PWM逆变器传导电磁干扰的研究
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摘要
电力电子技术的发展使得采用脉冲宽度调制(PWM)方式的逆变器得到了广泛
的应用,如变频器、不间断电源(UPS)等。采用高速半导体开关器件,如 IGBT、
MOSFET 等,可以大大加快逆变器的动态响应过程,然而,这些半导体开关产生的高
频脉冲信号具有很大的dv dt 、di dt ,形成很强的电磁干扰(EMI),其频率可从几
KHZ 直到数十 MHZ,有可能远远超出 EMC 标准要求的极限值。逆变器产生的电磁
干扰不但影响负载的正常工作、缩短其使用寿命,而且对逆变器本身也带来很大的危
害。本文主要内容就是关于 PWM 逆变器传导 EMI 的研究,主要进行了三个方面的工
作:干扰源特性分析及干扰频谱预测,基于 EMI 滤波器的传导干扰的抑制,基于调制
技术的共模 EMI 的抑制。
阐明了 PWM 逆变器产生传导 EMI 的源和传播途径,分析指出:差模干扰的产生
主要是由于快速开关引入的脉动电流,共模干扰主要是由于 PWM 逆变器中点对参考
地的很大的dv dt 对寄生电容的充放电作用。文中首先分析了差模干扰的集总等效电
路模型,同时提出了一种用于研究 PWM 逆变器共模传导干扰的等效电路。利用实验
测得等效电路中无源器件的参数,对该等效电路进行时域分析,共模电流是一个衰减
振荡的波形。对共模干扰等效电路在 10KHz-30MHz 频段进行了频域分析,计算的共
模传导干扰频谱与实验结果进行对比基本一致,证明文中提出的共模传导干扰等效电
路模型及其分析的正确性。
分析了 EMI 滤波器噪声源和负载阻抗对插入损耗的影响,采用基于实验的“插入
损耗法”估计噪声源的阻抗。基于对噪声源阻抗的分析,提出了一种用于设计 EMI
滤波器的方法,经过共模和差模干扰的设计实例表明,该设计方法确实简单、有效。
借鉴在 PWM 逆变器与电机之间插入共模变压器衰减轴电流的方法,提出在逆变器直
流侧插入共模变压器来抑制共模电流的振荡,而且从时域和频域的角度对比了用共模
电感和共模变压器衰减共模电流的本质。另外,由于缓冲电路可减小干扰源的干扰水
平,而且使用的基本上是无源器件,也可将它看成是 EMI 滤波器,本文还探讨了从缓
冲电路的角度减小传导 EMI 的方法,给出了缓冲电路的设计实例,实验结果表明采用
关断缓冲电路之后,确实减小了射频干扰。
研究了采用调制技术减小 PWM 逆变器共模 EMI 的可行性,针对单相逆变器,提
出采用双极性调制减小共模干扰,同时分析了在对角开关驱动波形不一致时对共模干
扰的影响。针对三相逆变器,文中首先分析了采用传统的空间矢量调制时,逆变器会
产生较大的共模干扰。由于三桥臂逆变器的电路结构,不可能有效地抵消逆变器产生
的dv dt ,于是采用四桥臂逆变器减小共模干扰,给出了一种三维空间矢量调制计划,
I
同时在传统的空间矢量调制的基础上,提出了一种改良的空间电压矢量调制,在输出
谐波、调制比等性能没有恶化的前提下减小了共模干扰,仿真结果验证了它的有效性。
With the development of power electronics, PWM inverters are getting more widely
use, such as PWM drives, UPS etc. The fast switching devices including IGBTs and
MOSFETs can increase the dynamic response speed. However, the high frequency pulses
have very large dv dt and di dt , which produce large electromagnetic interference (EMI)
from several kilo to several million hertz frequency and the electromagnetic compatibility
(EMC) standard is not submitted. The EMI is not only influences the load’s usual work and
withdraws the load’s work life but also has detrimental effects on inverter itself. The
research in this dissertation is mainly about the conducted EMI in PWM inverter. The
research works include three aspects: analysis of EMI typical characteristic and prediction
of conducted EMI spectrum, conducted EMI suppression based on EMI filter, CM EMI
suppression based modulation technology.
