations were conducted in damaged area. Based on the recordings, the baseline correction, characteristics of velocity and displacement and ground surface tilt in near-fault area and source process were studied. The distribution and comparison of buildings damage data were analyzed and the relationship between buildings damage and strong motion parameters were also studied in this dissertation.
1. The history of baseline correction for near-fault strong motion recordings in analog and digital recording phases was detailed systematically revised. The influence of six noise resources was analyzed. Correction methods were divided into two categories and five models and the essentials of each method were analyzed. A test criterion for corrected results was proposed. Based on the complexity, the drifting phenomenon in Wenchuan earthquake was divided in six types, including two unreported types. A better data selection for zero-line adjustment was put forward. Common single segment and two segments correction methods were modified and a new two-phase method was proposed to correct the recordings. The changes caused by correction in peak acceleration, Fourier spectrum and response spectrum were analyzed. Based the corrected results, the period of velocity pulse and its single or double sides characteristics were studied. The distribution area of pulse amplitude more than 14cm/s was displayed. The influence of hanging/foot wall and directivity effects to analyzed. The PGV/PGA was recommended to identify velocity pulse. Wavelet transform was employed to study the different dominant frequency in acceleration for velocity and displacement. Combined with GPS results, the displacement field and the attenuation of permanent displacement were analyzed. The PGA, PGV, PGD and RGD (residual ground displacement) were compared to give preliminary judgment. The great effect of filtering on PGV, PGD and RGD was demonstrated
2. According to the dynamic equation of sensor pendulum, discrepancy of influence on three components of acceleration imposed by ground surface tilt was analyzed. Results demonstrate that the ground surface tilt may have obvious influence on horizontal components, especially on the low-frequency band. The estimate method of ground surface tilt by acceleration based on Fourier spectrum ratio and wavelet transform were introduced. The ground surface tilt of near-fault 36 stations during main shock and 12 stations from 6 postshocks by spectrum ratio method were calculated. Main shock results demonstrated that the tilt was mainly less than 1.0°and residual tilt existed in some stations, and the tilt larger than 0.1°was within 30km to rupture trace, and the tilt of 0.01°rarely happened where the rupture distance was more than 100km or the root-mean-square of accerleration is less than 200cm/ s2. The characteristics of tilt of two station nearest to central and front rupture trace, and tilt of normal and parallel to fault, tilt in hanging wall/footwall, tilt in thrust and strike-slip segment, and relationship between spectrum ration were discussed. The results of postshocks showed that the tilt larger than 0.001°was seldom observed, and hardly in Ms≤5.3 earthquakes. Furthermore, the relevance of integration drifting and ground surface tilt of horizontal components was investigated, which showed that the former had a predominant influence on the accelerogram: the integration result of low-frequency stage affected by the ground surface tilt coincided with that of whole accelerogram. But the tilt is not as common as drifting. The discrepancy of Fourier spectrum ratio of uncorrected and corrected accelerogram and optimum value of characteristic frequency were discussed.
3. The history of seismic source process inversion using seismic recordings was reviewed and discrepancy using far-field and near-fault recordings was discussed. Based on the systematic description of Seismic source theory, model discretization, mathematic equation assembling, constraint, inversion theory and multiple-time-window inversion method were systematic stated to conduct rupture process inversion using near-fault strong recordings. A method based on condition number to determine optimal constraint factor was put forward and testified by numerical examples. Combing with the tectonic background, surface rupture investigation and existing inversion results, a single-plane rupture model was set up. An appropriate occurrence time was chosen as the origin time, and first time of 44 stations within 120km to rupture trace was picked and corrected. The fault plane was divided into 512 sub-faults with the size of 5km*5km. According to the characteristics of noise in the record and requirements of resolution, the velocity was filtered to 0.05Hz～1Hz to be used in inversion. The theoretical seismograms were calculated by software package COMPSYN, which was modified in favor of formation of inversion equation. The fault slips under 1～4 time windows with different constraint factors and data were calculated using nonnegative least squares. The results fitted well field investigation and other inversion results.
4. Seismic damage evaluation development in China was reviewed, and initiation and application of earthquake damage index were introduced. Its development in industrial and national standards was compared. Field investigation on 170 spots about 5 building types using damage index in the WenChuan Earthquake were introduced. Influence of fault, geography and soil condition to damage was demonstrated with specific spots. Statistical relation between damage indexes and intensity zones were brought out, which confirmed the classification of buildings in the Chinese Seismic Intensity Scale (2008). Reasons for average damage index exception inⅥandⅪzones were presented. The characteristics of damage index attenuation with fault distance were analyzed and double-log-linear function was proposed to fit their relation1. The fitting parameters were given. Based on the comparison and attenuation characteristic, earthquake resistance capability and correlation of 5 building types were studied. A normalization method was proposed to analyze the relation between PGA and damage index. It showed normalized horizontal PGA was close to brick-concrete building damage index in attenuation and the vertical would underestimate. Pairs of strong motion station and filed investigation spot whose distance was less than 0.1°were chosen to analyze the correlation between earthquake damage index and seismic parameters, including PGA, PGV and response spectrum amplitude. Results showed that the linear correlation coefficient between damage index of brick-concrete building and brick-timber building and PGA, PGV lied in 0.7 to 0.8, but its bellow 0.3 for old buildings, and there was no significant difference between PGA and PGV. The correlation between damage index and response spectrum amplitude was similar to the above two. Generally, it would be more reliable to predict earthquake damage of brick-concrete and brick-timber buildings those strong motion parameters.
引文
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