面向水下原位探测的光谱图像采集与数据处理
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摘要
发展海洋原位化学传感技术，实现对水下目标化学成分的原位探测，对海洋科学研究的深入开展以及海洋环境监测、资源开发利用等都有重要意义。与电化学传感器相比，新兴的基于光谱学原理的化学传感器具有多成分同时探测、快速、非接触等优点，是目前水下原位探测技术研究的热点。然而将光谱技术应用于水下原位化学成分探测首先需要攻克两方面的关键技术：一是适用于水下的宽范围、高光谱分辨率的光谱探测技术，二是现场光谱数据的自动实时处理方法。本文即围绕这两方面内容开展研究工作。
为解决宽范围、高光谱分辨率的时间分辨光谱采集问题，构建了以折叠光栅光谱仪和带有内部数字延迟产生器的ICCD相机为核心的光谱图像采集系统，并以LabVIEW为开发平台，借助ICCD相机的SDK实现了时间分辨光栅衍射图像的采集。在从光谱图像到光谱的处理过程中，从9块子光栅衍射图像中各取单行像素，以多项式拟合方法实现分段光谱的波长校准；通过对9个光谱段的截取、拼接获得了300-700nm范围的全谱谱线。测试证明系统像素波长分辨能力可达0.054nm/pixel，波长准确度达0.1nm。
针对折叠光栅光谱仪制作工艺导致的光栅衍射图像变形问题提出了软件校正方法。对每块子光栅衍射图像经过图像校正、一维中值滤波、像素合并三个步骤的处理，可在保证光谱分辨率基本不变的前提下，提高光谱信噪比约6倍。在上述工作基础上，以开发的系统进行了溶液中Raman/LIBS联合探测实验，同时获得了硫酸根、硝酸根的拉曼信号和钠离子的LIBS信号，验证了以该系统进行水中原位光谱探测应用的可行性。
针对水下光谱探测中实时分析、长期监控等应用需求，提出了以自动寻峰为核心，以定标曲线进行成分分析的光谱数据自动处理方法。在该方法中，寻峰是进行光谱自动分析的首要和关键环节。论文从弱峰和重叠峰识别能力、对噪声敏感程度、背景和趋势影响、计算机自动化处理等方面考虑，选择以对称零面积变换方法作为自动寻峰方法。针对重叠峰中峰参数难以准确提取的问题，以对称零面积变换寻峰法获得重叠峰的初步参数，以L-M算法进行拟合优化，提高了峰参数的提取准确度。在自动滤波方法方面，则对小波阈值滤波方法和EMD方法进行了比较研究。以论文中提出的光谱数据自动处理方法对DOCARS系统获得的海试光谱数据进行了反演分析，获得了理想的结果。
最后，在总结完成的工作的基础上，论文从海水原位探测应用角度提出了进一步工作的设想，包括波长的自动校准、海水环境中的强度标定和光谱自动分析的深入研究等。同时针对联合探测实验中发现的实际问题，提出了具体的改进方案。
It is very important in marine science to develop the in-situ chemical sensor for theenvironmental monitoring and the exploration. Compared to the electrochemical sensor,the spectroscopic senor has been a promising technique since the advantages ofmulti-element detection, rapid, stand-off etc. However there are two issues to beresolved: a) the wide spectral range with high resolution; b) the data processing; they bothwere studied in this thesis.
In order to achieve the time-resolved detection with wide spectral range and highspectra resolution, a detection system was established based on a Folded GratingsSpectrometer and an ICCD camera. In that system the time-resolved images werere-built by using the SDK of the ICCD in the language LabVIEW. In the conversionfrom spectral image to spectrum, a line of image pixels of each sub-grating was calibratedby laser line from OPO tunable laser and the results compared by high-resolutionspectrometer SP-25000i; and the wavelength calibration were realized by polynomialfitting. Through the interception and splicing of nine spectrum ranges, full spectrumbetween300-700nm was obtained. The analysis shows that the pixel wavelengthresolution capability of0.054nm/pixel can be reached with the wavelength accuracy of0.1nm.
Calibration software was developed to solve the distortion in grating diffractionimage which is caused by the craftsmanship of making the Folded Gratings Spectrometer.Each sub-grating diffraction image undergoes three steps process of image correction,1-D median filtering and pixel binning, thus the SNR can be increased by6folds on thepremise of the spectral resolution is basically unchanged. The Raman/LIBS jointdetection in solution was carried out simultaneously as the Raman detection of sulfate/nitrate and the LIBS signal of sodium. The results indicate that it is feasible to apply thissystem underwater for in-situ detection.
Addressing the application requirements in underwater spectral detection such asreal-time analysis and long-term monitoring etc., the automatic spectrum analysis methodwas developed by using the calibration curve. In this method, the automatic peakseeking is the key for the whole detection. Considering recognition weak peak andoverlapping peaks, the sensibility to noise, the influence of the background and tendency,and the convenience for computer’s automatic processing, the symmetric zero areatransformation method was utilized. To solve the problem that peak parameters arereally difficult to be accurately extracted from overlapping peaks, the preliminaryparameters of overlapping peaks are recognized by symmetrical zero area transformationmethod, and the parameters are fitted and optimized by L-M algorithm, thus theextraction accuracy of peak parameters is improved. In terms of automatic filtering method, the thesis proves the EMD method’s potential in spectral automatic filtering bycomparing the wavelet threshold filtering and the EMD method. In this way, theregression analysis on the spectral data in marine trial data of DOCARS system wasexamined and the ideal result was obtained.