The origin and propagation path of EMI are investigated. The conclusions are that
differential mode (DM) EMI is due to the pulsating current from the fast switch and
common mode (CM) EMI is due to the dv dt charging and discharging the parasitic
capacitor. The DM lumped equivalent circuit model is analyzed. a simple equivalent circuit
is proposed to study the CM EMI. The parameters of passive element are measured by
experiment. Time and frequency domain analysis are conducted to obtain CM current
waveforms and noise spectra in 10KHz-30MHz frequencies. The CM current is a decaying
oscillatory waveform. The simulated CM EMI waveforms are compared with the actual
experiments to verify the validity of the proposed model.
The effects of noise source and noise load impedances on the insertion loss of EMI
filter are discussed. The noise source impedance is estimated by insertion loss method
based on experiment. A method of designing EMI filter is proposed, which simplifies the
design of EMI filter. Practical design examples including CM and DM EMI filter indicate
that the EMI filter design method is simple and effective. Referencing the method of
inserting CM transformer between PWM inverter and motor, CM transformer inserted in dc
input port is used to damp the resonant CM current. The mechanism of the two methods is
compared in time and frequency domain. Experimental results verify the validity of theory
analysis. The snubber circuit can decrease the interference level. The snubber circuit is
III
thought as EMI filter because the device is basic passive elements. The snubber circuit used
to reduce radio frequency EMI is investigated and design methods are given. The results are
experimental verified.
The impacts of inverter modulation strategy on CM conducted emissions are
addressed. The bipolar SPWM is proposed for CM EMI reduction in single phase PWM
inverter. The CM EMI is existed due to the inconsistency of diagonal drive waveforms. In
typical three-phase inverter, there exists substantial CM EMI when traditional space vector
modulation is adopted. An active topology is obtained by adding a fourth phase to a typical
three-phase inverter. The three-dimension space vector modulation is effective for CM EMI
cancellation but the modulation index is reduced. In addition a modified space vector
modulation is proposed for CM cancellation while output harmonic and modulation index
are not detrimental.
的应用,如变频器、不间断电源(UPS)等。采用高速半导体开关器件,如 IGBT、
MOSFET 等,可以大大加快逆变器的动态响应过程,然而,这些半导体开关产生的高
频脉冲信号具有很大的dv dt 、di dt ,形成很强的电磁干扰(EMI),其频率可从几
KHZ 直到数十 MHZ,有可能远远超出 EMC 标准要求的极限值。逆变器产生的电磁
干扰不但影响负载的正常工作、缩短其使用寿命,而且对逆变器本身也带来很大的危
害。本文主要内容就是关于 PWM 逆变器传导 EMI 的研究,主要进行了三个方面的工
作:干扰源特性分析及干扰频谱预测,基于 EMI 滤波器的传导干扰的抑制,基于调制
技术的共模 EMI 的抑制。
阐明了 PWM 逆变器产生传导 EMI 的源和传播途径,分析指出:差模干扰的产生
主要是由于快速开关引入的脉动电流,共模干扰主要是由于 PWM 逆变器中点对参考
地的很大的dv dt 对寄生电容的充放电作用。文中首先分析了差模干扰的集总等效电
路模型,同时提出了一种用于研究 PWM 逆变器共模传导干扰的等效电路。利用实验
测得等效电路中无源器件的参数,对该等效电路进行时域分析,共模电流是一个衰减
振荡的波形。对共模干扰等效电路在 10KHz-30MHz 频段进行了频域分析,计算的共
模传导干扰频谱与实验结果进行对比基本一致,证明文中提出的共模传导干扰等效电
路模型及其分析的正确性。
分析了 EMI 滤波器噪声源和负载阻抗对插入损耗的影响,采用基于实验的“插入
损耗法”估计噪声源的阻抗。基于对噪声源阻抗的分析,提出了一种用于设计 EMI
滤波器的方法,经过共模和差模干扰的设计实例表明,该设计方法确实简单、有效。
借鉴在 PWM 逆变器与电机之间插入共模变压器衰减轴电流的方法,提出在逆变器直
流侧插入共模变压器来抑制共模电流的振荡,而且从时域和频域的角度对比了用共模
电感和共模变压器衰减共模电流的本质。另外,由于缓冲电路可减小干扰源的干扰水
平,而且使用的基本上是无源器件,也可将它看成是 EMI 滤波器,本文还探讨了从缓
冲电路的角度减小传导 EMI 的方法,给出了缓冲电路的设计实例,实验结果表明采用
关断缓冲电路之后,确实减小了射频干扰。
研究了采用调制技术减小 PWM 逆变器共模 EMI 的可行性,针对单相逆变器,提
出采用双极性调制减小共模干扰,同时分析了在对角开关驱动波形不一致时对共模干
扰的影响。针对三相逆变器,文中首先分析了采用传统的空间矢量调制时,逆变器会
产生较大的共模干扰。由于三桥臂逆变器的电路结构,不可能有效地抵消逆变器产生