After summarizing the completed work, the further research will be focused on thein-situ underwater detection including the automatic wavelength calibration method; theintensity calibration method research in marine water; the in-depth study of automaticspectrum analysis method. The joint detection experiments will be implemented basedon the study of this work.
为解决宽范围、高光谱分辨率的时间分辨光谱采集问题，构建了以折叠光栅光谱仪和带有内部数字延迟产生器的ICCD相机为核心的光谱图像采集系统，并以LabVIEW为开发平台，借助ICCD相机的SDK实现了时间分辨光栅衍射图像的采集。在从光谱图像到光谱的处理过程中，从9块子光栅衍射图像中各取单行像素，以多项式拟合方法实现分段光谱的波长校准；通过对9个光谱段的截取、拼接获得了300-700nm范围的全谱谱线。测试证明系统像素波长分辨能力可达0.054nm/pixel，波长准确度达0.1nm。
针对折叠光栅光谱仪制作工艺导致的光栅衍射图像变形问题提出了软件校正方法。对每块子光栅衍射图像经过图像校正、一维中值滤波、像素合并三个步骤的处理，可在保证光谱分辨率基本不变的前提下，提高光谱信噪比约6倍。在上述工作基础上，以开发的系统进行了溶液中Raman/LIBS联合探测实验，同时获得了硫酸根、硝酸根的拉曼信号和钠离子的LIBS信号，验证了以该系统进行水中原位光谱探测应用的可行性。
针对水下光谱探测中实时分析、长期监控等应用需求，提出了以自动寻峰为核心，以定标曲线进行成分分析的光谱数据自动处理方法。在该方法中，寻峰是进行光谱自动分析的首要和关键环节。论文从弱峰和重叠峰识别能力、对噪声敏感程度、背景和趋势影响、计算机自动化处理等方面考虑，选择以对称零面积变换方法作为自动寻峰方法。针对重叠峰中峰参数难以准确提取的问题，以对称零面积变换寻峰法获得重叠峰的初步参数，以L-M算法进行拟合优化，提高了峰参数的提取准确度。在自动滤波方法方面，则对小波阈值滤波方法和EMD方法进行了比较研究。以论文中提出的光谱数据自动处理方法对DOCARS系统获得的海试光谱数据进行了反演分析，获得了理想的结果。
最后，在总结完成的工作的基础上，论文从海水原位探测应用角度提出了进一步工作的设想，包括波长的自动校准、海水环境中的强度标定和光谱自动分析的深入研究等。同时针对联合探测实验中发现的实际问题，提出了具体的改进方案。
It is very important in marine science to develop the in-situ chemical sensor for theenvironmental monitoring and the exploration. Compared to the electrochemical sensor,the spectroscopic senor has been a promising technique since the advantages ofmulti-element detection, rapid, stand-off etc. However there are two issues to beresolved: a) the wide spectral range with high resolution; b) the data processing; they bothwere studied in this thesis.
In order to achieve the time-resolved detection with wide spectral range and highspectra resolution, a detection system was established based on a Folded GratingsSpectrometer and an ICCD camera. In that system the time-resolved images werere-built by using the SDK of the ICCD in the language LabVIEW. In the conversionfrom spectral image to spectrum, a line of image pixels of each sub-grating was calibratedby laser line from OPO tunable laser and the results compared by high-resolutionspectrometer SP-25000i; and the wavelength calibration were realized by polynomialfitting. Through the interception and splicing of nine spectrum ranges, full spectrumbetween300-700nm was obtained. The analysis shows that the pixel wavelengthresolution capability of0.054nm/pixel can be reached with the wavelength accuracy of0.1nm.
Calibration software was developed to solve the distortion in grating diffractionimage which is caused by the craftsmanship of making the Folded Gratings Spectrometer.Each sub-grating diffraction image undergoes three steps process of image correction,1-D median filtering and pixel binning, thus the SNR can be increased by6folds on thepremise of the spectral resolution is basically unchanged. The Raman/LIBS jointdetection in solution was carried out simultaneously as the Raman detection of sulfate/nitrate and the LIBS signal of sodium. The results indicate that it is feasible to apply thissystem underwater for in-situ detection.
Addressing the application requirements in underwater spectral detection such asreal-time analysis and long-term monitoring etc., the automatic spectrum analysis methodwas developed by using the calibration curve. In this method, the automatic peakseeking is the key for the whole detection. Considering recognition weak peak andoverlapping peaks, the sensibility to noise, the influence of the background and tendency,and the convenience for computer’s automatic processing, the symmetric zero areatransformation method was utilized. To solve the problem that peak parameters arereally difficult to be accurately extracted from overlapping peaks, the preliminaryparameters of overlapping peaks are recognized by symmetrical zero area transformationmethod, and the parameters are fitted and optimized by L-M algorithm, thus theextraction accuracy of peak parameters is improved. In terms of automatic filtering method, the thesis proves the EMD method’s potential in spectral automatic filtering bycomparing the wavelet threshold filtering and the EMD method. In this way, theregression analysis on the spectral data in marine trial data of DOCARS system wasexamined and the ideal result was obtained.
After summarizing the completed work, the further research will be focused on thein-situ underwater detection including the automatic wavelength calibration method; theintensity calibration method research in marine water; the in-depth study of automaticspectrum analysis method. The joint detection experiments will be implemented basedon the study of this work.
引文
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