的dv dt ,于是采用四桥臂逆变器减小共模干扰,给出了一种三维空间矢量调制计划,
I
同时在传统的空间矢量调制的基础上,提出了一种改良的空间电压矢量调制,在输出
谐波、调制比等性能没有恶化的前提下减小了共模干扰,仿真结果验证了它的有效性。
With the development of power electronics, PWM inverters are getting more widely
use, such as PWM drives, UPS etc. The fast switching devices including IGBTs and
MOSFETs can increase the dynamic response speed. However, the high frequency pulses
have very large dv dt and di dt , which produce large electromagnetic interference (EMI)
from several kilo to several million hertz frequency and the electromagnetic compatibility
(EMC) standard is not submitted. The EMI is not only influences the load’s usual work and
withdraws the load’s work life but also has detrimental effects on inverter itself. The
research in this dissertation is mainly about the conducted EMI in PWM inverter. The
research works include three aspects: analysis of EMI typical characteristic and prediction
of conducted EMI spectrum, conducted EMI suppression based on EMI filter, CM EMI
suppression based modulation technology.
The origin and propagation path of EMI are investigated. The conclusions are that
differential mode (DM) EMI is due to the pulsating current from the fast switch and
common mode (CM) EMI is due to the dv dt charging and discharging the parasitic
capacitor. The DM lumped equivalent circuit model is analyzed. a simple equivalent circuit
is proposed to study the CM EMI. The parameters of passive element are measured by
experiment. Time and frequency domain analysis are conducted to obtain CM current
waveforms and noise spectra in 10KHz-30MHz frequencies. The CM current is a decaying
oscillatory waveform. The simulated CM EMI waveforms are compared with the actual
experiments to verify the validity of the proposed model.
The effects of noise source and noise load impedances on the insertion loss of EMI
filter are discussed. The noise source impedance is estimated by insertion loss method
based on experiment. A method of designing EMI filter is proposed, which simplifies the
design of EMI filter. Practical design examples including CM and DM EMI filter indicate
that the EMI filter design method is simple and effective. Referencing the method of
inserting CM transformer between PWM inverter and motor, CM transformer inserted in dc
input port is used to damp the resonant CM current. The mechanism of the two methods is
compared in time and frequency domain. Experimental results verify the validity of theory
analysis. The snubber circuit can decrease the interference level. The snubber circuit is
III
thought as EMI filter because the device is basic passive elements. The snubber circuit used
to reduce radio frequency EMI is investigated and design methods are given. The results are
experimental verified.
The impacts of inverter modulation strategy on CM conducted emissions are
addressed. The bipolar SPWM is proposed for CM EMI reduction in single phase PWM
inverter. The CM EMI is existed due to the inconsistency of diagonal drive waveforms. In
typical three-phase inverter, there exists substantial CM EMI when traditional space vector
modulation is adopted. An active topology is obtained by adding a fourth phase to a typical
three-phase inverter. The three-dimension space vector modulation is effective for CM EMI
cancellation but the modulation index is reduced. In addition a modified space vector
modulation is proposed for CM cancellation while output harmonic and modulation index
are not detrimental.
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